Form 10-Q - Quarterly report [Sections 13 or 15(d)]

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

______________________________

FORM 10-Q

______________________________

(Mark One)


x			QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2024


☐			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from __________ to __________

Commission File Number: 001-37879

______________________________

THE TRADE DESK, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

______________________________


Delaware			27-1887399
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)			(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

42 N. Chestnut Street

Ventura, California 93001

(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (805) 585-3434

N/A

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

______________________________

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class

Trading Symbol

Name of each exchange on which registered

Class A Common Stock, par value $0.000001 per share

TTD

The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer

Accelerated filer

☐

Non-accelerated filer

☐

Smaller reporting company

☐

Emerging growth company

☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No x

As of July 31, 2024, the registrant had 447,658,970 shares of Class A common stock and 43,918,900 shares of Class B common stock outstanding.

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THE TRADE DESK, INC.

QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q

INDEX


		Page
Part I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION	3
Item 1.	Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	3
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30 , 2024 and December 31, 2023	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three and Six Months Ended June 30 , 2024 and 2023	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Three and Six Months Ended June 30 , 2024 and 2023	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Six Months Ended J une 30 , 2024 and 2023	6
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	7
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	15
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	23
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	24
Part II.	OTHER INFORMATION	25
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	25
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	25
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	51
Item 5.	Other Information	51
Item 6.	Exhibits	52
Signatures		53

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PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

THE TRADE DESK, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands, except par values)

(Unaudited)


	As of June 30, 2024		As of December 31, 2023
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,009,363	$	895,129
Short-term investments, net	497,168		485,159
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for credit losses of $10,576 and $12,826 as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively	2,905,533		2,870,313
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	110,776		63,353
TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS	4,522,840		4,313,954
Property and equipment, net	191,912		161,422
Operating lease assets	229,411		197,732
Deferred income taxes	154,849		154,849
Other assets, non-current	60,910		60,730
TOTAL ASSETS	$	5,159,922	$	4,888,687
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
LIABILITIES
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	2,336,589	$	2,317,318
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	120,218		137,996
Operating lease liabilities	61,579		55,524
TOTAL CURRENT LIABILITIES	2,518,386		2,510,838
Operating lease liabilities, non-current	202,769		180,369
Other liabilities, non-current	33,361		33,261
TOTAL LIABILITIES	2,754,516		2,724,468
Commitments and contingencies (Note 11)
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Preferred stock, par value $0.000001; 100,000 shares authorized, zero shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023	—		—
Common stock, par value $0.000001 Class A, 1,000,000 shares authorized; 447,681 and 444,997 shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively Class B, 95,000 shares authorized; 43,919 and 43,919 shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively	—		—
Additional paid-in capital	2,217,043		1,967,265
Retained earnings	188,363		196,954
TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	2,405,406		2,164,219
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	$	5,159,922	$	4,888,687

The accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.

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THE TRADE DESK, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(In thousands, except per share amounts)

(Unaudited)


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Revenue	$	584,550	$	464,254	$	1,075,803	$	847,057
Operating expenses:
Platform operations	110,459		86,654		214,089		171,521
Sales and marketing	133,867		111,489		255,592		208,711
Technology and development	110,035		98,308		217,721		192,018
General and administrative	135,469		126,130		265,024		256,442
Total operating expenses	489,830		422,581		952,426		828,692
Income from operations	94,720		41,673		123,377		18,365
Other expense (income):
Interest income, net	(17,817)		(17,507)		(34,478)		(31,930)
Foreign currency exchange loss (gain), net	45		(747)		(670)		(24)
Total other income, net	(17,772)		(18,254)		(35,148)		(31,954)
Income before income taxes	112,492		59,927		158,525		50,319
Provision for income taxes	27,463		26,988		41,836		8,054
Net income	$	85,029	$	32,939	$	116,689	$	42,265
Earnings per share:
Basic	$	0.17	$	0.07	$	0.24	$	0.09
Diluted	$	0.17	$	0.07	$	0.23	$	0.08
Weighted-average shares outstanding:
Basic	489,353		488,431		488,952		489,068
Diluted	500,040		499,349		499,117		499,570

The accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.

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THE TRADE DESK, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)


	Class A and B Common Stock			Additional Paid-In Capital		Retained Earnings		Total Stockholders’ Equity
	Shares	Amount
Balance as of December 31, 2022	490,468	$	—	$	1,449,825	$	665,514	$	2,115,339
Exercise of common stock options	2,451	—		10,365		—		10,365
Issuance of restricted stock, net of forfeitures and shares withheld for taxes	414	—		(15,595)		—		(15,595)
Repurchases of Class A common stock	(5,139)	—		—		(292,863)		(292,863)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		114,235		—		114,235
Net income	—	—		—		9,326		9,326
Balance as of March 31, 2023	488,194	—		1,558,830		381,977		1,940,807
Exercise of common stock options	1,074	—		17,407		—		17,407
Issuance of restricted stock, net of forfeitures and shares withheld for taxes	879	—		(15,459)		—		(15,459)
Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan	497	—		21,316		—		21,316
Repurchases of Class A common stock	(595)	—		—		(44,004)		(44,004)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		118,404		—		118,404
Net income	—	—		—		32,939		32,939
Balance as of June 30, 2023	490,049	$	—	$	1,700,498	$	370,912	$	2,071,410







Balance as of December 31, 2023	488,916	$	—	$	1,967,265	$	196,954	$	2,164,219
Exercise of common stock options	719	—		10,804		—		10,804
Issuance of restricted stock, net of forfeitures and shares withheld for taxes	620	—		(26,806)		—		(26,806)
Repurchases of Class A common stock	(1,527)	—		—		(125,370)		(125,370)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		112,048		—		112,048
Net income	—	—		—		31,660		31,660
Balance as of March 31, 2024	488,728	—		2,063,311		103,244		2,166,555
Exercise of common stock options	1,167	—		27,360		—		27,360
Issuance of restricted stock, net of forfeitures and shares withheld for taxes	1,007	—		(31,563)		—		(31,563)
Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan	698	—		30,122		—		30,122
Repurchases of Class A common stock	—	—		—		90		90
Stock-based compensation	—	—		127,813		—		127,813
Net income	—	—		—		85,029		85,029
Balance as of June 30, 2024	491,600	$	—	$	2,217,043	$	188,363	$	2,405,406

The accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.

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THE TRADE DESK, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)


	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023
OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net income	$	116,689	$	42,265
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	42,624		39,359
Stock-based compensation	236,960		230,553
Noncash lease expense	26,460		24,325
Provision for expected credit losses on accounts receivable	133		318

Other	(4,117)		(8,423)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	(49,321)		(35,368)
Prepaid expenses and other current and non-current assets	(52,064)		(3,659)
Accounts payable	(13,247)		50,995
Accrued expenses and other current and non-current liabilities	(9,989)		399
Operating lease liabilities	(27,397)		(25,102)
Net cash provided by operating activities	266,731		315,662
INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Purchases of investments	(317,969)		(316,307)

Maturities of investments	314,598		274,401
Purchases of property and equipment	(29,339)		(16,556)
Capitalized software development costs	(4,424)		(3,415)

Net cash used in investing activities	(37,134)		(61,877)
FINANCING ACTIVITIES:

Repurchases of Class A common stock	(125,280)		(336,494)
Proceeds from exercise of stock options	38,164		27,772
Proceeds from employee stock purchase plan	30,122		21,316
Taxes paid related to net settlement of restricted stock awards	(58,369)		(31,054)
Net cash used in financing activities	(115,363)		(318,460)
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	114,234		(64,675)
Cash and cash equivalents—Beginning of period	895,129		1,030,506
Cash and cash equivalents—End of period	$	1,009,363	$	965,831
SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION:
Cash paid for operating lease liabilities	$	33,272	$	30,870
Operating lease assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities	$	58,133	$	16,967
Capitalized assets financed by accounts payable	$	37,927	$	3,033


Stock-based compensation included in capitalized software development costs	$	2,901	$	2,086

The accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.

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THE TRADE DESK, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

Note 1—Nature of Operations

The Trade Desk, Inc. (the “Company”) is a global technology company that empowers buyers of advertising. Through the Company’s self-service, cloud-based platform, ad buyers can create, manage and optimize more expressive data-driven digital advertising campaigns across ad formats and channels, including video (which includes connected television (“CTV”)), display, audio, digital-out-of-home, native and social, on a multitude of devices, such as computers, mobile devices, televisions and streaming devices. The Company’s platform integrations with major inventory, publisher and data partners provide ad buyers reach and decisioning capabilities, and the Company’s enterprise application programming interfaces (“APIs”) enable its clients to customize and expand platform functionality.

The Company is a Delaware corporation formed in November 2009 and headquartered in Ventura, California with offices in various cities in North America, Europe, Asia and Australia.

Note 2—Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and are unaudited. Certain information and disclosures normally included in consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023 was derived from audited financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by GAAP. Accordingly, these condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

There have been no material changes to the Company’s accounting policies from those disclosed in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, and these unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a basis consistent with that used to prepare the Company’s audited annual consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023, and include, in the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring items, necessary for the fair statement of the condensed consolidated financial statements.

The results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the results expected for the full year ending December 31, 2024.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates.

Management regularly evaluates its estimates, primarily those related to: (1) revenue recognition criteria, including the determination of revenue reporting as net versus gross in the Company’s revenue arrangements, (2) allowances for credit losses, (3) operating lease assets and liabilities, including the Company’s incremental borrowing rate and terms and provisions of each lease, (4) the useful lives of property and equipment and capitalized software development costs, (5) income taxes, (6) assumptions used in the option pricing models to determine the fair value of stock-based compensation and (7) the recognition and disclosure of contingent liabilities. These estimates are based on historical data and experience, as well as various other factors that management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources.

As of June 30, 2024, the impacts to the Company’s business due to geopolitical developments and macroeconomic factors such as changes in interest and foreign currency exchange rates, inflation and supply chain disruptions, continue to evolve. As a result, many of the Company’s estimates and assumptions, including the allowance for credit losses, consider macroeconomic factors in the market, which require increased judgment and carry a higher degree of variability and volatility. As events continue to evolve and additional information becomes available, the Company’s estimates may change materially in future periods.

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Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which adds requirements to report significant expenses, requirements for entities with a single reportable segment to provide all disclosures otherwise required under Topic 280 and requirements to report segment information on an interim basis, among other clarifications and requirements. This guidance will be effective on a retrospective basis for annual periods beginning with the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, and interim periods beginning with the Company’s Quarterly Report Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2025. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance on its consolidated financial statements and notes.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which requires greater disaggregation of information and consistent categories in the effective tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. It also includes certain other amendments to improve the effectiveness of income tax disclosures. This guidance will be effective on a prospective basis, with an option to apply it retrospectively, for annual periods beginning with the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance on its consolidated financial statements and notes.

Note 3—Earnings Per Share

The Company has two classes of common stock, Class A and Class B. Basic and diluted earnings per share attributable to common stockholders for Class A and Class B common stock were the same because they were entitled to the same liquidation and dividend rights.

Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding. Diluted earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding adjusted for the potentially dilutive impact of stock options, restricted stock and the Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”), using the two-class method required for participating securities. Restricted stock awards are considered to be participating securities due to their non-forfeitable dividend rights.

The computation of basic and diluted earnings per share is as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Numerator:
Net income	$	85,029	$	32,939	$	116,689	$	42,265
Denominator:
Weighted-average shares outstanding—basic	489,353		488,431		488,952		489,068
Effect of dilutive securities	10,687		10,918		10,165		10,502
Weighted-average shares outstanding—diluted	500,040		499,349		499,117		499,570
Basic earnings per share	$	0.17	$	0.07	$	0.24	$	0.09
Diluted earnings per share	$	0.17	$	0.07	$	0.23	$	0.08
Anti-dilutive equity awards under stock-based award plans excluded from the determination of diluted earnings per share	2,480		7,578		2,480		7,578

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Note 4—Cash, Cash Equivalents and Short-Term Investments, Net

Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments in marketable securities were as follows (in thousands):


	As of June 30, 2024
	Cash and Cash Equivalents		Short-Term Investments, Net		Total
Cash	$	205,707	$	—	$	205,707
Level 1:
Money market funds	761,789		—		761,789
Level 2:
Commercial paper	27,903		204,389		232,292
Corporate debt securities	—		192,131		192,131
U.S. government and agency securities	13,964		100,648		114,612
Total	$	1,009,363	$	497,168	$	1,506,531


	As of December 31, 2023
	Cash and Cash Equivalents		Short-Term Investments, Net		Total
Cash	$	289,512	$	—	$	289,512
Level 1:
Money market funds	560,673		—		560,673
Level 2:
Commercial paper	36,013		168,224		204,237
Corporate debt securities	—		185,465		185,465
U.S. government and agency securities	8,931		131,470		140,401
Total	$	895,129	$	485,159	$	1,380,288

The Company’s gross unrealized gains or losses from its short-term investments, recorded at fair value, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, were immaterial.

The contractual maturities of the Company’s short-term investments are as follows (in thousands):


	June 30, 2024
Due in one year	$	458,730
Due in one to two years	38,438
Total	$	497,168

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Note 5—Leases

The components of lease expense recorded in the condensed consolidated statements of operations were as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Operating lease cost	$	13,486	$	12,209	$	26,197	$	24,056
Short-term lease cost	414		442		888		914
Variable lease cost	3,792		2,851		7,608		5,954
Sublease income	—		(604)		(42)		(1,150)
Total lease cost	$	17,692	$	14,898	$	34,651	$	29,774

Note 6—Debt

Credit Facility

On June 15, 2021, the Company and a syndicate of banks, led by JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as agent, entered into a Loan and Security Agreement (the “Credit Facility”). The Credit Facility consists of a $450 million revolving loan facility, with a $20 million sublimit for swingline borrowings and a $15 million sublimit for the issuance of letters of credit. Under certain circumstances, the Company has the right to increase the Credit Facility by an amount not to exceed $300 million. The Credit Facility is collateralized by substantially all of the Company’s assets, including a pledge of certain of its accounts receivable, deposit accounts, intellectual property, investment property and equipment.

On December 17, 2021, the Company amended the Credit Facility to expand the process for issuing letters of credit and the related invoicing, particularly with respect to letters of credit not denominated in U.S. Dollars. On February 9, 2023, the Company further amended its Credit Facility (as amended, the “Amended Credit Facility”) to transition from a variable interest rate based on the London Interbank Offered Rate to a variable interest rate based on the secured overnight financing rate (“SOFR”).

Loans under the Amended Credit Facility bear interest at a rate equal to, at the Company’s option, an annual rate of either a Base Rate or an adjusted term SOFR rate (defined as SOFR for a specified term plus a credit spread adjustment of 10 basis points, subject to a 0% floor), plus an applicable margin (“Base Rate Borrowings” and “Term SOFR Borrowings”). The Base Rate is defined as a rate per annum for any day equal to the greatest of (1) the rate of interest last quoted by The Wall Street Journal as the “Prime Rate” in the United States, (2) the New York Federal Reserve Bank Rate in effect on such day plus half of 1%, and (3) the adjusted term SOFR rate for a one-month interest period on such day plus 1%. The applicable margin is between 0.25% to 1.25% for Base Rate Borrowings and between 1.25% and 2.25% for Term SOFR Borrowings based on the Company maintaining certain leverage ratios. The fee for undrawn amounts under the Amended Credit Facility ranges, based on the applicable leverage, from 0.200% to 0.350%. The Company is also required to pay customary letter of credit fees, as necessary.

As of June 30, 2024, the Company did not have an outstanding debt balance under the Amended Credit Facility. Availability under the Amended Credit Facility was $442 million as of June 30, 2024, which is net of outstanding letters of credit of $8 million. The Amended Credit Facility matures, and all outstanding amounts become due and payable, on June 15, 2026.

The Amended Credit Facility contains customary conditions to borrowings, events of default and covenants, including covenants that restrict the Company’s ability to sell assets, make changes to the nature of the Company’s business, engage in mergers or acquisitions, incur, assume or permit to exist additional indebtedness and guarantees, create or permit to exist liens, pay dividends, issue equity instruments, make distributions or redeem or repurchase capital stock or make other investments, engage in transactions with affiliates and make payments in respect of subordinated debt. The Amended Credit Facility also requires the Company to maintain compliance with a maximum ratio of consolidated funded debt to consolidated EBITDA of 3.50 to 1.00. As of June 30, 2024, the Company was in compliance with all covenants.

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Note 7—Capitalization

Share Repurchase Program

In February 2023, the Company’s board of directors approved a share repurchase program with authorization to purchase up to $700 million of its Class A common stock. As of December 31, 2023, $53 million remained available and authorized for repurchases. In February 2024, an additional $647 million was authorized under this program, bringing the total amount available for future repurchases back to $700 million. The share repurchase program, which has no expiration date, is designed to help offset the impact of future share dilution from employee stock issuances. Repurchases under the program may be made in the open market, in privately negotiated transactions or otherwise, with the amount and timing of repurchases to be determined at the Company’s discretion, depending on market conditions and corporate needs. Open market repurchases are structured to occur in accordance with applicable federal securities laws, including within the pricing and volume requirements of Rule 10b-18 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). The Company may also, from time to time, enter into Rule 10b5-1 plans to facilitate repurchases of its shares under this authorization. This program does not obligate the Company to acquire any particular amount of Class A common stock, and may be modified, suspended or terminated at any time at the discretion of the Company’s board of directors.

During the three months ended June 30, 2024, the Company did not repurchase any shares of its Class A common stock. During the six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company repurchased and subsequently retired 1.5 million shares of its Class A common stock for an aggregate repurchase amount of $125 million. The repurchase amounts included in the condensed consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity included immaterial amounts related to the 1% excise tax on share repurchases, net of share issuances, as a result of the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“IRA”). As of June 30, 2024, $575 million remained available and authorized for repurchases. Activity under the share repurchase program was recognized in the condensed consolidated financial statements on a trade-date basis.

Note 8—Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

Stock-based compensation expense recorded in the condensed consolidated statements of operations was as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Platform operations	$	7,272	$	4,967	$	12,827	$	8,913
Sales and marketing	25,068		18,800		45,360		32,923
Technology and development	32,509		26,689		60,483		47,556
General and administrative	61,491		66,627		118,290		141,161
Total	$	126,340	$	117,083	$	236,960	$	230,553

Stock Options

The following summarizes stock option activity:


	Shares Under Options (in thousands)	Weighted- Average Exercise Price
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023	12,258	$	31.05
Granted	2,353	81.50
Exercised	(1,886)	20.45
Expired/Forfeited	(168)	52.99
Outstanding as of June 30, 2024	12,557	$	41.80
Exercisable as of June 30, 2024	7,911	$	23.85

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As of June 30, 2024, the Company had unrecognized stock-based compensation relating to stock options, excluding the CEO Performance Option (as defined below), of approximately $182 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.1 years.

CEO Performance Option

In October 2021, the Company granted a market-based performance award to the Company’s Chief Executive Officer (the “CEO Performance Option”) under the Company’s 2016 Incentive Award Plan. The CEO Performance Option has an exercise price of $68.29 per share. As of December 31, 2023, the CEO Performance Option had 19.2 million options outstanding. No options were granted, exercised, forfeited or expired during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024. As of June 30, 2024, the CEO Performance Option had 2.4 million exercisable options and 19.2 million options outstanding. Stock-based compensation of $36 million and $48 million for the CEO Performance Option was recorded as a component of general and administrative expense during the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Stock-based compensation of $71 million and $108 million for the CEO Performance Option was recorded as a component of general and administrative expense during the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of June 30, 2024, the Company had unrecognized stock-based compensation relating to the CEO Performance Option of $129 million that is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.3 years, assuming no acceleration of vesting.

Restricted Stock

The following summarizes restricted stock activity:


	Shares (in thousands)	Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested as of December 31, 2023	10,546	$	62.22
Granted	3,979	81.84
Vested	(2,088)	57.88
Forfeited	(426)	63.21
Unvested as of June 30, 2024	12,011	$	69.44

As of June 30, 2024, the Company had unrecognized stock-based compensation relating to restricted stock of approximately $777 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.9 years.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”)

Stock-based compensation expense related to the ESPP totaled $7 million and $5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Stock-based compensation expense related to the ESPP totaled $13 million and $8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of June 30, 2024, the Company had unrecognized stock-based compensation relating to ESPP awards of approximately $11 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.6 years.

On May 28, 2024, the Company’s stockholders approved the 2024 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “2024 ESPP”), an amendment and restatement of the original 2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “2016 ESPP”). The changes from the 2016 ESPP to the 2024 ESPP include removing the ten-year plan expiration date, changing the offering period commencement dates on future offering periods from May 16th and November 16th to May 15th and November 15th, respectively, and providing other minor technical and administrative updates. Existing offering periods under the 2016 ESPP continue unchanged under the 2024 ESPP, and the “evergreen” provision for annual increases in issuable ESPP shares will still end on and include January 1, 2026. The Company does not currently expect the new or modified provisions of the 2024 ESPP to materially impact its financial statements.

Note 9—Income Taxes

In determining the interim provision for income taxes for each of the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company utilized the annual estimated effective tax rate applied to the actual year-to-date income and added the tax effects of any discrete items in the reporting period in which they occur.

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For the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, the provision for income taxes included benefits associated with stock-based awards of $18 million and $9 million, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, the provision for income taxes included benefits associated with stock-based awards of $29 million and $36 million, respectively.

For the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company’s effective tax rate differed from the United States federal statutory tax rate of 21% primarily due to nondeductible stock-based compensation and state and foreign taxes, partially offset by the impact of tax benefits associated with stock-based awards and research and development tax credits.

There were no material changes to the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits during the six months ended June 30, 2024, and the Company does not expect to have any significant changes to unrecognized tax benefits through the end of the fiscal year.

Note 10—Segment and Geographic Information

The Company has one primary business activity and operates in one reportable and operating segment.

The Company reports revenue net of amounts it pays suppliers for the cost of advertising inventory, third-party data and other add-on features (collectively, “Supplier Features”). The Company generally bills clients based on the gross amount of Supplier Features they purchase through its platform, and for platform fees, value-added services and platform features (“Gross Billings”), net of allowances. The Company’s accounts receivable are recorded at the amount of Gross Billings for the amounts it is responsible to collect, and accounts payable are recorded at the net amount payable to suppliers. Accordingly, both accounts receivable and accounts payable appear large in relation to revenue reported on a net basis.

Gross Billings, based on the address of the clients or client affiliates, set forth as a percentage of total Gross Billings, were as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
United States	87	%	88	%	87	%	88	%
International	13	%	12	%	13	%	12	%
Total	100	%	100	%	100	%	100	%

Note 11— Commitments and Contingencies

Guarantees, Indemnification and Other

In the ordinary course of business, the Company may provide indemnifications of varying scope and terms to clients, vendors, lessors, business partners and other parties with respect to certain matters, including, but not limited to, losses arising out of breach of such agreements, services to be provided by the Company or from intellectual property infringement claims made by third parties. In addition, the Company has entered into indemnification agreements with directors and certain officers and employees that will require the Company, among other things, to indemnify them against certain liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors, officers or employees. No demands have been made upon the Company to provide indemnification under such agreements, and thus, there are no claims that the Company is aware of that could have a material effect on the Company’s balance sheet, statement of operations or statement of cash flows. Accordingly, no amounts for any obligation have been recorded at June 30, 2024 and 2023.

The Company is under audit by various domestic and foreign tax authorities. The Company believes that the amount of losses or any estimable range of possible losses with respect to these matters will not, either individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on its business and condensed consolidated financial statements. Due to the inherent complexity and uncertainty of these matters and judicial process in certain jurisdictions, the final outcome may be materially different from the Company’s expectations.

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Litigation

From time to time, the Company is subject to various legal proceedings, litigation and claims, either asserted or unasserted, that arise in the ordinary course of business. Although the outcome of the various legal proceedings, litigation and claims cannot be predicted with certainty, management does not believe that any of these proceedings or other claims will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on the Company because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.

On May 27, 2022, a stockholder filed a derivative lawsuit captioned Huizenga v. Green, et al., No. 2022-0461, asserting claims on behalf of the Company against certain members of the Company’s board of directors in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware. On June 27, 2022, a second derivative lawsuit captioned Pfeiffer v. Green, et al., No. 2022-0560, was filed in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware alleging substantially similar claims. Those lawsuits were consolidated on August 18, 2022, and a lead plaintiff was appointed on October 7, 2022. The two complaints allege generally that the defendants breached their fiduciary duties to the Company and its stockholders in connection with the negotiation and approval of the CEO Performance Option. The plaintiffs seek a court order rescinding the CEO Performance Option and monetary damages. On November 10, 2022, the plaintiffs filed a consolidated complaint, and on January 12, 2023, the defendants moved to dismiss the consolidated complaint. On March 24, 2023, plaintiffs filed an opposition to defendants’ motions to dismiss. Defendants filed their replies in support of their motions to dismiss on May 19, 2023. The court heard oral argument on the motions on April 3, 2024.

Litigation is inherently uncertain and there can be no assurance regarding the likelihood that the motions to dismiss or defense of the various actions will be successful.

Employment Contracts

The Company has entered into agreements with severance terms with certain employees and officers, all of whom are employed on an at-will basis, subject to certain severance obligations in the event of certain involuntary terminations. The Company may be required to accelerate the vesting of certain stock options and restricted stock in the event of changes in control, as defined, and involuntary terminations.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Forward-looking statements generally relate to future events or our future financial or operating performance and may include statements concerning, among other things, our business strategy (including anticipated trends and developments in, and management plans for, our business and the markets in which we operate), financial results, the impact of macroeconomic uncertainty on our business, operations, and the markets and communities in which we, our clients, and partners operate, results of operations, revenues, operating expenses, capital expenditures including share repurchases, sales and marketing initiatives and competition. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements because they contain words such as “may,” “might,” “will,” “should,” “expects,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “could,” “intends,” “target,” “projects,” “contemplates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “suggests,” “potential” or “continue” or the negative of these words or other similar terms or expressions that concern our expectations, strategy, plans or intentions. These statements are not guarantees of future performance; they reflect our current views with respect to future events and are based on assumptions and are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from expectations or results projected or implied by forward-looking statements.

We discuss many of these risks in Part II of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q in greater detail under the heading “Risk Factors” and in other filings we make from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Also, these forward-looking statements represent our estimates and assumptions only as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, which are inherently subject to change and involve risks and uncertainties. Unless required by federal securities laws, we assume no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements, or to update the reasons actual results could differ materially from those anticipated, to reflect circumstances or events that occur after the statements are made. Given these uncertainties, investors should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.

Investors should read this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the documents that we reference in this report and have filed with the SEC, including our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

References to “Notes” are notes included in our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Overview

We offer a self-service, cloud-based ad-buying platform that empowers our clients to plan, manage, optimize and measure more expressive data-driven digital advertising campaigns. Our platform allows clients to execute integrated campaigns across ad formats and channels, including video (which includes connected television (“CTV”)), display, audio, digital-out-of-home, native and social, on a multitude of devices, such as computers, mobile devices, televisions and streaming devices. Our platform’s integrations with major inventory, publisher and data partners provide ad buyers reach and decisioning capabilities, and our enterprise application programming interfaces (“APIs”) enable our clients to customize and expand platform functionality.

Our clients are advertising agencies, advertisers and other service providers for agencies or advertisers, with whom we enter into ongoing master service agreements (“MSAs”). We generate revenue by charging our clients a platform fee based on a percentage of our clients’ total advertising spend on our platform and from providing data, other value-added services and platform features.

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Executive Summary

Highlights


	Three Months Ended June 30,								Six Months Ended June 30,
	Dollars				Change				Dollars				Change
	2024		2023		$		%		2024		2023		$		%

	(in thousands, except percentages)
Revenue	$	584,550	$	464,254	$	120,296	26	%	$	1,075,803	$	847,057	$	228,746	27	%
Net income	$	85,029	$	32,939	$	52,090	158	%	$	116,689	$	42,265	$	74,424	176%

Trends, Opportunities and Challenges

The growing digitization of media and fragmentation of audiences has increased the complexity of advertising and thereby increased the need for automation in ad buying, which we provide on our platform. In order to grow, we will need to continue to develop our platform’s programmatic capabilities and expand our advertising inventory and data offerings. We believe that key opportunities include our ongoing global expansion, continuing development of our omnichannel ad inventory (including in channels such as video, including CTV, mobile, audio and others), adoption and utilization of retail media and continuing development and adoption of the data usage, measurement and targeting capabilities provided by our platform.

We believe that growth of the programmatic advertising market is important for our ability to grow our business. Adoption of programmatic advertising by advertisers allows us to acquire new clients and grow revenue from existing clients. Although our clients include some of the largest advertising agencies in the world, we believe there is significant room for us to further expand our relationships with existing clients and gain a larger amount of their advertising spend. We also believe that the industry trends noted above will lead to advertisers adopting programmatic advertising through platforms such as ours.

Similarly, the adoption of programmatic advertising by inventory owners and content providers allows us to expand the volume and type of advertising inventory we present to our clients. For example, we have expanded our CTV, mobile, native and audio advertising offerings through our integrations with supply-side partners.

We invest for long-term growth. We anticipate that our operating expenses will continue to increase in the foreseeable future as we invest in platform operations and technology and development to enhance our product features, including programmatic buying of CTV ad inventory, and in sales and marketing to acquire new clients and reinforce our relationships with existing clients. In addition, we expect to continue making investments in our infrastructure, including our information technology, financial and administrative systems and controls, to support our growing operations.

We believe the markets outside of the United States (“U.S.”), and in particular across Europe and Asia in markets such as the United Kingdom (“U.K.”), Germany, France, China, Japan, India and Australia, offer opportunities for growth. However, such markets may also pose challenges related to compliance with local laws and regulations, restrictions on foreign ownership or investment, uncertainty related to trade relations and a variety of additional risks. We intend to make additional investments in sales and marketing and product development to expand in international markets where we are making significant investments in our platform and growing our team.

We believe that these investments will contribute to our long-term growth, although they may negatively impact profitability in the near term.

Our business model has allowed us to grow significantly, and we believe that our operating leverage enables us to support future long-term growth profitably.

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Macroeconomic Uncertainty

Changes in interest and foreign currency exchange rates, inflation and geopolitical developments have resulted, and may continue to result, in a global slowdown of economic activity, which may decrease demand for a broad variety of goods and services, including those provided by our clients, while also disrupting supply channels, sales channels and advertising and marketing activities for an unknown period of time until economic activity normalizes. As a result of the current uncertainty in economic activity, we are unable to predict the size and duration of the impact on our revenue and our results of operations. The extent of the impact of these macroeconomic factors on our operational and financial performance will depend on a variety of factors, and the duration and extent of geopolitical and global economic disruption and their respective impacts on our clients, partners, industry and employees, all of which are uncertain at this time and cannot be accurately predicted. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in Part II. Other Information for further discussion of the adverse impacts of macroeconomic uncertainty on our business.

Results of Operations for the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 Compared with the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2023

The following tables set forth our condensed consolidated results of operations for the periods presented.


	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2024				2023
	(in thousands)		(% of Revenue)		(in thousands)		(% of Revenue)
Revenue	$	584,550	100	%	$	464,254	100	%
Operating expenses:
Platform operations	110,459		19	%	86,654		19	%
Sales and marketing	133,867		23	%	111,489		24	%
Technology and development	110,035		19	%	98,308		21	%
General and administrative	135,469		23	%	126,130		27	%
Total operating expenses	489,830		84	%	422,581		91	%
Income from operations	94,720		16	%	41,673		9	%
Total other income, net	(17,772)		(3)	%	(18,254)		(4)	%
Income before income taxes	112,492		19	%	59,927		13	%
Provision for income taxes	27,463		5	%	26,988		6	%
Net income	$	85,029	15	%	$	32,939	7	%



	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024				2023
	(in thousands)		(% of Revenue)		(in thousands)		(% of Revenue)
Revenue	$	1,075,803	100	%	$	847,057	100	%
Operating expenses:
Platform operations	214,089		20	%	171,521		20	%
Sales and marketing	255,592		24	%	208,711		25	%
Technology and development	217,721		20	%	192,018		23	%
General and administrative	265,024		25	%	256,442		30	%
Total operating expenses	952,426		89	%	828,692		98	%
Income from operations	123,377		11	%	18,365		2	%
Total other income, net	(35,148)		(3)	%	(31,954)		(4)	%
Income before income taxes	158,525		15	%	50,319		6	%
Provision for income taxes	41,836		4	%	8,054		1	%
Net income	$	116,689	11	%	$	42,265	5	%

_______________

Note: Percentages may not sum due to rounding.

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Revenue

Revenue increased by $120 million, or 26%, and $229 million, or 27%, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, as compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively. The increase was primarily due to higher gross spend in the current year on our platform, which was primarily driven by new clients and more campaigns executed by existing clients.

Platform Operations

Platform operations expense increased by $24 million, or 27%, for the three months ended June 30, 2024, as compared to the three months ended June 30, 2023. The increase was primarily due to increases of $17 million in hosting costs and $6 million in personnel costs, which included a $2 million increase in stock-based compensation. The increase in hosting costs was primarily attributable to support costs related to the increased use of our platform by our clients, increased use of features by our technical teams in support of our platform and investment in new data centers to support the continued growth of our platform. The increase in personnel costs was primarily due to the increase in stock-based compensation driven by new equity awards, an increase in platform support by engineers, headcount growth and an increase in taxes on equity awards.

Platform operations expense increased by $43 million, or 25%, for the six months ended June 30, 2024, as compared to the six months ended June 30, 2023. The increase was primarily due to increases of $31 million in hosting costs and $10 million in personnel costs, which included a $4 million increase in stock-based compensation. The increase in hosting costs was primarily attributable to support costs related to the increased use of our platform by our clients, increased use of features by our technical teams in support of our platform and investment in new data centers to support the continued growth of our platform. The increase in personnel costs was primarily due to the increase in stock-based compensation driven by new equity awards, an increase in platform support by engineers, headcount growth, an increase in taxes on equity awards and an increase in travel and employee engagement costs, including in-person events.

We expect platform operations expenses to increase in absolute dollars in future periods as we continue to experience increased volumes of media impressions through our platform and hire additional personnel to support our growth.

Sales and Marketing

Sales and marketing expense increased by $22 million, or 20%, for the three months ended June 30, 2024, as compared to the three months ended June 30, 2023. The increase was primarily due to an increase of $18 million in personnel costs, which included a $6 million increase in stock-based compensation, a $2 million increase in marketing costs and a $2 million increase in allocated facilities costs. The increase in personnel costs was primarily due to headcount growth to support our sales efforts and to continue to develop and maintain relationships with our clients; an increase in incentive compensation driven by gross spend growth; and an increase in travel costs. The increase in stock-based compensation was primarily due to new equity awards. The increase in marketing costs was primarily due to an increase in marketing campaigns, events, sponsorships and client engagement. The increase in allocated facilities costs was primarily driven by new leases for additional office space to support our future growth as well as office support expenses.

Sales and marketing expense increased by $47 million, or 22%, for the six months ended June 30, 2024, as compared to the six months ended June 30, 2023. The increase was primarily due to an increase of $39 million in personnel costs, which included a $12 million increase in stock-based compensation, a $4 million increase in marketing costs and a $4 million increase in allocated facilities costs. The increase in personnel costs was primarily due to headcount growth to support our sales efforts and to continue to develop and maintain relationships with our clients; an increase in incentive compensation driven by gross spend growth; and an increase in travel and employee engagement costs, including in-person events. The increase in stock-based compensation was primarily due to new equity awards. The increase in marketing costs was primarily due to an increase in marketing campaigns, events, sponsorships and client engagement. The increase in allocated facilities costs was primarily driven by new leases for additional office space to support our future growth as well as office support expenses.

We expect sales and marketing expenses to increase in absolute dollars in future periods, as we focus on increasing the adoption of our platform with existing and new clients and expanding our international business.

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Technology and Development

Technology and development expense increased by $12 million, or 12%, for the three months ended June 30, 2024, as compared to the three months ended June 30, 2023. The increase was primarily due to an increase of $10 million in personnel costs, which included a $6 million increase in stock-based compensation, and a $1 million increase in allocated facilities costs. The increase in personnel costs was primarily attributable to the increase in stock-based compensation driven by new equity awards, headcount growth to maintain and support further development of our platform and an increase in taxes on equity awards. The increase in allocated facilities costs was primarily driven by new leases for additional office space to support our future growth as well as office support expenses.

Technology and development expense increased by $26 million, or 13%, for the six months ended June 30, 2024, as compared to the six months ended June 30, 2023. The increase was primarily due to an increase of $23 million in personnel costs, which included a $13 million increase in stock-based compensation, and a $2 million increase in allocated facilities costs. The increase in personnel costs was primarily attributable to the increase in stock-based compensation driven by new equity awards, headcount growth to maintain and support further development of our platform, an increase in taxes on equity awards and an increase in travel and employee engagement costs, including in-person events. The increase in allocated facilities costs was primarily driven by new leases for additional office space to support our future growth as well as office support expenses.

We expect technology and development expense to increase in absolute dollars as we continue to invest in the development of our platform to support additional features and functions, increase the number of advertising inventory and data suppliers and support the anticipated increase in volume of advertising spending by our clients on our platform. We also intend to invest in technology to further automate our business processes.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expense increased by $9 million, or 7%, for the three months ended June 30, 2024, as compared to the three months ended June 30, 2023, primarily due to an increase of $8 million in personnel costs and an increase of $6 million in administrative costs, partially offset by a $5 million decrease in stock-based compensation. The increase in personnel costs was primarily attributable to increased headcount to support our growth, an increase in taxes on equity awards and an increase in travel costs. The increase in administrative costs was primarily driven by increases in external professional fees and local business taxes. The decrease in stock-based compensation was primarily driven by a $12 million decrease in expense related to the CEO Performance Option driven by the graded-vesting attribution method, under which more expense is recognized earlier in the option’s life, partially offset by a $7 million increase in expense related to new equity awards.

General and administrative expense increased by $9 million, or 3%, for the six months ended June 30, 2024, as compared to the six months ended June 30, 2023, primarily due to increases of $17 million in personnel costs and $14 million in administrative costs, partially offset by a $23 million decrease in stock-based compensation. The increase in personnel costs was primarily attributable to increased headcount to support our growth, an increase in taxes on equity awards and an increase in travel and employee engagement costs, including in-person events. The increase in administrative costs was primarily driven by increases in external professional fees and local business taxes. The decrease in stock-based compensation was primarily driven by a $37 million decrease in expense related to the CEO Performance Option driven by the graded-vesting attribution method, under which more expense is recognized earlier in the option’s life, partially offset by a $14 million increase in expense related to new equity awards.

Excluding the impact of the CEO Performance Option, we expect general and administrative expenses to increase primarily due to continued investment in corporate infrastructure to support growth.

Total Other Income, Net

Total other income, net, decreased by $0.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024, as compared to the three months ended June 30, 2023. The decrease was primarily due to foreign currency transaction losses, driven by changes in foreign currency exchange rates against the U.S. Dollar, offset by higher interest income on our cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments driven by rising interest rates as well as gains on foreign currency forwards.

Total other income, net, increased by $3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024, as compared to the six months ended June 30, 2023. The increase was primarily due to higher interest income on our cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments driven by rising interest rates as well as gains on foreign currency forwards, partially offset by foreign currency transaction losses, driven by changes in foreign currency exchange rates against the U.S. Dollar.

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Provision for Income Taxes

The U.S. federal statutory tax rate was 21% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The provision for income taxes increased by $0.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024, as compared to the three months ended June 30, 2023. The increase was primarily due to higher pre-tax profitability, offset by a lower impact attributable to nondeductible stock-based compensation and higher tax benefits associated with employee stock-based awards.

The provision for income taxes increased by $34 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024, as compared to the six months ended June 30, 2023. The increase was primarily due to higher pre-tax profitability coupled with a decrease in benefits associated with employee stock-based awards, partially offset by a lower impact attributable to nondeductible stock-based compensation.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of June 30, 2024, we had working capital of $2,004 million, which included $1,009 million in cash and cash equivalents, $64 million of which was held by our international subsidiaries, and $497 million in short-term investments in marketable securities. Additionally, we had $442 million available under our Amended Credit Facility (refer to the “Credit Facility” section below). For the six months ended June 30, 2024, we generated $267 million in cash flows from operating activities.

We believe our existing cash and cash equivalents, cash flow from operations, and our undrawn available balance under our Amended Credit Facility will be sufficient to meet our working capital requirements for at least the next 12 months. We believe our existing cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments and cash flow from operations will be sufficient to fund our share repurchase program. Further, we have a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 on file with the SEC (the “Shelf Registration”), which permits us to issue equity securities and equity-linked securities from time to time, subject to certain limitations. The Shelf Registration is intended to provide us with additional flexibility to access capital markets for general corporate purposes, subject to market conditions and our capital needs. Our future capital requirements and the adequacy of available funds will depend on many factors, including those set forth in “Item 1A. Risk Factors” within this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

In the future, we may attempt to raise additional capital through the sale of equity securities or through equity-linked or debt-financing arrangements. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity or equity-linked securities, the ownership of our existing stockholders will be diluted. If we raise additional financing by incurring additional indebtedness, we may be subject to increased fixed payment obligations and could also be subject to additional restrictive covenants, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. Any future indebtedness we incur may result in terms that could be unfavorable to equity investors.

There can be no assurance that we will be able to raise additional capital. The inability to raise capital would adversely affect our ability to achieve our business objectives. In addition, if our operating performance during the next 12 months is below our expectations, our liquidity and ability to operate our business could be adversely affected. We are closely monitoring the effect that current macroeconomic factors may have on our working capital requirements.

Credit Facility

On June 15, 2021, we and a syndicate of banks, led by JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as agent, entered into a Loan and Security Agreement (the “Credit Facility”). The Credit Facility consists of a $450 million revolving loan facility, with a $20 million sublimit for swingline borrowings and a $15 million sublimit for the issuance of letters of credit. Under certain circumstances, we have the right to increase the Credit Facility by an amount not to exceed $300 million.

On December 17, 2021, we amended the Credit Facility to expand the process for issuing letters of credit and the related invoicing, particularly with respect to letters of credit not denominated in U.S. Dollars. On February 9, 2023, we further amended the Credit Facility (as amended, the “Amended Credit Facility”) to transition from a variable interest rate based on the London Interbank Offered Rate to a variable interest rate based on the secured overnight financing rate (“SOFR”).

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As of June 30, 2024, we did not have an outstanding debt balance under the Amended Credit Facility. Availability under the Amended Credit Facility was $442 million as of June 30, 2024, which is net of outstanding letters of credit of $8 million. The Amended Credit Facility matures, and all outstanding amounts become due and payable, on June 15, 2026. As of June 30, 2024, we were in compliance with all covenants.

For additional information regarding the Amended Credit Facility, refer to Note 6—Debt.

Share Repurchase Program

In February 2023, our board of directors approved a share repurchase program with authorization to purchase up to $700 million of our Class A common stock. As of December 31, 2023, $53 million remained available and authorized for repurchases. In February 2024, an additional $647 million was authorized under this program, bringing the total amount available for future repurchases back to $700 million. The share repurchase program, which has no expiration date, is designed to help offset the impact of future share dilution from employee stock issuances. Repurchases under the program may be made in the open market, in privately negotiated transactions or otherwise, with the amount and timing of repurchases determined at our discretion, depending on market conditions and corporate needs. Open market repurchases are structured to occur in accordance with applicable federal securities laws, including within the pricing and volume requirements of Rule 10b-18 under the Exchange Act. We may also, from time to time, enter into Rule 10b5-1 plans to facilitate repurchases of shares under this authorization. This program does not obligate us to acquire any particular amount of Class A common stock, and may be modified, suspended or terminated at any time at the discretion of our board of directors.

During the three months ended June 30, 2024, we did not repurchase any shares of our Class A common stock. During the six months ended June 30, 2024, we repurchased and subsequently retired 1.5 million shares of our Class A common stock for an aggregate repurchase amount of $125 million. The repurchase amounts included in the condensed consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity included immaterial amounts related to the 1% excise tax on share repurchases, net of share issuances, as a result of the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“IRA”). As of June 30, 2024, $575 million remained available and authorized for repurchases.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods presented:


	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023
	(in thousands)
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	266,731	$	315,662
Net cash used in investing activities	$	(37,134)	$	(61,877)
Net cash used in financing activities	$	(115,363)	$	(318,460)

Operating Activities

Our cash flows from operating activities are primarily influenced by growth in our operations, increases or decreases in collections from our clients and related payments to our suppliers for advertising inventory and data. We typically pay suppliers in advance of collections from our clients. Our collection and payment cycles can vary from period to period. In addition, we expect seasonality to impact cash flows from operating activities on a sequential quarterly basis during the year.

For the six months ended June 30, 2024, cash provided by operating activities of $267 million resulted primarily from net income adjusted for noncash items of $419 million and a net decrease from our operating assets and liabilities of $152 million. The net decrease from our operating assets and liabilities was due to a $52 million increase in prepaid expenses and other assets, a $49 million increase in accounts receivable, a $27 million decrease in operating lease liabilities, a $13 million decrease in accounts payable and a $10 million decrease in accrued expenses and other liabilities. The increase in prepaid expenses and other assets was primarily due to cash paid for income taxes. The increase in accounts receivable was due to the timing and seasonality of cash receipts from clients and the growth of our business. The decrease in operating lease liabilities was due primarily to rent payments. The decrease in accounts payable was due to the

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timing and seasonality of payments to suppliers for the cost of advertising inventory, data and add-on features. The decrease in accrued expenses and other liabilities was primarily due to incentive compensation payments and a reduction of the liability related to the ESPP due to the purchase of shares in accordance with the plan.

For the six months ended June 30, 2023, cash provided by operating activities of $316 million resulted primarily from net income adjusted for noncash items of $328 million, and a net decrease from our operating assets and liabilities of $13 million. The net decrease from our operating assets and liabilities was primarily due to a $35 million increase in accounts receivable and a $25 million decrease in operating lease liabilities, partially offset by a $51 million increase in accounts payable. The increase in accounts receivable was due to seasonality and the timing of cash receipts from clients. The decrease in operating lease liabilities was due primarily to rent payments. The increase in accounts payable was due to seasonality and the timing of payments to suppliers for the cost of advertising inventory, data and add-on features.

Investing Activities

Our primary investing activities consist of investing in short-term marketable securities, purchases of property and equipment for the expansion of our new facilities in support of our expanding headcount as a result of our growth and capital expenditures to develop our software and hosting capabilities in support of enhancing our technology platform. As our business grows, we expect our capital expenditures to increase, and our other investment activity may increase.

For the six months ended June 30, 2024, we used $37 million of cash in investing activities, consisting of $29 million to purchase property and equipment, $4 million of investments in capitalized software and $3 million of net purchases of short-term investments.

For the six months ended June 30, 2023, we used $62 million of cash in investing activities, consisting of $42 million of net purchases of short-term investments, $17 million to purchase property and equipment and $3 million of investments in capitalized software.

Financing Activities

For the six months ended June 30, 2024, we used $115 million of cash in financing activities, consisting of $125 million of cash paid for repurchases of our Class A common stock and $58 million of taxes paid for restricted stock award settlements, partially offset by $38 million of proceeds from stock option exercises and $30 million of proceeds from our ESPP.

For the six months ended June 30, 2023, we used $318 million of cash in financing activities, consisting of $336 million of cash paid for repurchases of Class A common stock and $31 million of taxes paid for restricted stock award settlements, partially offset by $28 million of proceeds from stock option exercises and $21 million of proceeds from our ESPP.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any relationships with other entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities that have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes. We did not have any other off-balance sheet arrangements at June 30, 2024 other than the indemnification agreements described below.

Contractual Obligations

Our principal commitments consist of non-cancelable operating leases for our various office facilities and other contractual commitments consisting of obligations to our hosting services and hardware providers and providers of software as a service. In certain cases, the terms of the lease agreements provide for rental payments on a graduated basis.

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The following table summarizes our non-cancelable contractual obligations as of June 30, 2024 (in thousands):


	Payments Due by Period
	Remainder of 2024		2025 and Thereafter		Total
Operating lease commitments	$	31,337	$	630,279	$	661,616
Other contractual commitments	64,175		267,035		331,210
Total	$	95,512	$	897,314	$	992,826

In the ordinary course of business, we enter into agreements in which we may agree to indemnify clients, suppliers, vendors, lessors, business partners, lenders, stockholders and other parties with respect to certain matters, including losses resulting from claims of intellectual property infringement, damages to property or persons, business losses or other liabilities. Generally, these indemnity and defense obligations relate to our own business operations, obligations and acts or omissions. However, under some circumstances, we agree to indemnify and defend contract counterparties against losses resulting from their own business operations, obligations and acts or omissions, or the business operations, obligations and acts or omissions of third parties. These indemnity provisions generally survive termination or expiration of the agreements in which they appear. In addition, we have entered into indemnification agreements with our directors, executive officers and other officers that will require us to indemnify them against liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors, officers or employees. In the ordinary course of business, demands have been made upon us to provide indemnification under such agreements, but we are not aware of any claims that could have a material effect on our balance sheet, statement of operations or statement of cash flows. Accordingly, no amounts for any obligation have been recorded at June 30, 2024.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses and related disclosures. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our estimates are based on historical experience and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Our actual results could differ from these estimates.

We believe that the assumptions and estimates associated with the evaluation of revenue recognition criteria, including the determination of revenue recognition as net versus gross in our revenue arrangements, stock-based compensation expense and income taxes have the greatest potential impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements. Therefore, we consider these to be our critical accounting policies and estimates.

Refer to Note 8— Stock-Based Compensation for information regarding the amendment and restatement of our Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”). We do not currently expect that the new or modified provisions under the amended and restated ESPP will have a material impact on our financial statements.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

Refer to Note 2—Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of our condensed consolidated financial statements.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We have operations both within the United States and internationally, and we are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business. These risks include primarily interest rate and foreign currency exchange risks.

Interest Rate Risk

We are exposed to market risk from changes in interest rates under our Amended Credit Facility, which accrues interest at a variable rate. No amount was owed on our Amended Credit Facility as of June 30, 2024. We have not used any derivative financial instruments to manage our interest rate risk exposure. Based upon the short-term investments amount as of June 30, 2024, a hypothetical one percentage point increase or decrease in the interest rate would result in a corresponding increase or decrease in investment income of approximately $5 million annually.

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Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

We have foreign currency exchange risk related to transactions denominated in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar, principally the Euro, British Pound, Canadian Dollar, Australian Dollar, Japanese Yen, Indian Rupee, Indonesian Rupiah, Hong Kong Dollar and Singapore Dollar. The volatility of exchange rates depends on many factors that we cannot forecast with reliable accuracy. As of June 30, 2024, an immediate 10% adverse change in foreign exchange rates on foreign-denominated accounts would result in a foreign currency loss of approximately $34 million. In the event our non-U.S. Dollar denominated sales and expenses increase, our operating results may be more greatly affected by exchange rate fluctuations.

We enter into forward contracts or other derivative transactions in an attempt to hedge our foreign currency risk. There can be no assurance that such transactions will be effective in hedging some or all of our foreign currency exposures, and under some circumstances they could generate losses for us.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act as of June 30, 2024. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information we are required to disclose in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our CEO and CFO, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures, and is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Based on this evaluation, our CEO and CFO have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level as of June 30, 2024.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have been no significant changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended June 30, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls

Management recognizes that a control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud or error, if any, have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we are subject to various legal proceedings, litigation and claims, either asserted or unasserted, that arise in the ordinary course of business. Although the outcome of the various legal proceedings, litigation and claims cannot be predicted with certainty, management does not believe that any of these proceedings or other claims will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.

On May 27, 2022, a stockholder filed a derivative lawsuit captioned Huizenga v. Green, et al., No. 2022-0461, asserting claims on our behalf against certain members of our board of directors in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware. On June 27, 2022, a second derivative lawsuit captioned Pfeiffer v. Green, et al., No. 2022-0560, was filed in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware alleging substantially similar claims. Those lawsuits were consolidated on August 18, 2022, and a lead plaintiff was appointed on October 7, 2022. The two complaints allege generally that the defendants breached their fiduciary duties to us and our stockholders in connection with the negotiation and approval of the CEO Performance Option. The plaintiffs seek a court order rescinding the CEO Performance Option and monetary damages. On November 10, 2022, the plaintiffs filed a consolidated complaint, and on January 12, 2023, the defendants moved to dismiss the consolidated complaint. On March 24, 2023, plaintiffs filed an opposition to defendants’ motions to dismiss. Defendants filed their replies in support of their motions to dismiss on May 19, 2023. The court heard oral argument on the motions on April 3, 2024.

Litigation is inherently uncertain and there can be no assurance regarding the likelihood that the motions to dismiss or defense of the various actions will be successful.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Investing in our Class A common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should consider carefully the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including the condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes and Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, before making investment decisions related to our Class A common stock. If any of the following risks are realized, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially and adversely affected. In that event, the market price of our Class A common stock could decline and you could lose part or all of your investment.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

If we fail to maintain and grow our client base and spend through our platform, our revenue and business may be negatively impacted.

To sustain or increase our revenue, we must regularly add new clients and encourage existing clients to maintain or increase the amount of spending through our platform and adopt existing or new features and functionalities that we make available. If competitors introduce lower cost or differentiated offerings that compete with or are perceived to compete with our offerings, our ability to sell our services to new or existing clients could be impaired. We have spent significant effort in cultivating our relationships with advertising agencies, which has resulted in an increase in the budgets allocated to, and the amount of advertising purchased on, our platform. However, it is possible that we may reach a point of saturation at which we cannot continue to grow our revenue from such agencies because of internal limits that advertisers may place on the allocation of their advertising budgets to digital media to a particular provider or otherwise. While we generally have master services agreements (“MSAs”) in place with our clients, such agreements allow our clients to choose the amount they spend through our platform and terminate our services with limited notice. We at times supplement our MSAs with joint business plans and other incentive programs designed to increase spending from existing clients; however, such increased spending may not materialize in the amounts we expect or at all. We do not typically have exclusive relationships with our clients and there is limited cost and difficulty to moving their media spend to our competitors. As a result, we have limited visibility to our future advertising revenue streams. We cannot assure you that our clients will continue to use our platform or related offerings to the extent that we expect or at all, or that we will be able to replace, in a timely or effective manner, departing clients with new clients that generate comparable revenue. If a major client representing a significant portion of our business decides to materially reduce its use of our platform or related offerings or

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to cease their use altogether, it is possible that our revenue or revenue growth rate could be significantly reduced, and our business negatively impacted.

The loss of advertising agencies as clients could significantly harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our client base consists primarily of advertising agencies. We do not have exclusive relationships with advertising agencies, and we depend on agencies to work with us to build and maintain advertiser relationships and execute advertising campaigns.

The loss of agencies as clients could significantly harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. If we fail to maintain satisfactory relationships with an advertising agency, we risk losing business from the current and future advertisers represented by that agency.

Advertisers may change advertising agencies. If an advertiser switches from an agency that utilizes our platform to one that does not, we will lose revenue from that advertiser. In addition, some advertising agencies have their own relationships with suppliers of advertising inventory and data and can directly connect advertisers with such suppliers. Our business may suffer to the extent that advertising agencies and such suppliers purchase and sell advertising inventory or data directly from one another or through intermediaries other than us.

We had over 1,100 clients, consisting primarily of advertising agencies, as of December 31, 2023. Many of these agencies are owned by holding companies, where decision making is decentralized such that purchasing decisions are made, and relationships with advertisers are located, at the agency, local branch or division level. If all of our individual client contractual relationships were aggregated at the holding company level, Publicis Groupe would have represented more than 10% of our gross billings for 2023.

In most cases, we enter into separate contracts and billing relationships with the individual agencies and account for them as separate clients. However, some holding companies for these agencies may choose to exert control over the individual agencies in the future. If so, any loss of relationships with such holding companies and consequently, of their agencies, local branches or divisions, as clients could significantly harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we fail to innovate or make the right investment decisions in our offerings and platform, we may fail to attract and retain advertisers and advertising agencies and our revenue and results of operations may decline.

Our industry is subject to rapid and frequent changes in technology and laws governing our activities, evolving client needs and expectations and the frequent introduction by our competitors of new and enhanced offerings. If new or existing competitors have more attractive offerings, we may lose clients or clients may decrease their use of our platform. New client demands, superior competitive offerings or new industry standards could require us to make unanticipated and costly changes to our platform or business model. We must constantly make investment decisions regarding offerings and technology to meet client demand and evolving industry and legal standards. We may make bad decisions regarding these investments. Furthermore, even if we believe that our investments improve upon our platform and offerings, such as updates to our various platform features and user interface, they may nevertheless fail to meet new or existing client expectations or preferences, which could result in decreased client adoption or use of our platform.

In addition, as we develop and introduce new products and services, including those incorporating or utilizing artificial intelligence and machine learning and new processing of personal information, including identifiable information, they may raise new, or heighten existing, technological, security, legal and other risks and challenges, that may cause unintended consequences and may not function properly or may be misused by our clients. If we fail to adapt to our rapidly changing industry or to evolving client needs or expectations, or we provide new or updated products and services that exacerbate technological, security, legal or other challenges, the reputation of and demand for our platform or related offerings could decrease and our business, financial condition and operations may be adversely affected.

The market for programmatic buying for advertising campaigns is relatively new and evolving. If this market develops slower or differently than we expect, our business, growth prospects and financial condition could be adversely affected.

The substantial majority of our revenue has been derived from clients that programmatically purchase advertising through our platform. We expect that spending on programmatic ad buying will continue to be our primary source of

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revenue for the foreseeable future and that our revenue growth will largely depend on increasing spend through our platform. The market for programmatic ad buying is an emerging market, and our current and potential clients may not shift to programmatic ad buying from other buying methods as quickly as we expect, which would reduce our growth potential. If the market for programmatic ad buying deteriorates or develops more slowly than we expect, it could reduce demand for our platform, and our business, growth prospects and financial condition would be adversely affected.

In addition, our revenue may not necessarily grow at the same rate as spend on our platform. As the market for programmatic buying for advertising matures, growth in spend may outpace growth in our revenue due to a number of factors, including pricing competition, quantity discounts and shifts in product, media, client and channel mix. A significant change in revenue as a percentage of spend could reflect an adverse change in our business and growth prospects. In addition, any such fluctuations, even if they reflect our strategic decisions, could cause our performance to fall below the expectations of securities analysts and investors, and adversely affect the price of our common stock.

The market in which we participate is intensely competitive, and we may not be able to compete successfully with our current or future competitors.

We operate in a highly competitive and rapidly changing industry. We expect competition to persist and intensify in the future, which could harm our ability to increase revenue and maintain profitability. New technologies and methods of buying advertising present a dynamic competitive challenge, as market participants develop and offer new products and services aimed at capturing advertising spend or disrupting the digital marketing landscape, such as analytics, automated media buying and exchanges.

We may also face competition from new companies entering the market, including large established companies and companies that we do not yet know about or do not yet exist. If existing or new companies develop, market or resell competitive high-value products or services that result in additional competition for advertising spend or advertising inventory or if they acquire one of our existing competitors or form a strategic alliance with one of our competitors, our ability to compete effectively could be significantly compromised and our results of operations could be harmed.

Our current and potential competitors may have significantly more financial, technical, marketing, and other resources than we have, which may allow them to devote greater resources to the development, promotion, sale and support of their products and services. They may also have more extensive advertiser bases and broader publisher relationships than we have, rich first-party data sets, and may be better positioned to execute on advertising conducted over certain channels, such as social media, mobile, and video. Some of our competitors may have a longer operating history and greater name recognition. As a result, these competitors may be better able to respond quickly to new technologies, develop superior solutions, develop deeper advertiser relationships or offer services at lower prices. Any of these developments would make it more difficult for us to sell our platform or related offerings and could result in increased pricing pressure, increased development, sales and marketing expense, or the loss of market share.

Any decrease in the use of the advertising channels that we are primarily dependent upon, failure to expand the use of emerging channels, or unexpected shift in use among the channels in which we operate, could harm our growth prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

Historically, our clients have predominantly used our platform to purchase mobile, display and video advertising inventory. In particular, the CTV market is quickly evolving and the demand for CTV inventory on our platform has been a significant driver of growth. We expect that these will continue to be significant channels used by our clients for digital advertising in the future. We also believe that our revenue growth may depend on our ability to expand within social, native, audio, and especially CTV, and we have been, and are continuing to, enhance such channels. Any decrease in the use of mobile, display and video advertising, whether due to clients losing confidence in the value or effectiveness of such channels, regulatory restrictions, consumer choices, or other causes, or any inability to further penetrate social, native, audio or CTV, or enter new and emerging advertising channels, could harm our growth prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

Each advertising channel presents distinct and substantial risk and, in many cases, requires us to continue to develop additional functionality or features to address the particular requirements of the channel. Our ability to provide capabilities across multiple advertising channels, which we refer to as omnichannel, may be constrained if we are not able to maintain or grow advertising inventory for such channels, and some of our omnichannel offerings may not gain market acceptance. If we fail to maintain a diversified channel mix, a decrease in the demand for any channel or channels that we become primarily dependent upon could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. We may not be able to

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accurately predict changes in overall advertiser demand for the channels in which we operate and cannot assure you that our investment in channel development will correspond to any such changes. Furthermore, if our channel mix changes due to a shift in client demand, such as clients shifting their spending more quickly or more extensively than expected to channels in which we have relatively less functionality, features, or inventory, then demand for our platform could decrease, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.

If our access to quality advertising inventory is diminished or fails to expand, our revenue could decline and our growth could be impeded.

We must maintain a consistent supply of quality ad inventory that is attractive to our clients. Our success depends on our ability to secure quality inventory on reasonable terms across a broad range of advertising networks and exchanges and social media platforms, including video, display, CTV, audio and mobile inventory. The amount, quality and cost of inventory available to us can change at any time, including as publishers and other inventory suppliers respond to changes in the legal and regulatory landscape. A few inventory suppliers hold a significant portion of the programmatic inventory either generally or concentrated in a particular channel, such as audio and social media. In addition, we compete with companies with which we have business relationships. For example, Google is one of our largest advertising inventory suppliers in addition to being one of our competitors. If Google or any other company with attractive advertising inventory limits our access to its advertising inventory, our business could be adversely affected. If our relationships with certain of our suppliers were to cease, or if the material terms of these relationships were to change unfavorably, our business would be negatively impacted. Our suppliers are generally not bound by long-term contracts. As a result, there is no guarantee that we will have access to a consistent supply of quality inventory on favorable terms or at all. If we are unable to compete favorably for advertising inventory available on real-time advertising exchanges, or if real-time advertising exchanges decide not to make their advertising inventory available to us, we may not be able to place advertisements or find alternative sources of inventory with comparable traffic patterns and consumer demographics in a timely manner. Furthermore, the inventory that we access through real-time advertising exchanges may be of low quality or misrepresented to us, despite attempts by us and our suppliers to prevent fraud and conduct quality assurance checks.

Inventory suppliers control the bidding process, rules and procedures for the inventory they supply. Such processes may not always work in our favor or for the benefit of our clients and may create inefficiencies in the supply chain for advertising inventory. Given the importance of ensuring access to quality inventory for our advertisers, we launched our OpenPath offering, in order to give clients a simplified, direct connection to publishers. Although we have been investing in this offering and have grown the amount of OpenPath inventory and publishers available through our platform, we cannot guarantee that this offering will prove attractive to our clients or that we will otherwise be successful in our efforts.

As new types of inventory become available, we will need to expend significant resources to ensure we have access to such new inventory. For example, although television advertising is a large market, only a very small percentage of it is currently purchased through digital advertising exchanges. We are investing heavily in our programmatic television offering, including by increasing our workforce and by adding new features, functions and integrations to our platform. If the CTV market does not continue to grow as we anticipate or we fail to successfully serve such market, our growth prospects could be harmed.

Our success depends on consistently adding valued inventory in a cost-effective manner. If we are unable to maintain a consistent supply of quality inventory for any reason, client retention and loyalty, and our financial condition and results of operations could be harmed.

Current or future global market uncertainties or downturns and associated macroeconomic conditions beyond our control could harm the overall demand for advertising and the economic health of advertisers, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business depends on the overall demand for advertising and on the economic health of advertisers that benefit from our platform. Current or future global market uncertainties or downturns and associated macroeconomic conditions, such as growing inflation, rising interest rates, recessionary fears, changes in foreign currency exchange rates, supply chain disruptions, the impact of global instability in many parts of the world and public health crises, may disrupt the operations of our clients and partners and cause advertisers to decrease or pause their advertising budgets, which could reduce spend though our platform and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. As we explore new countries to expand our business, economic downturns or unstable market conditions in any of those countries could also result in our investments not yielding the returns we anticipate.

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Seasonal fluctuations in advertising activity could have a negative impact on our revenue, cash flow and results of operations.

Our revenue, cash flow, results of operations and other key operating and performance metrics may vary from quarter to quarter due to the seasonal nature of our clients’ spending on advertising campaigns. For example, clients tend to devote more of their advertising budgets to the fourth calendar quarter to coincide with consumer holiday spending. Moreover, advertising inventory in the fourth quarter may be more expensive due to increased demand for it. Political advertising could also cause our revenue to increase during election cycles and decrease during other periods. Our historical revenue growth has lessened the impact of seasonality; however, seasonality could have a more significant impact on our revenue, cash flow and results of operations from period to period if our growth rate declines, if seasonal spending becomes more pronounced, or if seasonality otherwise differs from our expectations.

We allow our clients to utilize application programming interfaces (“APIs”) with our platform and related offerings, which could result in outages or security breaches and negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The use of APIs by our clients has significantly increased in recent years. Our APIs allow clients to build their own media buying and data management interface by using our APIs to develop custom integration of their business with our platform and related offerings. The increased use of APIs increases security and operational risks to our systems and the users of our systems, including the risk for intrusion attacks, data theft, or denial of service attacks. Furthermore, while APIs allow clients greater ease and power in accessing our platform and related offerings, they also increase the risk of overusing our systems, potentially causing outages. We have experienced system slowdowns due to client overuse of our systems through our APIs. While we have taken measures intended to decrease security and outage risks associated with the use of our APIs, we cannot guarantee that such measures will be successful. Our failure to prevent outages or security breaches resulting from API use could result in government enforcement actions against us, claims for damages by consumers and other affected individuals, costs associated with investigation and remediation damage to our reputation and loss of goodwill, any of which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may experience outages, disruptions and malfunctions on our platform and related offerings if we fail to maintain adequate security and supporting infrastructure and processes, which may harm our reputation and negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

As we expand our offerings, which in some instances involves ingesting more identifiable information, the consequences of potential security vulnerabilities become more significant for our business. We expect to continue to invest in technology and security services, equipment, and expertise, including engineers, data centers, network services and database technologies, as well as potentially increase our reliance on open source software. Without these improvements, our operations might suffer from security vulnerabilities or misuse, system disruptions, data loss, slow transaction processing, unreliable service levels, impaired quality or delays in reporting accurate information regarding transactions in our platform, any of which could negatively affect our financial condition, reputation and ability to attract and retain clients. In addition, the expansion and improvement of our systems and infrastructure may require us to commit substantial financial, operational and technical resources, with no assurance our business will increase. If we fail to respond to technological change or to adequately maintain, protect, expand, upgrade and develop our systems and infrastructure in a timely fashion, our growth prospects and results of operations could be adversely affected. The steps we take to increase the reliability, integrity and security of our platform and related offerings as they scale are expensive and complex, and our execution could result in operational failures and increased vulnerability to cyberattacks. Such cyberattacks could include denial-of-service attacks impacting service availability (including the ability to deliver ads) and reliability, tricking company employees into releasing control of their systems to a hacker, or the introduction of computer viruses or malware into our systems with a view to steal confidential or proprietary data. Cyberattacks of increasing sophistication may be difficult to detect and could result in the theft of our intellectual property and data, including personal information. We are also vulnerable to unintentional errors or malicious or improper actions by persons with authorized access to our systems that exceed the scope of their access rights, distribute data erroneously, or, unintentionally or intentionally, interfere with the intended operations and functioning of our platform and related offerings. Moreover, we could be adversely impacted by outages and disruptions in the online platforms of our inventory and data suppliers, such as real-time advertising exchanges. Misuse, vulnerabilities, outages and disruptions of our platform and related offerings, including due to cyberattacks, may require engagement with regulators or lead to legal actions, harm our reputation and negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Operational performance and internal control issues may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and subject us to liability.

Our platform and related offerings are complex and proprietary, and we rely on the expertise of members of our engineering, operations and software development teams for their continued performance. Operational, performance and internal control issues may arise due to a variety of factors, including infrastructure changes, introductions of new functionality, human or software errors and other internal and external variables. Such issues have caused errors, failures, design flaws, vulnerabilities and bugs in the past and may again in the future. We also rely on third-party technology and systems to perform properly, which are often used in connection with computing environments utilizing different operating systems, system management software, equipment and networking configurations, which may cause errors in, or failures of, our platform and related offerings or such other computing environments. Operational, performance and internal control issues with our platform and related offerings, which we may experience and have experienced in the past, could include the failure of our user interface, outages, errors, discrepancies in costs billed versus costs paid, unauthorized bidding, cessation of our ability to bid or deliver impressions, deletion of our reporting information, unanticipated volume overwhelming our databases, server failure or catastrophic events affecting one or more server farms.

Operational, performance, design, and internal control issues with our platform and related offerings, whether real or perceived, could also result in negative publicity, damage to our brand and reputation, government investigations, loss of clients, loss of data, loss of or delay in market acceptance or market share of our platform or related offerings, increased costs or loss of revenue, loss of the ability to access our platform or related offerings, loss of competitive position, claims by clients for losses sustained by them and loss of stockholder confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports. Alleviating problems resulting from such issues could require significant expenditures of capital and other resources and could cause interruptions, delays or the cessation of our business, any of which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If unauthorized access is obtained to user, client or inventory and third-party provider data, or our platform or related offerings are compromised, our services may be disrupted or perceived as insecure, and as a result, we may lose existing clients or fail to attract new clients, and we may incur significant reputational harm and legal and financial liabilities.

We face various and evolving cybersecurity risks that threaten the confidentiality, integrity and availability of our systems and the data that we process. Our products and services involve the storage and transmission of significant amounts of data from users, clients and inventory and data providers, a large volume of which is hosted by third-party service providers. Our services and the data on our platform, related offerings and in our systems could be exposed to unauthorized access due to activities that breach or undermine security measures, including: negligence or malfeasance by internal or external actors; attempts by outside parties to fraudulently induce employees, clients or vendors to disclose information or data, including personal information; or errors or vulnerabilities in our systems, products or processes or in those of our service providers, clients, and vendors.

For example, from time to time, we experience cyberattacks of varying degrees and other attempts to obtain unauthorized access to our systems, including to employee mailboxes. We have dedicated and expect to continue to dedicate resources toward security protections that shield data from these activities, including worldwide incident response teams and dedicated resources to incident response processes. However, such measures cannot provide absolute security and could, among other issues, fail to be adequate or accurately assess the incident severity, not proceed quickly enough, or fail to sufficiently remediate an incident. Further, we can expect that the deployment of techniques to circumvent our security measures may occur with more frequency and sophistication and may not be recognized until launched against a target. Accordingly, we may be unable to anticipate or detect these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures.

Many of our employees now have a hybrid work schedule consisting of both in-person work and working from home. Although we have implemented work-from-home protocols and provide work-issued devices to employees, the actions of our employees while working from home may have a greater effect on the security of our systems, platform, related offerings and the data we process, including by increasing the risk of compromise to our systems, confidential information or data arising from employees’ combined personal and private use of devices, accessing our systems or data using wireless networks that we do not control or the ability to transmit or store company-controlled data outside of our secured network.

A breach of our security, a flawed design, and/or our failure to respond sufficiently to a security incident could disrupt our services and result in theft, misuse, loss, corruption, or improper use or disclosure of data. This could result in government investigations, lawsuits (including class actions), enforcement actions and other legal and financial liability, and/or loss of confidence in the availability and security of our products and services, all of which could seriously harm our

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reputation and brand and impair our ability to attract and retain clients. As some of our newer offerings involve the receipt and processing of identifiable information, the risks associated with data, including risks to breach of our systems increases, and we could be subject to contractual breach and indemnification claims from other clients and partners and otherwise suffer damage to our reputation, brand, and business. Our platform may also receive data in aggregated or pseudonymized form, and if our systems are breached and such data or information is compromised, it could be damaging to our brand, reputation, and business. Cyberattacks could also compromise our own trade secrets and other confidential information and result in such information being disclosed to others and becoming less valuable, which could negatively affect our business. Although we maintain errors or omissions and cyber liability insurance, the costs related to an incident or other security threats or disruptions may not be fully insured or indemnified by other means and insurance and other safeguards might only partially reimburse us for our losses, if at all. We also cannot guarantee that applicable insurance will be available to us in the future on economically reasonable terms or at all.

Privacy and data protection laws to which we and our clients, inventory partners, and third-party data providers are subject may cause us to incur additional or unexpected costs, subject us to investigations or enforcement actions for alleged compliance failures, result in less demand for our products and services, or cause us to change our platform, related offerings or business model, which may have a material adverse effect on our business.

Information relating to individuals and their devices (commonly called “personal information” or “personal data”) is regulated under a wide variety of local, state, national and international laws and regulations that apply to its collection, use, retention, protection, disclosure, transfer (including transfer across national boundaries) and other processing. We typically collect and store IP addresses and other device identifiers (such as unique cookie identifiers and mobile application identifiers), which are or may be considered personal data or personal information in many jurisdictions or otherwise subject to regulation. In connection with certain of our offerings, including Unified ID 2.0, EUID and OpenPass, we receive information that directly identifies individuals, such as email addresses and phone numbers, both directly from consumers and from our clients or others. We deploy technical and security measures, internal policy controls, and contractual measures to limit how such identifying information is used and shared and to help honor consumer choices. Nevertheless, we cannot guarantee any such measures or controls will be effective and handling identifying information increases our exposure under privacy and data protection laws.

The global regulatory landscape regarding the privacy and protection of personal information is evolving, and U.S. (state, federal and local) and foreign governments continue to consider and enact additional legislation and rulemaking related to privacy and data protection, often with a particular focus on intermediaries in the online advertising ecosystem, including those that engage in targeted advertising, “sell” or “share” personal data, and act as “data brokers.” We expect to see an increase in, or changes to, privacy and data protection legislation and regulation in this area for the foreseeable future. For example, in the U.S., the FTC continues to propose updates to existing regulations, including those governing collection of data from children online and related to “commercial surveillance” generally. Further, the FTC uses its enforcement powers under Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act (the “FTC Act”) (which prohibits “unfair” and “deceptive” trade practices) to investigate companies engaging in online tracking. For example, in the preceding 12 months, the FTC has announced enforcement actions against a host of companies that handle personal data it views as sensitive for advertising purposes, such as actions against location data brokers and other actions against consumer health companies the FTC alleged disclosed consumer health data to third-party platforms for advertising purposes. These enforcement announcements signal increased regulatory scrutiny of advertising practices that involve “sensitive” categories of personal data such as health data and precise location information. Other companies in the advertising technology space have been subject to government investigation by regulatory bodies; advocacy organizations have also filed complaints with data protection authorities against advertising technology companies, arguing that certain of these companies’ practices do not comply with data privacy laws, or consumer protection laws such as the FTC Act. We cannot avoid the possibility that one of these investigations or enforcement actions will require us to alter our practices. In addition, a potential federal omnibus privacy law remains a possibility. The most recent effort resulted in the draft The American Privacy Rights Act (the “APRA”), which was announced with bipartisan support this spring. Although the initial momentum surrounding it has waned, if ultimately passed, such a law would likely substantially impact the online advertising ecosystem.

State lawmakers are also actively addressing consumer data privacy issues. Many states have adopted omnibus consumer privacy laws, some of which are already enforceable, while others will take effect over the coming years. These state laws define “personal information” broadly enough to include many online identifiers provided by individuals’ devices, applications, and protocols (such as IP addresses, mobile application identifiers and unique cookie identifiers), individuals’ location data, and hashed versions of email addresses and phone numbers. These laws generally require covered businesses to meet numerous data privacy-related obligations and establish data privacy rights for consumers in

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such states (including rights to opt out of certain processing of their personal data and to request correction, deletion of and access to personal data), imposing special rules on the collection of personal data from minors and other personal data deemed “sensitive” under the laws, and creating new notice obligations. Most significant for the advertising industry, however, these laws require businesses that engage in certain advertising uses of personal data to offer and honor an opt-out of such activities, including, in some states, through browser or device-based preference signals. (Terminology varies slightly among some of the state laws, tying the opt-out requirement to “targeted advertising,” “sales” or “sharing” of personal data.) Because of these obligations, the availability of data within our platform, our other offerings and the advertising ecosystem more broadly may decline, potentially making our platform and offerings less valuable to our clients.

The requirement under certain states’ laws to honor users’ requests to opt out of certain disclosures and uses of data for advertising purposes through preference signals, such as the Global Privacy Control (“GPC”) or similar signals, reflects a broader attention that privacy advocates, the media and some government regulators, such as the FTC, have devoted to digital advertising in recent years. If the use of the GPC or similar technical signals is adopted by many Internet users, is imposed by additional states or by federal or foreign legislation or is agreed upon by standard setting groups, we may have to change our business practices, our clients may reduce their use of our platform and offerings, and our business could be harmed.

These laws and their implementing regulations will likely also increase compliance costs and obligations on us, our clients, and other companies in the advertising industry. Although we have attempted to mitigate certain risks posed by these laws through contractual, platform and product changes, we cannot predict with certainty the effect of these laws and their implementing regulations, many of which are not yet finalized, on our business, nor the share of consumers who will carry out their opt-out and other rights and how these actions will impact us, our clients, inventory sources, and our industry. Further, enforcement activity under such laws already in effect, particularly in California, reflects an ongoing focus on online advertising activities and signals regulators’ willingness to pursue in-depth investigations and impose substantial penalties on entities allegedly operating in violation of the statute. Thus, we expect that continuing to maintain compliance with states’ varying legal requirements, including monitoring and adjusting to new regulations and interpretations that emerge through enforcement actions, will require significant time, resources, and expense, as will the effort to monitor whether additional changes to our business practices and our backend configuration are needed, all of which may increase operating costs, or limit our ability to operate or expand our business.

In addition to these broad-based consumer privacy laws, lawmakers and regulators continue to focus on activities that involve use of categories of personal data perceived as especially sensitive, such as health data and children’s data. For example, several states have enacted laws that would substantially impact activities that involve showing targeted advertisements to individuals under 18 through a variety of new restrictions, or in some cases prohibit it altogether. In addition, several recent federal bills would likewise further regulate the processing of children’s data and other personal data perceived as especially sensitive. Further, several states have enacted laws, updated existing laws or have introduced bills to impose new privacy obligations related to health-related personal information beyond that governed by federal and state laws governing medical records and similar information, such as HIPAA. For example, Washington’s My Health, My Data Act (“MHMD”) introduced a host of requirements related to a very broadly-defined notion of consumer health data that impacts the advertising industry in part because MHMD is subject to a private right of action (unlike other state privacy laws), so plaintiffs’ attorneys could explore claims that stretch the bounds of the law’s text. These laws and the heightened scrutiny associated with the enforcement of such laws may, in turn, ultimately lead to increased compliance and defense costs, and more obligations on us, our clients and other companies in the advertising industry.

Laws governing the processing of personal data in Europe (including the U.K., EU and EEA, and the countries of Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway) also continue to impact us and continue to evolve. For example, the GDPR defines “personal data” broadly and enhances data protection obligations for controllers of such data and for service providers processing the data. It also provides certain rights, such as access and deletion, to the individuals about whom the personal data relates. IAB Europe previously collaborated with the digital advertising industry to create a user-facing framework (the Transparency and Control Framework, or “TCF”) for establishing and managing legal bases under the GDPR and other U.K. and EU privacy laws including the ePrivacy Directive. Although the TCF is actively in use, its viability as a compliance mechanism remains under review by European authorities and we cannot predict its effectiveness over the long term. Non-compliance with the GDPR can trigger steep fines of up to the greater of €20 million or 4% of total worldwide annual revenue. Relatedly, authorities enforcing the U.K. GDPR have the ability to separately fine up to the greater of £17.5 million or 4% of global turnover. Continuing to maintain compliance with the requirements of the GDPR, including monitoring and adjusting to rulings and interpretations that affect our approach to compliance, requires significant time, resources and expense, as will the effort to monitor whether additional changes to our business practices and our backend configuration are needed, all of which may increase operating costs, or limit our ability to operate or expand our business.

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Data residency and cross-border transfer restrictions also impact our operations. For the transfer of personal data from Europe to the U.S., we rely upon, and are certified under the EU-U.S. and Swiss-U.S. Data Privacy Frameworks (“DPF”) and the U.K. extension to the EU-U.S. DPF. The DPF replaced the Privacy Shield Framework as an adequate mechanism by which EU companies may pass personal data to the U.S. However, the DPF is already subject to legal challenge in Europe. Relatedly, whether and how other transfer mechanisms, such as standard contractual clauses, can be used to transfer personal data to the U.S. is in question. While the adequacy decision for the DPF helps to reduce the legal uncertainty of cross-border transfers of personal data, the long-term validity of these transfer mechanisms remains uncertain. If all or some jurisdictions within the EU or the U.K. determine that the latest standard contractual clauses also cannot be used to transfer personal data to the U.S. and if the DPF is ultimately struck down in a manner similar to the Privacy Shield Framework, we could be left with no reasonable option for the lawful cross-border transfer of personal data. In such circumstances, continuing to transfer personal data from the EU to the U.S. could lead to governmental enforcement actions, litigation, fines and penalties or adverse publicity. Such consequences could have an adverse effect on our reputation and business, such as by requiring us to establish systems to maintain certain data in the EU, potentially involving substantial expense and causing us to divert resources from other aspects of our operations, all of which may adversely affect our business. Other jurisdictions have adopted or are considering cross-border or data residency restrictions, which could reduce the amount of data we can collect or process and, as a result, significantly impact our business.

Further, our legal risk depends in part on our clients’ or other third parties’ adherence to data privacy laws and regulations and their use of our services in ways consistent with end user expectations. We rely on representations made to us by clients, partners and providers that they will comply with all applicable laws, including all relevant data privacy and data protection regulations. Although we make reasonable efforts to enforce such representations and contractual requirements, we do not fully audit our clients’ compliance with our recommended disclosures or their adherence to data privacy laws and regulations. If our clients, partners or providers fail to adhere to our expectations or contracts in this regard, we and our clients could be subject to adverse publicity, damages and related possible investigation or other regulatory activity.

Adapting our business to enhanced and evolving privacy obligations across relevant jurisdictions could continue to involve substantial expense and may cause us to divert resources from other aspects of our operations, all of which may adversely affect our business. Additionally, as the advertising industry evolves, and new ways of collecting, combining and using data are created, governments may enact legislation in response to technological advancements and changes that could result in our having to re-design features or functions of our platform and related offerings, therefore incurring unexpected compliance costs. Further, adaptation of the digital advertising marketplace requires increasingly significant collaboration between participants in the market, such as publishers and advertisers. Failure of the industry to adapt to changes required for operating under existing and future data privacy laws, industry approaches that disfavor our platform and offerings, and user response to such changes could negatively impact inventory, data, and demand. We cannot control or predict the pace or effectiveness of such adaptation, and we cannot currently predict the impact such changes may have on our business.

In addition to laws regulating the processing of personal data, we, our advertisers, and publishers are also subject to regulation with respect to political advertising activities, which are governed by various federal and state laws in the U.S., and national and provincial laws worldwide. Online political advertising laws are rapidly evolving and, in certain jurisdictions, impose varying substantive transparency and disclosure requirements on advertisers, publishers, and/or others in the ecosystem. We saw publishers impose varying prohibitions and restrictions on the types of political advertising and breadth of targeted advertising allowed on their platforms with respect to advertisements for the 2020 U.S. presidential election in response to political advertising scandals, such as the scandal involving Cambridge Analytica. The lack of uniformity and increasing restrictions and requirements on transparency and disclosure could adversely impact the inventory made available for political advertising and the demand for such inventory on our platform, and otherwise increase our operating and compliance costs. Concerns about political advertising or other advertising in areas deemed sensitive, whether or not valid and whether or not driven by applicable laws and regulations, industry standards, client or inventory provider expectations, or public perception, may harm our reputation, result in loss of goodwill, and inhibit use of our platform by current and future clients.

We deploy technical and organizational measures, internal policy controls, and contractual measures to limit how identifying information is used and shared and to help honor consumer choices. Nevertheless, we cannot guarantee any such measures or controls will be effective and handling identifying information increases our exposure under privacy and data protection laws. These laws and other obligations may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our existing data management practices or the features of our platform and related offerings. If so, in addition to the

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possibility of fines, lawsuits and other claims, we could be required to fundamentally change our business activities and practices or modify our products, which could have an adverse effect on our business. In addition, public perception regarding data protection and privacy are significant in the programmatic advertising buying industry. Concerns about industry practices regarding the collection, use, and disclosure of personal data, whether or not valid and whether driven by applicable laws and regulations, industry standards, client or inventory provider expectations, or the broader public, may harm our reputation, result in loss of goodwill, and inhibit use of our platform or related offerings by current and future clients. For example, perception that our practices involve an invasion of privacy or are designed with insufficient protections, whether or not such practices are consistent with current or future laws, regulations, or industry practices, may subject us to public criticism, private class actions, reputational harm, or claims by regulators, which could disrupt our business and expose us to increased liability. We may be unable to make such changes and modifications in a commercially reasonable manner or at all, and our ability to develop new products and features could be limited. All of this could impair our or our clients’ ability to collect, use, or disclose information relating to consumers, which could decrease demand for our platform and related offerings, increase our costs, and impair our ability to maintain and grow our client base and increase our revenue.

Advertising technology industry self-regulation may lead to investigation by government or self-regulatory bodies, government or private litigation, and operational costs or harm to reputation or brand.

In addition to laws, the online advertising ecosystem is subject to best practices and self-regulatory standards, such as those promulgated by the Network Advertising Initiative and the Digital Advertising Alliance, and similar organizations in Europe and Canada. If we or our clients or partners make mistakes in the implementation of these principles, if self-regulatory bodies expand these guidelines, if government authorities issue different guidelines regarding targeted advertising, if opt out mechanisms fail to work as designed, or if Internet users misunderstand our technology or our commitments with respect to these principles, we could be subject to negative publicity, government investigation, government or private litigation or investigation by self-regulatory bodies or other accountability groups. Any such action against us, or investigations, even if meritless, could be costly and time consuming, require us to change our business practices, cause us to divert management’s attention and our resources and be damaging to our brand, reputation and business. In addition, privacy advocates and industry groups may propose new and different standards that either legally or contractually apply to us. We cannot yet determine the impact such future standards may have on our business.

Third parties control our access to unique identifiers, and if the use of “third-party cookies” or other technology to uniquely identify devices or users is rejected by Internet users, restricted or otherwise subject to unfavorable regulation, blocked or limited by preference signals, technical changes on end users’ devices and web browsers, or our and our clients’ ability to use data, including on our platform or related offerings is otherwise restricted, our performance may decline, and we may lose advertisers and revenue.

Our ability to successfully leverage user data and generate revenue from opportunities to serve advertisements could be impacted by restrictions imposed by laws or by third parties, including restrictions on our ability to use or read cookies, device identifiers, or other tracking features or our ability to use real-time bidding networks or other bidding networks. For example, if publishers or supply-side platforms decide to limit the data that we receive in order to comply (in their view) with state privacy laws or a potential federal privacy law, then our service may prove to be less valuable to our clients and we may find it more difficult to generate revenue. That is, if third parties on which we rely for data or opportunities to serve advertisements impose limitations (for whatever reason) or are restricted by other ecosystem participants or applicable regulations, then we may lose the ability to access data, bid on opportunities or purchase digital ad space, which could have a substantial impact on our revenue.

Digital advertising mostly relies on the ability to uniquely identify devices or users across websites and applications, and to collect data about user interactions for purposes such as serving relevant ads and measuring the effectiveness of ads. Devices are identified through unique identifiers stored in cookies (and similar technologies), provided by device operating systems for advertising purposes, or are generated based on statistical algorithms applied to information about a device, such as the IP address and device type. We use device and other identifiers to record information such as when an Internet user views an ad, clicks on an ad, or visits one of our advertiser’s websites or applications. We also use device and other identifiers to help us achieve our advertisers’ campaign goals, including to limit the instances that an Internet user sees the same advertisement, report information to our advertisers regarding the performance of their advertising campaigns, and detect and prevent malicious behavior and invalid traffic throughout our network of inventory. We also use data associated with device and other identifiers to help our clients decide whether to bid on, and how to price, an opportunity to place an advertisement in a specific location, at a given time, in front of a particular Internet user. Additionally, our clients rely on device and other identifiers to add information they have collected

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or acquired about users into our platform. Without such data, our clients may not have sufficient insight into an Internet user’s activity, which may compromise their and our ability to determine which inventory to purchase for a specific campaign and may undermine the effectiveness of our platform or our ability to improve our platform and remain competitive.

Today, digital advertising, including our platform, makes significant use of cookies to store device identifiers for the advertising activities described above. When we use cookies, they are generally considered third-party cookies, which are cookies owned and used by parties other than the owners of the website visited by the Internet user. The most commonly used Internet browsers—Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer and Safari—allow Internet users to modify their browser settings to prevent some or all cookies from being accepted by their browsers. Internet users can delete cookies from their computers at any time. Additionally, some browsers currently, or may in the future, block or limit some third-party cookies by default or may implement user control settings that algorithmically block or limit some cookies. Today, three major web browsers—Apple’s Safari, Mozilla’s Firefox and Microsoft’s Edge—block third-party cookies by default. Google’s web browser, Chrome, has introduced new controls over third-party cookies and had announced plans to deprecate support for third-party cookies and user agent strings entirely beginning in 2025. On July 22, 2024, Google announced that it was updating its plan for deprecation of cookies and would, at some point in the future, introduce a new experience in Chrome that allows users to indicate a preference of an undefined type that would apply in an unstated way to the user’s web browsing activity. Google has stated it will continue making its investments and testing various technologies under its label of “Privacy Sandbox” which may provide modified targeting and measurement functionality to digital advertising ecosystem participants as a limited replacement for the functionality currently provided through the use of third-party cookies. We believe that Google’s to-be-defined framework for browser-based user choice and its ongoing development of these technologies, which we expect to be technically complex and designed in a manner that does not favor us or our partners, has created and will likely continue to create industry uncertainty regarding the potential effects on user experience and advertiser targeting and measurement. Although we believe our platform is well-positioned to adapt to such changes, particularly with our Unified ID 2.0 offering, the impact of such changes remains uncertain and could be more disruptive than we anticipate, including to the display advertising ecosystem in particular, where such changes could adversely impact our growth in that channel.

Some Internet users also download free or paid ad-blocking software that not only prevents third-party cookies from being stored on a user’s computer, but also blocks all interaction with a third-party ad server. In addition, Google has introduced ad-blocking software in its Chrome web browser that will block certain ads based on quality standards established under a multi-stakeholder coalition. If such a feature inadvertently or mistakenly blocks ads that are not within the established blocking standards, or if such capabilities become widely adopted and the advertising technology industry does not collaboratively develop alternative technologies, our business could be harmed. The Interactive Advertising Bureau and Digital Advertising Alliance have also developed frameworks that allow users to opt out of the “sale” or use of their personal data for targeted advertising purposes under U.S. state privacy laws in ways that stop or severely limit the ability to show targeted ads. Because many state privacy laws require businesses to permit end users to opt out of processing their personal data for purposes of targeted advertising, including, in some states through automated signals, we expect that more opt-out solutions will become available that may ultimately be used by end users, which may reduce our clients’ use of our platform and related offerings, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Advertising shown on mobile applications can also be affected by blocking or restricting use of mobile device identifiers. Data regarding interactions between users and devices are tracked mostly through stable, pseudonymous advertising identifiers that are built into the device operating system with privacy controls that allow users to express a preference with respect to data collection for advertising, including to disable the identifier. These identifiers and privacy controls are defined by the developers of the platforms through which the applications are accessed and could be changed by the platforms in a way that may negatively impact our business. For example, Apple has shifted to require user opt-in before permitting access to Apple’s unique identifier, or IDFA, and Google has announced that it will eventually deprecate the mobile advertising identifier used on Android devices entirely. These changes have had, and will likely continue to have, a substantial impact on the mobile advertising ecosystem and could adversely impact our growth in this channel.

In addition, in the EU, Directive 2002/58/EC (as amended by Directive 2009/136/EC), commonly referred to as the ePrivacy or Cookie Directive, directs EU member states to ensure that accessing information on an Internet user’s computer, such as through a cookie and other similar technologies, is allowed only if the Internet user has been informed about such access and given his or her consent. A replacement for the ePrivacy Directive is currently under discussion by EU member states to complement and bring electronic communication services in line with the GDPR and force a harmonized approach across EU member states. Like the GDPR, the proposed ePrivacy Regulation applies extra-

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territorially to businesses established outside the EU who provide publicly available electronic communications services to, or gather data from the devices of, users in the EU. Though still subject to debate, the proposed ePrivacy Regulation may further raise the bar for the use of cookies and the fines and penalties for breach may be significant. We may be required to, or otherwise may determine that it is advisable to, make significant changes in our business operations and products and services to obtain user opt-in for cookies and use of cookie data, or develop or obtain additional tools and technologies to compensate for a lack of cookie data.

Increased transparency into the collection and use of data for digital advertising, introduced both through features in browsers and devices and regulatory requirements, such as the GDPR, U.S. state privacy laws and regulations, “Global Privacy Control” or similar opt-out signals and the ePrivacy Directive, as well as compliance with such requirements, may create operational burdens to implement and may lead more users to choose to block the collection and use of data about them. Adapting to these and similar changes has in the past and may in the future require significant time, resources and expense, which may increase our cost of operation or limit our ability to operate or expand our business.

Our failure to meet standards and provide services that our advertisers and inventory suppliers trust, could harm our brand and reputation and those of our partners and negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We do not provide or control the content of the advertisements that we serve or the content of the websites providing the inventory. Advertisers provide the advertising content and inventory suppliers provide the inventory. Both advertisers and inventory suppliers are concerned about being associated with content they consider inappropriate, competitive or inconsistent with their brands or illegal, and they are hesitant to spend money or make inventory available, respectively, without some guarantee of brand security. Consequently, our reputation depends in part on providing services that our advertisers and inventory suppliers trust, and we have contractual obligations to meet content and inventory standards. We contractually prohibit the misuse of our platform by our clients and inventory suppliers. Additionally, we use our proprietary technology and third-party services to, and we participate in industry co-ops that work to, detect malware and other content issues as well as click fraud (whether by humans or software known as “bots”) and to block fraudulent inventory, including “tool bar” inventory, which is inventory that appears within an application and displaces any advertising that would otherwise be displayed on the website. Despite such efforts, our clients may inadvertently purchase inventory that proves to be unacceptable for their campaigns, in which case we may not be able to recoup the amounts paid to inventory suppliers. Preventing and combating fraud is an industry-wide issue that requires constant vigilance, and we cannot guarantee that we will be successful in our efforts. Our clients could intentionally run campaigns that do not meet the standards of our inventory suppliers or attempt to use illegal or unethical targeting practices or seek to display advertising in jurisdictions that do not permit such advertising or in which the regulatory environment is uncertain, in which case our supply of ad inventory from such suppliers could be jeopardized. Some of our competitors undertake human review of content, but because our platform is self-service, and because such means are cost-intensive, we do not utilize all means available to decrease these risks. We may provide access to inventory that is objectionable to our advertisers, serve advertising that contains malware, objectionable content, or is based on questionable targeting criteria to our inventory suppliers, or be unable to detect and prevent non-human traffic, any one of which could harm our or our clients’ brand and reputation, decrease their trust in our platform, and negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The effects of health epidemics, such as the global COVID-19 pandemic, have had, and could in the future have, an adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business and operations have been, and could in the future be, adversely affected by health epidemics, such as the global COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic and efforts to control its spread curtailed the movement of people, goods and services worldwide, including in the regions in which we and our clients and partners operate, and significantly impacted economic activity and financial markets. Many marketers decreased or paused their advertising spending as a response to the economic uncertainty, decline in business activity and other COVID-19-related impacts, which negatively impacted, and with respect to other future health epidemics, may negatively impact, our revenue and results of operations, the extent and duration of which we may not be able to accurately predict.

The economic uncertainty caused by the COVID-19 pandemic made, and future health epidemics may make, it difficult for us to forecast revenue and operating results and to make decisions regarding operational cost structures and investments. The duration and extent of the impact from future health epidemics or other health events depend on future developments that cannot be accurately predicted at this time, including measures taken by governments, businesses and

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other organizations in response to such epidemic or other public health event, and if we are not able to respond to and manage the impact of such events effectively, our business may be harmed.

Failure to manage our growth effectively could cause our business to suffer and have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We have experienced and continue to experience significant growth in a short period of time. To manage our growth effectively, we must continually evaluate and evolve our organization. We must also manage our employees, operations, finances, technology and development and capital investments efficiently. Our efficiency, productivity and the quality of our platform and client service may be adversely impacted if we do not train our new personnel, particularly our sales and support personnel, quickly and effectively, or if we fail to appropriately coordinate across our organization. Additionally, our rapid growth may place a strain on our resources, infrastructure and ability to maintain the quality of our platform and related offerings. Our revenue growth and levels of profitability in recent periods should not be considered as indicative of future performance. In future periods, our revenue or profitability could decline or grow more slowly than we expect. Failure to manage our growth effectively could cause our business to suffer and have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

As our costs increase, we may not be able to generate sufficient revenue to sustain profitability.

We have expended significant resources to grow our business in recent years by increasing the offerings of our platform, adding new offerings, growing our number of employees and expanding internationally. Supporting our continued growth may require substantial financial and other resources to, among other things:

•develop our platform and related offerings, including by investing in our engineering team, creating, acquiring or licensing new products or features, and improving the availability and security of our platform and related offerings;

•continue to expand internationally by growing our sales force and client services team in an effort to increase our client base and spend through our platform, and by adding inventory and data from countries our clients are seeking;

•improve our technology infrastructure, including investing in internal technology development and acquiring outside technologies;

•expand our platform’s reach in new and growing channels such as CTV, including expanding the supply of CTV inventory;

•cover general and administrative expenses, including legal, accounting and other expenses necessary to support a larger organization;

•cover sales and marketing expenses, including a significant expansion of our direct sales organization;

•cover expenses relating to data collection and use and consumer privacy compliance, including additional infrastructure, product features, security, automation and personnel; and

•explore strategic acquisitions.

Investing in the foregoing, however, may not yield anticipated returns. Consequently, as our costs increase, we may not be able to generate sufficient revenue to sustain profitability.

Our future success depends on the continuing efforts of our key employees, including Jeff T. Green, and our ability to attract, hire, retain and motivate highly skilled employees in the future.

Our future success depends on the continuing efforts of our executive officers and other key employees, including Jeff T. Green, our founder and Chief Executive Officer. We rely on the leadership, knowledge, and experience that our executive officers provide. They foster our corporate culture, which has been instrumental to our ability to attract and retain new talent. We also rely on our ability to hire and retain qualified and motivated employees, particularly those employees in our product development, support, and sales teams that attract and keep key clients.

The market for talent in many of our areas of operations, including California and New York, is intensely competitive, as technology companies like ours compete to attract the best talent. As a business-to-business company, we do not have the same level of name recognition among potential recruits as business-to-consumer companies. Additionally,

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we have less experience with recruiting and less name recognition in geographies outside of the United States and may face additional challenges in attracting and retaining international employees. In addition, many companies now offer a remote or hybrid work environment, which may increase the competition for employees from employers outside of our traditional office locations. As a result, we may incur increasingly significant costs to attract and retain employees, including significant expenditures related to salaries and benefits and compensation expenses related to equity awards, and we may lose new employees to our competitors or other companies before we realize the benefit of our investment in recruiting and training them.

Employee turnover, including changes in our management team or failure to manage executive succession effectively, could disrupt our business. None of our key employees have an employment agreement for a specific term, and all of our employees may terminate their employment with us at any time. The loss of one or more of our executive officers or our inability to attract and retain highly skilled employees could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We often have long sales cycles, which can result in significant time between initial contact with a prospect and execution of a client agreement, making it difficult to project when, if at all, we will obtain new clients and when we will generate revenue from those clients.

Our sales cycle for our platform and newer offerings, from initial contact to contract execution and implementation, can take significant time. Our sales efforts involve educating our clients about the use, technical capabilities and benefits of our platform and related offerings. Some of our clients undertake an evaluation process that frequently involves not only our platform but also the offerings of our competitors. As a result, it is difficult to predict when we will obtain new clients and begin generating revenue from these new clients. Even if our sales efforts result in obtaining a new client, under our usage-based pricing model, the client controls when and to what extent it uses our platform. As a result, we may not be able to add clients or generate revenue as quickly as we may expect, which could harm our revenue growth rates.

We are subject to payment-related risks that may adversely affect our business, working capital, financial condition and results of operations, including from advertising agencies that do not pay us until they receive payment from their advertisers and from clients that dispute or do not pay their invoices.

Spend on our platform primarily comes through our agency clients. Many of our contracts with advertising agencies provide that if the advertiser does not pay the agency, the agency is not liable to us, and we must seek payment solely from the advertiser, a type of arrangement called sequential liability. Contracting with these agencies, which in some cases have or may develop higher-risk credit profiles, may subject us to greater credit risk than if we were to contract directly with advertisers. This credit risk may vary depending on the nature of an advertising agency’s aggregated advertiser base. In addition, typically, we are contractually required to pay advertising inventory and data suppliers within a negotiated period of time, regardless of whether our clients pay us on time, or at all. In addition, we typically experience slow payment cycles by advertising agencies as is common in our industry. While we attempt to negotiate long payment periods with our suppliers and shorter periods from our clients, we are not always successful. As a result, we often face a timing issue with our accounts payable on shorter cycles than our accounts receivables, requiring us to remit payments from our own funds, and accept the risk of credit loss.

This collections and payments cycle may increasingly consume working capital if we continue to be successful in growing our business. If we are unable to borrow on commercially acceptable terms, our working capital availability could be reduced, and as a consequence, our financial condition and results of operations would be adversely impacted.

We may also be involved in disputes with clients, and in the case of agencies, their advertisers, over the operation of our platform, the terms of our agreements or our billings for purchases made by them through our platform. If we are unable to resolve disputes with our clients, we may lose clients or clients may decrease their use of our platform and our financial performance and growth may be adversely affected. If we are unable to collect or make adjustments to bills to clients, we could incur write-offs for credit loss, which could harm our results of operations. In the future, credit loss may exceed reserves for such contingencies and our credit loss exposure may increase over time. Any increase in write-offs for credit loss could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Even if we are not paid by our clients on time or at all, we are still obligated to pay for the advertising inventory, third-party data and other add-on features that clients purchase on our platform, and as a consequence, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be adversely impacted.

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We may experience fluctuations in our results of operations, which could make our future results of operations difficult to predict or cause our results of operations to fall below analysts’ and investors’ expectations.

Our quarterly and annual results of operations have fluctuated in the past and we expect our future results of operations to fluctuate due to a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control. Fluctuations in our results of operations could cause our performance to fall below the expectations of analysts and investors, and adversely affect the price of our common stock. Because our business is changing and evolving rapidly, our historical results of operations may not be necessarily indicative of our future results of operations. Factors that may cause our results of operations to fluctuate include the following:

•changes in demand for programmatic advertising and for our platform, including related to the seasonal nature of our clients’ spending on digital advertising campaigns;

•changes to availability of and pricing of competitive products and services, and their effects on our pricing;

•changes in the pricing, cost or availability of data, value-added services, or underlying third-party services, including pricing structure changes and the alignment of our pricing model with our data partners;

•changes in our client base and platform or related offerings;

•the addition or loss of advertising agencies and advertisers as clients;

•changes in advertising budget allocations, agency affiliations or marketing strategies;

•changes to our product, media, client or channel mix;

•changes and uncertainty in the regulatory environment for us, advertisers, inventory providers, or others in the advertising industry, and the effects of our efforts and those of our clients and partners to address changes and uncertainty in the regulatory environment;

•changes in the economic prospects of advertisers or the economy generally, which could alter advertisers’ budgets or spending priorities, or could increase the time or costs required to complete advertising inventory sales;

•changes in the pricing and availability of advertising inventory, including through real-time advertising exchanges or in the cost of reaching end consumers through digital advertising;

•disruptions, outages, vulnerabilities or technological issues uncovered on our platform or related offerings;

•factors beyond our control, such as natural disasters, terrorism, war and public health crises;

•the introduction of new technologies or offerings by our competitors or others in the advertising marketplace;

•changes in our capital expenditures as we acquire the hardware, equipment and other assets required to support our business;

•timing differences between our payments for advertising inventory and our collection of related advertising revenue;

•the length and unpredictability of our sales cycle;

•costs related to acquisitions of businesses or technologies and development of new products;

•cost of employee recruiting and retention; and

•changes to the cost of infrastructure, including real estate and information technology.

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Based upon the factors above and others beyond our control, we have a limited ability to forecast our future revenue, costs and expenses. If we fail to meet or exceed the operating results expectations of analysts and investors or if analysts and investors have estimates and forecasts of our future performance that are unrealistic or that we do not meet, the market price of our common stock could decline. In addition, if one or more of the analysts who cover us adversely change their recommendation regarding our stock, the market price of our common stock could decline. In the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future, which could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention from other business concerns.

If we fail to offer sufficient client training and support, our business and reputation would suffer.

Because we offer a self-service platform, client training and support is important for the successful marketing and continued use of our platform and for maintaining and increasing spend through our platform from existing and new clients. Providing this training and support requires that our platform operations personnel have specific domain knowledge and expertise along with the ability to train others, which makes it more difficult for us to hire qualified personnel and to scale up our support operations due to the extensive training required. The importance of high-quality client service will increase as we expand our business and pursue new clients. If we are not responsive and proactive regarding our clients’ advertising needs, or do not provide effective support for our clients’ advertising campaigns, our ability to retain our existing clients would suffer and our reputation with existing or potential clients would be harmed, which would negatively impact our business.

If the non-proprietary technology, software, products and services that we use are unavailable, have future terms we cannot agree to, or do not perform as we expect, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be harmed.

We depend on various technology, software, products and services from third parties or available as open source, including data centers and API technology, payment processing, payroll and other technology and professional services, some of which are critical to the features and functionality of our platform. For example, in order for clients to target ads in ways they desire and otherwise optimize and verify campaigns, our platform must have access to data regarding Internet user behavior and reports with demographic information regarding Internet users. Identifying, negotiating, complying with and integrating with third-party terms and technology are complex, costly and time-consuming matters. Failure by third-party providers to maintain, support or secure their technology either generally or for our accounts specifically, or downtime, errors or defects in their products or services, could adversely impact our platform, our administrative obligations or other areas of our business. Having to replace any third-party providers or their technology, products or services could result in outages or difficulties in our ability to provide our services. If we are unsuccessful in establishing or maintaining our relationships with our third-party providers or otherwise need to replace them, internal resources may need to be diverted and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be harmed.

Disruptions to service from our third-party data center hosting facilities and cloud computing and hosting providers could impair the delivery of our services and harm our business.

A significant portion of our business relies upon hardware and services that are hosted, managed and controlled by third-party co-location providers for our data centers, and we are dependent on these third parties to provide continuous power, cooling, Internet connectivity and physical and technological security for our servers. In the event that these third-party providers experience any interruption in operations or cease business for any reason, or if we are unable to agree on satisfactory terms for continued hosting relationships, we would be forced to enter into a relationship with other service providers or assume some hosting responsibilities ourselves. Even a disruption as brief as a few minutes could have a negative impact on marketplace activities and could result in a loss of revenue. These facilities may be located in areas prone to natural disasters and may experience catastrophic events such as earthquakes, fires, floods, power loss, telecommunications failures, public health crises and similar events. They may also be subject to break-ins, sabotage, intentional acts of vandalism, cyberattacks and similar misconduct. Although we have made certain disaster recovery and business continuity arrangements, such events could cause damage to, or failure of, our systems generally, or those of the third-party cloud computing and hosting providers, which could result in disruptions to our service.

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We face potential liability and harm to our business based on the human factor of inputting information into our platform.

Campaigns are set up using several variables available to our clients on our platform. While our platform includes several checks and balances, it is possible for human error to result in significant overspending. The system requires a daily cap at the ad group level. We also provide for the client to input daily and overall caps at the advertising inventory campaign level at their discretion. Additionally, we set a credit limit for each user so that they cannot spend beyond the level of credit risk we are willing to accept. Despite these protections, the ability for overspend exists. For example, campaigns which last for a period of time can be set to pace evenly or as quickly as possible. If a client with a high credit limit enters the wrong daily cap with a campaign set to a rapid pace, it is possible for a campaign to accidently go significantly over budget. While our client contracts state that clients are responsible for media purchased through our platform, we are ultimately responsible for paying the inventory providers, and we may be unable to collect from clients facing such issues, in which case our results of operations would be harmed.

We have international operations and plan to continue expanding abroad where we have more limited operating experience, which may subject us to additional cost and economic risks that can adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our international operations and expansion plans create challenges associated with supporting a rapidly growing business across a multitude of cultures, customs, monetary, legal and regulatory systems and commercial infrastructures. We have a limited operating history outside of the United States, and our ability to manage and expand our business and conduct our operations internationally requires considerable attention and resources.

We have personnel in countries within North America, Central America, Europe, Asia and Australia, and we are continuing to expand our international operations. Some of the countries into which we are, or potentially may, expand score unfavorably on the Corruption Perceptions Index (“CPI”) of the Transparency International. Our teams in locations outside the United States are substantially smaller than some of our teams in the United States. To the extent we are unable to effectively engage with non-U.S. advertising agencies or international divisions of U.S. agencies due to our limited sales force capacity, or we are unable to secure quality non-U.S. ad inventory and data on reasonable terms due to our limited inventory and data team capacity, we may be unable to effectively grow in international markets.

Our international operations and expansion subject us to a variety of additional risks, including:

•risks related to local advertising markets, where adoption of programmatic ad buying may be slower than in the United States, advertising buyers and inventory and data providers may be less familiar with demand-side platforms and our brand, and business models may not support our value proposition;

•exposure to public health issues and to travel restrictions and other measures undertaken by governments in response to such issues;

•risks related to compliance with local laws and regulations, including those relating to privacy, cybersecurity, data security, antitrust, data localization, anti-bribery, import and export controls, economic sanctions (including to existing and potential partners and clients), tax and withholding (including overlapping of different tax regimes), and varied labor and employment laws (including those relating to termination of employees); corporate formation, partnership, restrictions on foreign ownership or investment and other regulatory limitations or obligations on our operations (such as obtaining requisite licenses or other governmental requirements); and the increased administrative costs and risks associated with such compliance;

•operational and execution risk, and other challenges caused by distance, language and cultural differences, which may burden management, increase travel, infrastructure and legal compliance costs, and add complexity to our enforcement of advertising standards across languages and countries;

•geopolitical and social factors, such as concerns regarding negative, unstable or changing economic conditions in the countries and regions where we operate, recessions, armed conflicts and wars, political instability and trade disputes;

•risks related to pricing structure, payment and currency, including aligning our pricing model and payment terms with local norms, higher levels of credit risk and payment fraud, difficulties in invoicing and collecting in foreign currencies and associated foreign currency exposure, and difficulties in repatriating or transferring funds from or converting currencies; and

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•reduced protection for intellectual property rights in some countries and practical difficulties in enforcing contractual and intellectual property rights abroad.

We have a U.K. entity through which we have entered into international client and partner agreements, including with those in the EU, which are governed by English Law, and some of our clients and partners pay us in British Pounds and Euros.

We may incur significant operating expenses as a result of our international operations and expansion, and we may not be successful. Our international business also subjects us to the impact of differing regulatory requirements, costs and difficulties in managing a distributed workforce, and potentially adverse tax consequences in the United States and abroad. If our international activities were found to be in violation of any existing or future international laws or regulations or if interpretations of those laws and regulations were to change, our business in those countries could be subject to fines and other financial penalties, have licenses revoked, or be forced to restructure operations or shut down entirely. In addition, advertising markets outside of the United States are not as developed as those within the United States, and we may be unable to grow our business sufficiently. Any failure to successfully manage the risks and challenges related to our international operations could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have entered into, and may in the future enter into, credit facilities which may contain operating and financial covenants that restrict our business and financing activities.

We have entered into, and may in the future enter into, credit facilities which contain restrictions that limit our flexibility in operating our business. Our credit facility contains, and any future credit facility may contain, various covenants that limit our ability to engage in specified types of transactions. Subject to exceptions, these covenants limit our ability to, among other things:

•sell assets or make changes to the nature of our business;

•engage in mergers or acquisitions;

•incur, assume or permit additional indebtedness and guarantees;

•make restricted payments, including paying dividends on, repurchasing, redeeming or making distributions with respect to our capital stock;

•make specified investments;

•engage in transactions with our affiliates; and

•make payments in respect of subordinated debt.

Our obligations under our credit facility are collateralized by a pledge of substantially all of our assets, including accounts receivable, deposit accounts, intellectual property and investment property and equipment. The covenants in our credit facility may limit our ability to take actions and, in the event that we breach one or more covenants, our lenders may choose to declare an event of default and require that we immediately repay all amounts outstanding, terminate the commitment to extend further credit and foreclose on the collateral granted to them to collateralize such indebtedness, which includes our intellectual property. In addition, if we fail to meet the required covenants, we will not have access to further draw-downs under our credit facility.

If we do not effectively grow and train our sales and client service teams, we may be unable to add new clients or increase sales to our existing clients and our business will be adversely affected.

We are substantially dependent on our sales and client service teams to obtain new clients and to increase spend by our existing clients. We believe that there is significant competition for sales personnel with the skills and technical knowledge that we require. Our ability to achieve revenue growth will depend, in large part, on our success in recruiting, hiring, training, integrating and retaining sufficient numbers of sales personnel to support our growth in the United States and internationally. Due to the complexity of our platform, new hires require significant training, and it may take significant time before they achieve full productivity. Our account managers, for instance, need to be trained quickly on the features of our platform since failure to offer high-quality support may adversely affect our relationships with our clients. Our recent and planned hires may not become productive as quickly as we expect, and we may be unable to hire or retain sufficient numbers of qualified individuals in the markets where we do business or plan to do business. If we are unable to hire and train sufficient numbers of effective sales personnel, or the sales personnel are not successful in obtaining new clients or increasing our existing clients’ spend with us, our business will be adversely affected.

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Our corporate culture has contributed to our success, and if we are unable to maintain it as we grow, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be harmed.

We have experienced and may continue to experience rapid expansion of our employee ranks. We believe our corporate culture has been a key element of our success. However, as our organization grows and expands globally, it may be difficult to maintain our culture, which could reduce our ability to innovate and operate effectively. The failure to maintain the key aspects of our culture as our organization grows could result in decreased employee satisfaction, increased difficulty in attracting top talent, increased turnover and could compromise the quality of our client service, all of which are important to our success and to the effective execution of our business strategy. In the event we are unable to maintain our corporate culture as we grow to scale, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be harmed.

Our proprietary rights may be difficult to enforce, which could enable others to copy or use aspects of our technology without compensating us, thereby eroding our competitive advantages and harming our business.

We rely upon a combination of trade secrets, third-party confidentiality and non-disclosure agreements, additional contractual restrictions on disclosure and use, and trademark, copyright, patent and other intellectual property laws to establish and protect our proprietary rights. These laws, procedures and restrictions provide only limited protection. We currently have “theTradeDesk” and variants and other marks registered as trademarks or pending registrations in the United States and certain foreign countries. We also rely on copyright laws to protect computer programs related to our platform and our proprietary technologies, although to date we have not registered for statutory copyright protection. We have registered numerous Internet domain names in the United States and certain foreign countries related to our business. We endeavor to enter into agreements with our employees and contractors in order to limit access to and disclosure of our proprietary information, as well as to clarify rights to intellectual property associated with our business. Protecting our intellectual property is a challenge, especially after our employees or our contractors end their relationship with us, and, in some cases, decide to work for our competitors. Our contracts with our employees and contractors that relate to intellectual property issues generally restrict the use of our confidential information solely in connection with our services, and strictly prohibit reverse engineering. However, reverse engineering our software or the theft or misuse of our proprietary information could occur by employees or other third parties who have access to our technology. Enforceability of the non-compete agreements that we have in place is not guaranteed, and contractual restrictions could be breached without discovery or adequate remedies. Historically, we have prioritized keeping our technology architecture, trade secrets and engineering roadmap private, and as a general matter, have not patented our proprietary technology. As a result, we cannot look to patent enforcement rights to protect much of our proprietary technology. Furthermore, our patent strategy is still in its early stages. We may not be able to obtain any further patents, and our pending applications may not result in the issuance of patents. Any issued patents may be challenged, invalidated or circumvented, and any rights granted under these patents may not actually provide adequate defensive protection or competitive advantages to us. Additionally, the process of obtaining patent protection is expensive and time-consuming, and we may not be able to prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner.

Policing unauthorized use of our technology is difficult. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries may not be as protective of intellectual property rights as those of the United States, and mechanisms for enforcement of our proprietary rights in such countries may be inadequate. If we are unable to protect our proprietary rights (including in particular, the proprietary aspects of our platform) we may find ourselves at a competitive disadvantage to others who have not incurred the same level of expense, time and effort to create and protect their intellectual property.

We may be sued by third parties for alleged infringement of their proprietary rights, which would result in additional expense and potential damages.

There is significant patent and other intellectual property development activity in the digital advertising industry. Third-party intellectual property rights may cover significant aspects of our technologies or business methods or block us from expanding our offerings. Our success depends on the continual development of our platform. From time to time, we may receive claims from third parties that our platform and underlying technology infringe or violate such third parties’ intellectual property rights. To the extent we gain greater public recognition, we may face a higher risk of being the subject of intellectual property claims. The cost of defending against such claims, whether or not the claims have merit, is significant, regardless of whether we are successful in our defense, and could divert the attention of management, technical personnel and other employees from our business operations. Litigation regarding intellectual property rights is inherently uncertain due to the complex issues involved, and we may not be successful in defending ourselves in such matters. Additionally, we have obligations to indemnify our clients or inventory and data suppliers in connection with certain intellectual property claims. If we are found to infringe these rights, we could potentially be required to cease utilizing portions of our platform. We may also be required to develop alternative non-infringing technology, which could require

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significant time and expense. Additionally, we could be required to pay royalty payments, either as a one-time fee or ongoing, as well as damages for past use that was deemed to be infringing. If we cannot license or develop technology for any allegedly infringing aspect of our business, we would be forced to limit our service and may be unable to compete effectively. Any of these results could harm our business.

We face potential liability and harm to our business based on the nature of our business and the content on our platform.

Advertising often results in litigation relating to misleading or deceptive claims, copyright or trademark infringement, public performance royalties or other claims based on the nature and content of advertising that is distributed through our platform. Though we contractually require clients to generally represent to us that their advertisements comply with our ad standards and our inventory providers’ ad standards and that they have the rights necessary to serve advertisements through our platform, we do not independently verify whether we are permitted to deliver, or review the content of, such advertisements. If any of these representations are untrue, we may be exposed to potential liability and our reputation may be damaged. While our clients are typically obligated to indemnify us, such indemnification may not fully cover us, or we may not be able to collect. In addition to settlement costs, we may be responsible for our own litigation costs, which can be expensive.

We are subject to anti-bribery, anti-corruption and similar laws and non-compliance with such laws can subject us to criminal penalties or significant fines and harm our business and reputation.

We are subject to anti-bribery and similar laws, such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. § 201, the USA PATRIOT Act, U.S. Travel Act, the U.K. Bribery Act 2010 and Proceeds of Crime Act 2002, and possibly other anti-corruption, anti-bribery and anti-money laundering laws in countries in which we conduct business. Anti-corruption laws have been enforced with great rigor in recent years and are interpreted broadly. Such laws prohibit companies and their employees and their agents from making or offering improper payments or other benefits to government officials and others in the private sector. As we increase our international sales and business, particularly in countries with a low score on the CPI by Transparency International, and increase our use of third parties such as sales agents, distributors, resellers or consultants, our risks under these laws will increase. We adopt appropriate policies and procedures and conduct training, but cannot guarantee that improprieties will not occur. Noncompliance with these laws could subject us to investigations, sanctions, settlements, prosecution, other enforcement actions, disgorgement of profits, significant fines, damages, other civil and criminal penalties or injunctions, suspension and/or debarment from contracting with specified persons, the loss of export privileges, reputational harm, adverse media coverage, and other collateral consequences. Any investigations, actions and/or sanctions could have a material negative impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to governmental economic sanctions requirements and export and import controls that could impair our ability to compete in international markets or subject us to liability if we are not in compliance with applicable laws.

As a U.S. company, we are subject to U.S. export control and economic sanctions laws and regulations, and we are required to export our technology and services in compliance with those laws and regulations, including the U.S. Export Administration Regulations and economic embargo and trade sanctions programs administered by the Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control. U.S. economic sanctions and export control laws and regulations prohibit the shipment of specified products and services to countries, governments and persons targeted by U.S. sanctions. While we take precautions to prevent doing any business, directly or indirectly, with countries, governments and persons targeted by U.S. sanctions and to ensure that our technology and services are not exported or used by countries, governments and persons targeted by U.S. sanctions, such measures may be circumvented. There can be no assurance that we will be in compliance with U.S. export control or economic sanctions laws and regulations in the future. Any such violation could result in significant criminal or civil fines, penalties or other sanctions and repercussions, including reputational harm that could materially adversely impact our business.

Furthermore, if we export our technology, the exports may require authorizations, including a license, a license exception or other appropriate government authorization. Complying with export control and sanctions regulations may be time-consuming and may result in the delay or loss of opportunities.

In addition, various countries regulate the import of encryption technology, including the imposition of import permitting and licensing requirements, and have enacted laws that could limit our ability to offer our platform or could limit our clients’ ability to use our platform in those countries. Changes in our platform or future changes in export and

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import regulations may create delays in the introduction of our platform in international markets or prevent our clients with international operations from deploying our platform globally. Any change in export or import regulations, economic sanctions or related legislation, or change in the countries, governments, persons, or technologies targeted by such regulations, could result in decreased use of our platform by, or in our decreased ability to export our technology and services to, existing or potential clients with international operations. Any decreased use of our platform or limitation on our ability to export our platform would likely adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Class A Common Stock

The market price of our Class A common stock may be volatile or may decline regardless of our operating performance, and you may not be able to resell your shares at or above your purchase price.

The market price of our stock and of equity securities of technology companies has historically experienced high levels of volatility. If you purchase shares of our Class A common stock, you may not be able to resell those shares at or above your purchase price. The market price of our Class A common stock has fluctuated and may fluctuate significantly in response to numerous factors, some of which are beyond our control and may not be related to our operating performance, including:

•announcements of new offerings, products, services or technologies, commercial relationships, acquisitions, or other events by us or our competitors;

•price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market from time to time;

•significant volatility in the market price and trading volume of technology companies in general and of companies in the digital advertising industry in particular;

•fluctuations in the trading volume of our shares or the size of our public float;

•trading activity in our share repurchase program;

•actual or anticipated changes or fluctuations in our results of operations;

•whether our results of operations meet the expectations of securities analysts or investors;

•actual or anticipated changes in the expectations of investors or securities analysts;

•litigation involving us, our industry, or both;

•regulatory developments in the United States, foreign countries, or both;

•general economic conditions and trends;

•terrorist attacks, political upheaval, natural disasters, war, public health crises, or other major catastrophic events;

•sales of large blocks of our common stock;

•departures of key employees; or

•an adverse impact on us from any of the other risks cited herein.

In addition, if the stock market for technology companies, or the stock market generally, experiences a loss of investor confidence, the trading price of our Class A common stock could decline for reasons unrelated to our business, financial condition or results of operations. Stock prices of many technology companies have fluctuated in a manner unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. The trading price of our Class A common stock might also decline in reaction to events that affect other companies in our industry even if these events do not directly affect us. In the past, stockholders have filed securities class action litigation following periods of market volatility. If we were to become involved in securities litigation, it could subject us to substantial costs, divert resources and the attention of management from our core business, and adversely affect our business.

Substantial future sales of shares of our common stock could cause the market price of our Class A common stock to decline.

The market price of our Class A common stock could decline as a result of substantial sales of our common stock, particularly sales by our directors, executive officers and significant stockholders, or the perception in the market that holders of a large number of shares intend to sell their shares.

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Additionally, our directors, executive officers, employees and, in certain instances, service providers, hold shares of common stock subject to outstanding options, restricted stock awards and restricted stock units under our equity incentive plans. Those shares and the shares reserved for future issuance under our equity incentive plans are and will become eligible for sale in the public market, subject to certain legal and contractual limitations.

Insiders have substantial control over our company, including as a result of the dual class structure of our common stock, which could limit your ability to influence the outcome of key decisions, including a change of control.

Our Class B common stock has ten votes per share and our Class A common stock has one vote per share. Because of the ten-to-one voting ratio between our Class B and Class A common stock, the holders of our Class B common stock collectively have substantial control of the combined voting power of our common stock. Our certificate of incorporation provides that all Class B common stock will convert automatically into Class A common stock on December 22, 2025, unless converted prior to such date. As of June 30, 2024, stockholders who held shares of Class B common stock, including our executive officers, employees, and directors and their affiliates, together held approximately 49.5% of the voting power of our outstanding capital stock. This concentrated control limits or precludes your ability to influence corporate matters, as the holders of Class B common stock are able to influence or substantially control matters requiring approval by our stockholders, including the election of the directors, excluding the director we have designated as a Class A director, and the approval of mergers, acquisitions or other extraordinary transactions. Their interests may differ from yours and they may vote in a manner that is adverse to your interests. This ownership concentration may deter, delay or prevent a change of control of our company, deprive our stockholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their common stock as part of a sale of our company and may ultimately affect the market price of our common stock. Furthermore, in connection with the dual class nature of our common stock, we have become subject to legal proceedings and could become involved in additional litigation, including securities class action claims and/or derivative litigation. Any such legal proceedings, regardless of outcome or merit, may divert management’s time and attention and may result in the incurrence of significant expense, including legal fees. For additional information regarding the pending legal proceeding, refer to “Item 1. Legal Proceedings.”

Transfers by holders of Class B common stock will generally result in those shares converting to Class A common stock, subject to limited exceptions, such as transfers effected for estate planning or charitable purposes. However, until the conversion of all outstanding shares of Class B common stock, the conversion of Class B common stock to Class A common stock will have the effect, over time, of increasing the voting power of those holders of Class B common stock who retain their shares in the long term.

Our charter documents and Delaware law could discourage takeover attempts and other corporate governance changes.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws contain provisions that could delay or prevent a change in control of our company. These provisions could also make it difficult for stockholders to elect directors that are not nominated by the current members of our board of directors or take other corporate actions, including effecting changes in our management. These provisions include the following provisions:

•permit the board of directors to establish the number of directors and fill any vacancies and newly created directorships;

•provide that our board of directors will be classified into three classes with staggered, three-year terms and that directors may only be removed for cause;

•require super-majority voting to amend certain provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws;

•authorize the issuance of “blank check” preferred stock that our board of directors could use to implement a stockholder rights plan;

•specify that special meetings of our stockholders can be called only by our board of directors, the chairman of our board of directors, our chief executive officer, or a stockholder that has held at least 20% of our outstanding shares of common stock continuously for one year;

•provide that the board of directors is expressly authorized to make, alter or repeal our bylaws;

•provide that vacancies on our board of directors may be filled only by a majority of directors then in office, even though less than a quorum;

•prohibit cumulative voting in the election of directors;

•restrict the forum for certain litigation against us to Delaware;

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•restrict the forum for certain litigation against us to the federal district courts of the United States;

•permit our board of directors to alter our bylaws without obtaining stockholder approval;

•reflect the dual class structure of our common stock, as discussed above; and

•establish advance notice requirements for nominations for election to our board of directors or for proposing matters that can be acted upon by stockholders at annual stockholder meetings.

In addition, as a Delaware corporation, we are subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law. These provisions may prohibit large stockholders, in particular those owning 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock, from merging or combining with us for a period of time.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws designate certain state or federal courts as the exclusive forum for certain litigation that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be, to the fullest extent permitted by law, the sole and exclusive forum for any state law claim for:

•any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf;

•any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers, other employees, or stockholders to us or our stockholders;

•any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or our amended and restated bylaws, or as to which the Delaware General Corporation Law confers jurisdiction on the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware; or

•any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine (collectively, the “Delaware Forum Provision”).

The Delaware Forum Provision will not apply to any causes of action arising under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act. Further, our amended and restated bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States of America will be the sole and exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act (the “Federal Forum Provision”). In addition, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws provide that any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our capital stock is deemed to have notice of and consented to the Delaware Forum Provision and the Federal Forum Provision, respectively; provided, however, that stockholders cannot and will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.

The Delaware Forum Provision and the Federal Forum Provision in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws may impose additional litigation costs on stockholders in pursuing any such claims. Additionally, these forum selection clauses may limit our stockholders’ ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that they find favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees (including, without limitation, any claims in respect of stockholder nominations of directors as permitted under our amended and restated bylaws), which may discourage the filing of lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and employees, even though an action, if successful, might benefit our stockholders. In addition, while the Delaware Supreme Court ruled in March 2020 that federal forum selection provisions purporting to require claims under the Securities Act be brought in federal court are “facially valid” under Delaware law, there is uncertainty as to whether other courts will enforce our Federal Forum Provision. If the Federal Forum Provision is found to be unenforceable, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters. The Federal Forum Provision may also impose additional litigation costs on stockholders who assert that the provision is not enforceable or invalid. The Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware and the federal district courts may also reach different judgments or results than would other courts, including courts where a stockholder considering an action may be located or would otherwise choose to bring the action, and such judgments may be more or less favorable to us than our stockholders.

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We cannot guarantee that our share repurchase program will be fully consummated, that it will enhance long-term stockholder value, or that it will successfully mitigate the dilutive effect of employee equity awards. Share repurchases diminish our cash reserves and could also increase the volatility of the trading price of our Class A common stock.

While our board of directors authorized a share repurchase program that does not have an expiration date, the program does not obligate us to acquire any particular amount of Class A common stock and it may be terminated at any time. We cannot guarantee that the program will be fully consummated, that it will enhance long-term stockholder value, or that it will successfully mitigate the dilutive effect of employee equity awards. Any repurchases will reduce the amount of cash we have available to fund working capital, capital expenditures, strategic acquisitions or business opportunities, and other general corporate requirements. In addition, the program could affect the trading price of our Class A common stock and increase volatility, and any announcement of a termination of this program may result in a decrease in the trading price of our Class A common stock.

General Risk Factors

If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting in the future, we may not be able to accurately or timely report our financial condition or results of operations. If our internal control over financial reporting is not effective, it may adversely affect investor confidence in us and the price of our common stock.

As a public company, we are required to maintain internal control over financial reporting and to report any material weaknesses in such internal control. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”) requires that we evaluate and determine the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and provide a management report on internal control over financial reporting.

Our platform system applications are complex, multi-faceted and include applications that are highly customized in order to serve and support our clients, advertising inventory and data suppliers, as well as support our financial reporting obligations. We regularly make improvements to our platform to maintain and enhance our competitive position. In the future, we may implement new offerings and engage in business transactions, such as acquisitions, reorganizations or implementation of new information systems.

These factors require us to develop and maintain our internal controls, processes and reporting systems, and we expect to incur ongoing costs in this effort. We may not be successful in developing and maintaining effective internal controls, and any failure to develop or maintain effective controls, or any difficulties encountered in their implementation or improvement, could harm our operating results or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations and may result in a restatement of our financial statements for prior periods.

If we identify material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, we will be unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective. If we are unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, or if we are unable to comply with the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in a timely manner, then, we may be late with the filing of our periodic reports, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the market price of our common stock could be negatively affected. Such failures could also subject us to investigations by Nasdaq, the stock exchange on which our securities are listed, the SEC or other regulatory authorities, and to litigation from stockholders, which could harm our reputation, financial condition or divert financial and management resources from our core business.

The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources, divert our management’s attention and affect our ability to attract and retain qualified board members.

As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, and are required to comply with the applicable requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the listing requirements of Nasdaq, and other applicable securities rules and regulations. Compliance with these rules and regulations increases our legal and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming or costly and increase demand on our systems and resources. Among other things, the Exchange Act requires that we file annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and results of operations and maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls over financial reporting. Significant resources and management oversight are required to maintain and, if required, improve our disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls over financial reporting to meet this standard. As a result, management’s attention may be diverted from other business concerns, which could harm our business and results of operations.

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Exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations could negatively impact our results of operations.

While the majority of the transactions through our platform are denominated in U.S. Dollars, we have transacted in foreign currencies, both for inventory and data and for payments by clients from use of our platform. We also have expenses denominated in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar. Given our anticipated international growth, we expect the number of transactions in a variety of foreign currencies to continue to grow in the future. While we generally require a fee from our clients that pay in non-U.S. currency, this fee may not always cover foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations. In addition, for those clients that pay in non-U.S. currency, we often pay for the advertising inventory and data purchased by such clients in U.S. Dollars. As a result, any increase in the value of the U.S. Dollar against these foreign currencies could cause our revenue to decline relative to our costs. Although we currently have a program to hedge exposure to foreign currency fluctuations, the use of hedging instruments may not be available for all currencies or may not always offset losses resulting from foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations. Moreover, the use of hedging instruments can itself result in losses if we are unable to structure effective hedges with such instruments.

Future acquisitions, strategic investments or alliances could disrupt our business and harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We explore, on an ongoing basis, potential acquisitions of companies or technologies, strategic investments, or alliances to strengthen our business; however, we have limited experience in acquiring and integrating businesses, products and technologies. Even if we identify an appropriate acquisition candidate, we may not be successful in negotiating the terms or financing of the acquisition, and our due diligence may fail to identify all of the problems, liabilities or other shortcomings or challenges of an acquired business, product or technology, including issues related to intellectual property, product quality or architecture, regulatory compliance practices, revenue recognition or other accounting practices or employee or client issues. Acquisitions involve numerous risks, any of which could harm our business, including:

•regulatory hurdles;

•anticipated benefits may not materialize;

•diversion of management time and focus from operating our business to addressing acquisition integration challenges;

•retention of employees from the acquired company;

•cultural challenges associated with integrating employees from the acquired company into our organization;

•integration of the acquired company’s products and technology;

•integration of the acquired company’s accounting, management information, human resources and other administrative systems;

•the need to implement or improve controls, procedures and policies at a business that, prior to the acquisition, may have lacked effective controls, procedures and policies;

•coordination of product development and sales and marketing functions;

•liability for activities of the acquired company before the acquisition, including relating to privacy and data security, patent and trademark infringement claims, violations of laws, commercial disputes, tax liabilities and other known and unknown liabilities; and

•litigation or other claims in connection with the acquisition, including claims from terminated employees, users, former stockholders or other third parties.

Failure to appropriately mitigate these risks or other issues related to such acquisitions and strategic investments could result in reducing or completely eliminating any anticipated benefits of transactions, and harm our business generally. Future acquisitions could also result in dilutive issuances of our equity securities, the incurrence of debt, contingent liabilities, amortization expenses or the impairment of goodwill, any of which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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We may not be able to secure additional financing on favorable terms, or at all, to meet our future capital needs, which may in turn impair our growth.

We intend to continue to grow our business, which will require additional capital to develop new features or enhance our platform, improve our operating infrastructure, finance working capital requirements, or acquire complementary businesses and technologies. We cannot assure you that our business will generate sufficient cash flow from operations or that future borrowings will be available to us under our existing credit facility in an amount sufficient to fund our working capital needs. Accordingly, we may need to engage in additional equity or debt financings to secure additional capital. We cannot assure you that we would be able to locate additional financing on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Any debt financing that we secure in the future could involve restrictive covenants relating to our capital raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities. If our cash flows and credit facility borrowings are insufficient to fund our working capital requirements, we may not be able to grow at the rate we currently expect or at all. In addition, in the absence of sufficient cash flows from operations, we might be unable to meet our obligations under our credit facility, and we may therefore be at risk of default thereunder. If we raise additional funds through future issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges superior to those of holders of our common stock. If we are unable to secure additional funding on favorable terms, or at all, when we require it, our ability to continue to grow our business to react to market conditions could be impaired and our business may be harmed.

Our tax liabilities may be greater than anticipated.

The U.S. and non-U.S. tax laws applicable to our business activities are subject to interpretation and are changing. We are subject to audit by the Internal Revenue Service and by taxing authorities of the state, local and foreign jurisdictions in which we operate. Our tax obligations are based in part on our corporate operating structure, including the manner in which we develop, value, use and hold our intellectual property, the jurisdictions in which we operate, how tax authorities assess revenue-based taxes such as sales and use taxes, the scope of our international operations and the value we ascribe to our intercompany transactions. Taxing authorities may challenge, and have challenged, our tax positions and methodologies for valuing developed technology or intercompany arrangements, positions regarding the collection of sales and use taxes, and the jurisdictions in which we are subject to taxes, which could expose us to additional taxes. Any adverse outcomes of such challenges to our tax positions could result in additional taxes for prior periods, interest and penalties, as well as higher future taxes. In addition, our future tax expense could increase as a result of changes in tax laws, regulations or accounting principles, or as a result of earning income in jurisdictions that have higher tax rates. For example, the European Commission has proposed, and various jurisdictions, including a number of states in the United States, are considering enacting or have enacted laws that impose separate taxes on specified digital services, which may increase our tax obligations in such jurisdictions. In addition, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (“OECD”) announced an Inclusive Framework on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting, including Pillar Two Model Rules defining the global minimum tax, which calls for the taxation of large multinational corporations at a minimum rate of 15%. While the changes from these rules have not impacted our financial condition or results of operations, they could increase our effective tax rate and cash tax payments in future periods. Any increase in our tax expense could have a negative effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, the determination of our provision for income taxes and other tax liabilities requires significant estimates and judgment by management, and the tax treatment of certain transactions is uncertain. Any changes, ambiguity, or uncertainty in taxing jurisdictions’ administrative interpretations, decisions, policies and positions, including, the position of taxing authorities with respect to revenue generated by reference to certain digital services, could also materially impact our income tax liabilities. Although we believe we will make reasonable estimates and judgments, the ultimate outcome of any particular issue may differ from the amounts previously recorded in our financial statements and any such occurrence could materially affect our financial condition and results of operations.

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Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

Sales of Unregistered Securities

None.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

We did not repurchase any shares of our Class A common stock during the three months ended June 30, 2024. Refer to Note 7—Capitalization in Part I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for information regarding our share repurchase program.

Item 5. Other Information

Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans

Our Section 16 officers and directors (as defined in Rule 16a-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or the “Exchange Act”) may from time to time enter into plans for the purchase or sale of Company stock that are intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Exchange Act (“Rule 10b5-1(c)”).

During the quarter ended June 30, 2024, none of our Section 16 officers or directors adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” (as defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K).

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Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit
Number

Exhibit Description

Incorporated by Reference

Filed
Herewith

Form

Filing Date

Number

3.1

Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation.

10-K

2/19/2021

3.1

3.2

Amended and Restated Bylaws.

8-K

10/31/2023

3.1

4.1

Reference is made to Exhibits 3.1 and 3.2.

4.2

Form of Class A Common Stock Certificate.

S-1/A

9/6/2016

4.2

4.3

Form of Class B Common Stock Certificate.

S-8

9/22/2016

4.4

10.1+

The Trade Desk, Inc. 2024 Employee Stock Purchase Plan.

31.1

Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

31.2

Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.1(1)

Certifications of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

101.ins

Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.

101.sch

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Schema Document.

101.cal

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document.

101.def

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase Document.

101.lab

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document.

101.pre

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document.

104

Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

________________________


+			Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

(1)The information in this exhibit is furnished and deemed not filed with the SEC for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of The Trade Desk, Inc. under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act, whether made before or after the date hereof, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.


			THE TRADE DESK, INC. (Registrant)

Dated: August 8, 2024			/s/ Laura Schenkein
			Laura Schenkein
			Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

Exhibit 10.1

THE TRADE DESK, INC.

2024 EMPLOYEE STOCK PURCHASE PLAN

ARTICLE I.
PURPOSE

The purposes of The Trade Desk, Inc. 2024 Employee Stock Purchase Plan are to assist Eligible Employees of the Company and its Designated Subsidiaries in acquiring a stock ownership interest in the Company, and to help Eligible Employees provide for their future security and to encourage them to remain in the employment of the Company and its Designated Subsidiaries. This Plan amends and restates in its entirety The Trade Desk, Inc. 2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, which was initially adopted by the Board and approved by the Company’s stockholders on August 17, 2016 (the “Prior Plan”).

This Plan includes two components: (i) the Section 423 Component and (ii) the Non-Section 423 Component. It is the intention of the Company that the Section 423 Component qualify as an “employee stock purchase plan” within the meaning of Section 423(b) of the Code. Accordingly, the provisions of the Section 423 Component shall be construed so as to extend and limit participation on a uniform and nondiscriminatory basis consistent with the requirements of Section 423 of the Code. The Plan also authorizes the grant of rights to purchase Shares under the Non-Section 423 Component, which does not qualify as an “employee stock purchase plan” within the meaning of Section 423 of the Code. Rights to purchase Shares granted under the Non-Section 423 Component shall be granted pursuant to separate Offerings containing such sub-plans, appendices, rules or procedures as may be adopted by the Administrator and designed to achieve tax, securities laws or other objectives for Eligible Employees that reside outside of the United States and the Designated Subsidiaries that participate in the Non-Section 423 Component. Except as otherwise provided herein, the Non-Section 423 Component will be operated and administered in the same manner as the Section 423 Component. Offerings intended to be made under the Non-Section 423 Component will be designated as such by the Administrator at or prior to the time of such Offering.

ARTICLE II.
DEFINITIONS AND CONSTRUCTION

Wherever the following terms are used in the Plan they shall have the meanings specified below, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The singular pronoun shall include the plural where the context so indicates. Masculine, feminine and neuter pronouns are used interchangeably and each comprehends the others.

2.1 “Administrator” shall mean the entity that conducts the general administration of the Plan as provided in Article XI. The term “Administrator” shall refer to the Committee unless the Board has assumed the authority for administration of the Plan as provided in Article XI.

2.2 “Applicable Law” shall mean the requirements relating to the administration of equity incentive plans under U.S. federal and state securities, tax and other applicable laws, rules and regulations, the applicable rules of any stock exchange or quotation system on which the Common Stock is listed or quoted and the applicable laws and rules of any foreign country or other jurisdiction where rights under this Plan are granted, including, without limitation, the applicable provisions of the Code, the Securities Act and the Exchange Act.

2.3 “Board” shall mean the Board of Directors of the Company.

2.4 “Change in Control” shall mean and includes each of the following:

(a) A transaction or series of transactions (other than an offering of Common Stock to the general public through a registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission) whereby any “person” or related “group” of “persons” (as such terms are used in Sections 13(d) and 14(d)(2) of the Exchange Act) directly or indirectly acquires beneficial ownership (within the meaning of

Rules 13d-3 and 13d-5 under the Exchange Act) of securities of the Company possessing more than fifty percent (50%) of the total combined voting power of the Company’s securities outstanding immediately after such acquisition; provided, however, that the following acquisitions shall not constitute a Change in Control: (i) any acquisition by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries; (ii) any acquisition by an employee benefit plan maintained by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, (iii) any acquisition the results of which is described in Sections 2.4(c)(i), 2.4(c)(ii) or 2.4(c)(iii); or (iv) in respect of a right to purchase Shares granted under the Plan held by a particular Eligible Employee, any acquisition by the Eligible Employee or any group of persons including the Eligible Employee (or any entity controlled by the Eligible Employee or any group of persons including the Participant); or

(b) The Incumbent Directors cease for any reason to constitute a majority of the Board;

(c) The consummation by the Company (whether directly involving the Company or indirectly involving the Company through one or more intermediaries) of (x) a merger, consolidation, reorganization, or business combination, (y) a sale or other disposition of all or substantially all of the Company’s assets in any single transaction or series of related transactions or (z) the acquisition of assets or stock of another entity, in each case other than a transaction:

(i) after which the Company’s voting securities outstanding immediately before the transaction continue to represent (either by remaining outstanding or by being converted into voting securities of the Company or the person that, as a result of the transaction, controls, directly or indirectly, the Company or owns, directly or indirectly, all or substantially all of the Company’s assets or otherwise succeeds to the business of the Company (the Company or such person, the “Successor Entity”)) directly or indirectly, at least a majority of the combined voting power of the Successor Entity’s outstanding voting securities immediately after the transaction, and

(ii) after which no person or group beneficially owns voting securities representing more than fifty percent (50%) of the combined voting power of the Successor Entity; provided, however, that no person or group shall be treated for purposes of this Section 2.4(c)(ii) as beneficially owning more than fifty percent (50%) of the combined voting power of the Successor Entity solely as a result of the voting power held in the Company prior to the consummation of the transaction; and

(iii) after which at least a majority of the members of the board of directors (or the analogous governing body) of the Successor Entity were Board members at the time of the Board's approval of the execution of the initial agreement providing for such transaction; or

(d) The date which is ten (10) business days prior to the completion of a liquidation or dissolution of the Company.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, if a Change in Control constitutes a payment event with respect to any right to purchase Shares granted hereunder that provides for the deferral of compensation and is subject to Section 409A, to the extent required to avoid the imposition of additional taxes under Section 409A, the transaction or event described in subsection (a), (b), (c) or (d) with respect to such right to purchase Shares shall only constitute a Change in Control for purposes if such transaction also constitutes a “change in control event,” as defined in Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-3(i)(5).

The Administrator shall have full and final authority, which shall be exercised in its sole discretion, to determine conclusively whether a Change in Control has occurred pursuant to the above definition, the date of the occurrence of such Change in Control and any incidental matters relating thereto; provided that any exercise of authority in conjunction with a determination of whether a Change in Control is a “change in control event” as defined in Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-3(i)(5) shall be consistent with such regulation.

2.5 “Code” shall mean the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended and the regulations issued thereunder.

2.6 “Common Stock” shall mean the Class A common stock of the Company and such other securities of the Company that may be substituted therefor pursuant to Article VIII.

2.7 “Company” shall mean The Trade Desk, Inc., a Delaware corporation.

2.8 “Compensation” of an Eligible Employee shall mean the gross base compensation received by such Eligible Employee as compensation for services to the Company or any Designated Subsidiary, including prior-week adjustments, overtime payments, compensation paid in respect of periods of absence from work due to vacation, holiday, jury duty, funeral leave or military leave, commissions, incentive compensation and one-time bonuses (e.g., retention or sign on bonuses), but excluding education or tuition reimbursements, travel expenses, business and moving reimbursements, income received in connection with any stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units or other compensatory equity awards, fringe benefits, other special payments and all contributions made by the Company or any Designated Subsidiary for the Employee’s benefit under any employee benefit plan now or hereafter established.

2.9 “Designated Subsidiary” shall mean any Subsidiary designated by the Administrator as eligible to participate in the Plan in accordance with Section 11.3(b), with such designation to specify whether such Subsidiary shall participate in the Section 423 Component or the Non-Section 423 Component. For the avoidance of doubt, a Designated Subsidiary that participates in the Section 423 Component shall not participate in the Non-Section 423 Component.

2.10 “Effective Date” shall mean the date on which the Plan is approved by the Company’s stockholders.

2.11 “Eligible Employee” shall mean an Employee who, with respect to the Section 423 Component of the Plan, does not, immediately after any rights under the Section 423 Component of this Plan are granted, own (directly or through attribution) stock possessing five percent (5%) or more of the total combined voting power or value of all classes of Common Stock and other stock of the Company, a Parent or a Subsidiary. For purposes of the foregoing sentence, the rules of Section 424(d) of the Code with regard to the attribution of stock ownership shall apply in determining the stock ownership of an individual, and stock that an Employee may purchase under outstanding options shall be treated as stock owned by the Employee. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Administrator may provide in an Offering Document that an Employee shall not be eligible to participate in an Offering Period under the Section 423 Component of the Plan if such Employee is a citizen or resident of a foreign jurisdiction and (a) the grant of a right to purchase Shares under the Plan to such Employee would be prohibited under the laws of such foreign jurisdiction and/or (b) the grant of a right to purchase Shares such Employee in compliance with the laws of such foreign jurisdiction would cause the Section 423 Component, any Offering and/or Offering Period(s) thereunder or the right to purchase Shares thereunder to violate the requirements of Section 423 of the Code, as determined by the Administrator in its sole discretion; provided, that any such exclusion shall be applied in an identical manner under each Offering to all Employees in such Offering, in accordance with U.S. Treasury Regulation Section 1.423-2(e). Further notwithstanding the foregoing, (x) the Administrator may provide in an Offering Document that an Employee shall not be eligible to participate in an Offering Period if (i) such Employee is a highly compensated employee within the meaning of Section 423(b)(4)(D) of the Code, (ii) such Employee has not met a service requirement designated by the Administrator pursuant to Section 423(b)(4)(A) of the Code (which service requirement may not exceed two years), (iii) such Employee’s customary employment is for twenty hours or less per week, and/or (iv) such Employee’s customary employment is for less than five months in any calendar year; provided, that any exclusion in clauses (i), (ii), (iii), or (iv) shall be applied in an identical manner under each Offering Period to all Employees, in accordance with U.S. Treasury Regulation Section 1.423-2(e); and (y) with respect to any Offering under the Non-Section 423 Component of the Plan, (A) the Administrator may further limit eligibility within the Company or a Designated Subsidiary so as to only designate some Employees of the Company or a Designated Subsidiary as Eligible Employees (without regard to the foregoing rules), and (B) if any of the foregoing eligibility rules are not consistent with non-U.S. Applicable Laws, such non-U.S. Applicable Laws shall control.

2.12 “Employee” shall mean any officer or other employee (as defined in accordance with Section 3401(c) of the Code) of the Company or any Designated Subsidiary. “Employee” shall not include any director of the Company or a Designated Subsidiary who does not render services to the Company or a Designated Subsidiary as an employee within the meaning of Section 3401(c) of the Code. For purposes of the Plan, the employment relationship shall be treated as continuing intact while the individual is on sick leave or other leave of absence approved by the Company or Designated Subsidiary and meeting the requirements of U.S. Treasury Regulation Section 1.421-1(h)(2). Where the period of leave exceeds three (3) months, or such other period specified in U.S. Treasury Regulation Section 1.421-1(h)(2), and the individual’s right to reemployment is not guaranteed either by statute or by contract, the employment relationship shall be deemed to have terminated on the first day immediately following such three (3)-month period, or such other period specified in U.S. Treasury Regulation Section 1.421-1(h)(2).

2.13 “Enrollment Date” shall mean the first Trading Day of each Offering Period.

2.14 “Exchange Act” shall mean the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended from time to time.

2.15 “Expiration Date” shall mean date on which the Plan is terminated by the Administrator in accordance with the Plan.

2.16 “Fair Market Value” shall mean, as of any given date, the value of a Share determined as follows:

(a) If the Common Stock is (i) listed on any established securities exchange (such as the New York Stock Exchange, the NASDAQ Capital Market, the NASDAQ Global Market and the NASDAQ Global Select Market), (ii) listed on any national market system or (iii) quoted or traded on any automated quotation system, its Fair Market Value shall be the closing sales price for a Share as quoted on such exchange or system for such date or, if there is no closing sales price for a Share on the date in question, the closing sales price for a Share on the last preceding date for which such quotation exists, as reported in The Wall Street Journal or such other source as the Administrator deems reliable;

(b) If the Common Stock is not listed on an established securities exchange, national market system or automated quotation system, but the Common Stock is regularly quoted by a recognized securities dealer, its Fair Market Value shall be the mean of the high bid and low asked prices for such date or, if there are no high bid and low asked prices for a Share on such date, the high bid and low asked prices for a Share on the last preceding date for which such information exists, as reported in The Wall Street Journal or such other source as the Administrator deems reliable; or

(c) If the Common Stock is neither listed on an established securities exchange, national market system or automated quotation system nor regularly quoted by a recognized securities dealer, its Fair Market Value shall be established by the Administrator in good faith.

2.17 “Incumbent Directors” shall mean for any period of twelve (12) consecutive months, individuals who, at the beginning of such period, constitute the Board together with any new member(s) of the Board (other than a member of the Board designated by a person who shall have entered into an agreement with the Company to effect a transaction described in Section 2.4(a) or 2.4(c)) whose election or nomination for election to the Board was approved by a vote of at least a majority (either by a specific vote or by approval of the proxy statement of the Company in which such person is named as a nominee for a member of the Board without objection to such nomination) of the members of the Board then still in office who either were members of the Board at the beginning of the twelve (12)-month period or whose election or nomination for election was previously so approved. No individual initially elected or nominated as a director of the Company as a result of an actual or threatened election contest with respect to members of the Board or as a result of any other actual or threatened solicitation of proxies by or on behalf of any person other than the Board shall be an Incumbent Director.

2.18 “Non-Section 423 Component” shall mean those Offerings under the Plan, together with the sub-plans, appendices, rules or procedures, if any, adopted by the Administrator as a part of this Plan, in each case, pursuant to which rights to purchase Shares may be granted to non-U.S. Eligible Employees that do not satisfy the requirements for “employee stock purchase plans” that are set forth under Section 423 of the Code.

2.19 “Offering” shall mean each offering under the Plan of rights to purchase Shares that may be exercised during an Offering Period. Unless otherwise specified by the Administrator, each Offering to the Eligible Employees of the Company and/or a Designated Subsidiary shall be deemed a separate Offering, even if the dates and other terms of the applicable Offering Period(s) of each such Offering are identical, and the provisions of the Plan will separately apply to each Offering. To the extent permitted by U.S. Treasury Regulation Section 1.423-2(a)(1), the terms of each separate Offering under the Section 423 Component need not be identical, provided that the terms of the Section 423 Component and such Offering thereunder together satisfy the requirements of U.S. Treasury Regulation Section 1.423-2(a)(2) and (a)(3).

2.20 “Offering Document” shall have the meaning given to such term in Section 4.1.

2.21 “Offering Period” shall mean each twenty-four (24) month period commencing on each November 16th and May 16th (or, for each Offering Period that commences following the Effective Date, November 15th and May 15th) to occur during the term of the Plan (or such other period or periods as determined by the Administrator in accordance with this Plan and set forth in an Offering Document).

2.22 “Parent” shall mean any corporation, other than the Company, in an unbroken chain of corporations ending with the Company if, at the time of the determination, each of the corporations other than the Company owns stock possessing fifty percent (50%) or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock in one of the other corporations in such chain.

2.23 “Participant” shall mean any Eligible Employee who has been granted rights to purchase Shares pursuant to the Plan.

2.24 “Plan” shall mean this The Trade Desk, Inc. 2024 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, including the Section 423 Component and the Non-Section 423 Component, together with any sub-plans or appendices hereto, in each case, as may be amended from time to time.

2.25 “Prior Plan” shall have the meaning given to such term in Article I.

2.26 “Purchase Date” shall mean the last Trading Day of each Purchase Period.

2.27 “Purchase Period” shall refer to one or more periods within an Offering Period, as designated in the applicable Offering Document; provided, however, that, if no purchase period is designated by the Administrator in the applicable Offering Document, the purchase period for each Offering Period covered by such Offering Document shall be the same as the applicable Offering Period.

2.28 “Purchase Price” shall mean the purchase price designated by the Administrator in the applicable Offering Document (which purchase price shall not be less than eighty-five percent (85%) of the Fair Market Value of a Share on the Enrollment Date or on the Purchase Date, whichever is lower); provided, however, that, if no purchase price is designated by the Administrator in the applicable Offering Document, the purchase price for the Offering Periods covered by such Offering Document shall be eighty-five percent (85%) of the Fair Market Value of a Share on the Enrollment Date or on the Purchase Date, whichever is lower; provided, further, that the Purchase Price may be adjusted by the Administrator pursuant to Article VIII and shall not be less than the par value of a Share.

2.29 “Section 409A” shall mean Section 409A of the Code and the U.S. Department of Treasury regulations and other interpretive guidance issued thereunder, including, without limitation, any such regulations or other guidance issued after the Effective Date.

2.30 “Section 423 Component” shall mean those Offerings under the Plan that are intended to meet the requirements set forth in Section 423(b) of the Code.

2.31 “Securities Act” shall mean the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

2.32 “Share” shall mean a share of Common Stock.

2.33 “Subsidiary” shall mean any corporation, other than the Company, whether domestic or foreign, in an unbroken chain of corporations beginning with the Company if, at the time of the determination, each of the corporations other than the last corporation in an unbroken chain owns stock possessing fifty percent (50%) or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock in one of the other corporations in such chain; provided, however, that a limited liability company or partnership may be treated as a Subsidiary to the extent either (a) such entity is treated as a disregarded entity under U.S. Treasury Regulation Section 301.7701-3(a) by reason of the Company or any other Subsidiary that is a corporation being the sole owner of such entity, or (b) such entity elects to be classified as a corporation under U.S. Treasury Regulation Section 301.7701-3(a) and such entity would otherwise qualify as a Subsidiary.

2.34 “Trading Day” shall mean a day on which national stock exchanges in the United States are open for trading.

ARTICLE III.
SHARES SUBJECT TO THE PLAN

3.1 Number of Shares. Subject to Article VIII, the aggregate number of Shares that may be issued pursuant to rights granted under the Plan shall be eight million (8,000,000) Shares. In addition to the foregoing, subject to Article VIII, on the first day of each calendar year beginning on January 1, 2017 and ending on and including January 1, 2026, the number of Shares available for issuance under the Plan shall be increased by that number of Shares equal to the least of (a) eight million (8,000,000) Shares, (b) one percent (1%) of the Shares outstanding on the final day of the immediately preceding calendar year and (c) such smaller number of Shares as determined by the Board. If any right granted under the Plan shall for any reason terminate without having been exercised, the Shares not purchased under such right shall again become available for issuance under the Plan.

3.2 Stock Distributed. Any Shares distributed pursuant to the Plan may consist, in whole or in part, of authorized and unissued Common Stock, treasury stock or Common Stock purchased on the open market.

ARTICLE IV.
OFFERINGS; OFFERING PERIODS; OFFERING DOCUMENTS

4.1 Offerings; Offering Periods. The Administrator may from time to time designate separate Offerings under the Plan in which Eligible Employees may participate and grant or provide for the grant of rights to purchase Shares to Eligible Employees during Offering Periods. The terms and conditions applicable to each Offering Period shall be set forth in an “Offering Document” adopted by the Administrator, which Offering Document shall be in such form and shall contain such terms and conditions as the Administrator shall deem appropriate and shall be incorporated by reference into and made part of the Plan. The provisions of separate Offerings under the Plan need not be identical. The dates of the applicable Purchase Period(s) in each Offering may be (but are not required to be) identical, provided that the terms of participation are the same within any particular Offering under the Section 423 Component as determined under Section 423 of the Code.

4.2 Offering Documents. Each Offering Document shall specify (through incorporation of the provisions of this Plan by reference or otherwise): (a) the maximum number of Shares that may be purchased by any Eligible Employee during the applicable Purchase Period, which, in the absence of a contrary designation by the Administrator, shall be sixty thousand (60,000) Shares; and (b) such other provisions as the Administrator determines are appropriate, subject to the Plan.

4.3 Automatic Reset of Offering Periods. Notwithstanding anything in the Plan to the contrary, if the Fair Market Value of a Share on any Purchase Date that occurs during an Offering Period is less than the Fair Market Value of a Share on the Enrollment Date of the applicable Offering Period, then such Offering Period shall automatically terminate immediately after the purchase of Shares on such Purchase Date and a new subsequent Offering Period shall commence on such Purchase Date (an “Automatic Reset”).

ARTICLE V.
ELIGIBILITY AND PARTICIPATION

5.1 Eligibility. Any Eligible Employee who shall be employed by the Company or a Designated Subsidiary on a given Enrollment Date for an Offering Period shall be eligible to participate in the Plan during such Offering Period, subject to the requirements of this Article V and, with respect to the Section 423 Component, the limitations imposed by Section 423(b) of the Code.

5.2 Enrollment in Plan.

(a) Except as otherwise set forth in an Offering Document or determined by the Administrator, an Eligible Employee may become a Participant in the Plan for an Offering Period by delivering an enrollment form to the Company by such time prior to the Enrollment Date for such Offering Period (or such other date specified in the Offering Document) designated by the Administrator and in such form as the Company provides; provided, however, that upon the termination of an Offering Period as a result of an Automatic Reset, each Participant in such offering Period shall automatically participate in the immediately following Offering Period on the same terms on which the Participant participated in the terminated Offering Period pursuant to the Participant’s existing enrollment form (as may be subsequently modified or revoked in accordance with the Plan).

(b) Each enrollment form shall designate, as determined by the Administrator, either (i) a whole percentage of such Eligible Employee’s Compensation or (ii) or a fixed dollar amount, in either case, to be withheld by the Company or the Designated Subsidiary employing such Eligible Employee on each payday during the Offering Period as payroll deductions under the Plan. In either event, the designated percentage or fixed dollar amount may not be less than one percent (1%) and may not be more than the maximum percentage specified by the Administrator in the applicable Offering Document (which percentage shall be twenty-five percent (25%) in the absence of any such designation) as payroll deductions. The payroll deductions made for each Participant shall be credited to an account for such Participant under the Plan and shall be deposited with the general funds of the Company.

(c) A Participant may increase or decrease the percentage of Compensation or the fixed dollar amount designated in his or her enrollment form, subject to the limits of this Section 5.2, or may suspend his or her payroll deductions, at any time during an Offering Period; provided, however, that the Administrator may limit the number of changes a Participant may make to his or her payroll deduction elections during each Purchase Period in the applicable Offering Document (and in the absence of any specific designation by the Administrator, a Participant shall be allowed two (2) changes to his or her payroll deduction elections during each Purchase Period). Any such change or suspension of payroll deductions shall be effective with the first full payroll period that commences at least five (5) business days after the Company’s receipt of the new enrollment form (or such shorter or longer period as may be specified by the Administrator in the applicable Offering Document). In the event a Participant suspends his or her payroll deductions, such Participant’s cumulative payroll deductions prior to the suspension shall remain in his or her account and shall be applied to the purchase of Shares on the next occurring Purchase Date and shall not be paid to such Participant unless he or she withdraws from participation in the Plan pursuant to Article VII.

(d) Except as otherwise set forth in Section 5.8 below or in an Offering Document or as otherwise determined by the Administrator, a Participant may participate in the Plan only by means of payroll deduction and may not make contributions by lump sum payment for any Offering Period.

(e) Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, in non-U.S. jurisdictions where participation in the Plan through payroll deductions is prohibited, the Administrator may provide that an

Eligible Employee may elect to participate through contributions under the Plan in a form acceptable to the Administrator in lieu of or in addition to payroll deductions; provided, however, that, for any Offering under the Section 423 Component, the Administrator must determine that any alternative method of contribution is applied on an equal and uniform basis to all Eligible Employees in the Offering.

5.3 Payroll Deductions. Except as otherwise provided in the applicable Offering Document, payroll deductions for a Participant shall commence on the first payroll following the Enrollment Date and shall end with the conclusion of the last payroll in the Offering Period to which the Participant’s authorization is applicable, unless sooner terminated by the Participant as provided in Article VII or suspended by the Participant or the Administrator as provided in Section 5.2 and Section 5.6, respectively.

5.4 Effect of Enrollment. A Participant’s completion of an enrollment form will enroll such Participant in the Plan for each subsequent Offering Period on the terms contained therein until the Participant either submits a new enrollment form, withdraws from participation under the Plan as provided in Article VII or otherwise becomes ineligible to participate in the Plan.

5.5 Limitation on Purchase of Shares. With respect to the 423 Component of the Plan, an Eligible Employee may be granted rights under the Plan only if such rights, together with any other rights granted to such Eligible Employee under “employee stock purchase plans” of the Company, any Parent or any Subsidiary, as specified by Section 423(b)(8) of the Code, do not permit such employee’s rights to purchase stock of the Company or any Parent or Subsidiary to accrue at a rate that exceeds $25,000 of the fair market value of such stock (determined as of the first day of the Offering Period during which such rights are granted) for each calendar year in which such rights are outstanding at any time. This limitation shall be applied in accordance with Section 423(b)(8) of the Code.

5.6 Suspension of Payroll Deductions. Notwithstanding the foregoing, to the extent necessary to comply with Section 423(b)(8) of the Code and Section 5.5 or the other limitations set forth in this Plan, a Participant’s payroll deductions may be suspended by the Administrator at any time during an Offering Period. The balance of the amount credited to the account of each Participant that has not been applied to the purchase of Shares, whether by reason of Section 423(b)(8) of the Code, Section 5.5 or the other limitations set forth in this Plan, shall be paid to such Participant in a single lump sum in cash without interest as soon as reasonably practicable after the Purchase Date (but in no event more than thirty (30) days thereafter).

5.7 Foreign Employees. In order to facilitate participation in the Plan, the Administrator may provide for such special terms applicable to Participants who are citizens or residents of a foreign jurisdiction, who are foreign nationals or who are employed outside of the U.S., as the Administrator may consider necessary or appropriate to accommodate differences in local law, tax policy or custom. Moreover, the Administrator may approve such supplements, appendices or sub-plans to, or amendments, restatements or alternative versions of, this Plan as it may consider necessary or appropriate for such purposes (including to govern Offerings under the Section 423 Component or the Non-Section 423 Component), subject to Sections 9.1 and 9.2 below. To the extent that any such supplements, appendices or sub-plans conflict with the terms of the Plan, the terms of the appendix or sub-plan shall control. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Administrator is specifically authorized to adopt rules and procedures under this Section 5.7 regarding the exclusion of Subsidiaries from participation in the Plan, eligibility to participate, the definition of Compensation, the handling of payroll deductions or other contributions by Participants, the payment of interest, the conversion of local currency, data privacy security, payroll taxes, withholding procedures, the establishment of bank or trust accounts to hold payroll deductions or contributions, the determination of beneficiary designation requirements and the handling of stock certificates. The Administrator also is authorized to determine that, to the extent permitted by U.S. Treasury Regulation Section 1.423-2(f), the terms of any right to purchase Shares granted under the Plan or of an Offering to citizens or residents of a non-U.S. jurisdiction will be less favorable (but not more favorable) than the terms of rights to purchase Shares granted under the Plan to, or the terms of the same Offering applicable to, Employees who reside in the U.S. To the extent any supplement, appendix, sub-plan or changes thereto or hereto approved by the Administrator are inconsistent with the requirements of Section 423 of the Code or would jeopardize the tax-qualified status of the Section 423

Component, the Designated Subsidiaries affected thereby shall be considered Designated Subsidiaries in a separate Offerings under the Non-Section 423 Component instead of the Section 423 Component.

5.8 Leave of Absence. During any leave of absence approved by the Company that meets the requirements of U.S. Treasury Regulation Section 1.421-1(h)(2) under the Code, a Participant may continue participation in the Plan by making cash payments to the Company on his or her normal payday equal to his or her authorized payroll deduction.

ARTICLE VI.
GRANT AND EXERCISE OF RIGHTS

6.1 Grant of Rights. On the Enrollment Date of each Offering Period, each Eligible Employee with respect to such Offering Period shall be granted a right to purchase Shares, subject to the limits in Section 4.2 and Section 5.5, representing the right to buy, on each Purchase Date during such Offering Period (at the applicable Purchase Price), a number of whole Shares determined by dividing (a) such Participant’s payroll deductions accumulated prior to such Purchase Date and retained in the Participant’s account as of the Purchase Date, by (b) the applicable Purchase Price (rounded down to the nearest Share). The right shall expire on the earlier of: (x) the last Purchase Date of the Offering Period, (y) last day of the Offering Period and (z) the date on which the Participant withdraws from the Plan in accordance with Section 7.1 or Section 7.3.

6.2 Exercise of Rights. On the applicable Purchase Date of an Offering Period, each Participant’s accumulated payroll deductions and any other additional payments specifically provided for in the applicable Offering Document will be applied to the purchase of whole Shares, up to the maximum number of Shares permitted pursuant to the terms of the Plan and the applicable Offering Document, at the Purchase Price. No fractional Shares shall be issued upon the exercise of rights granted under the Plan, unless the Offering Document specifically provides otherwise. Any cash in lieu of fractional Shares remaining after the purchase of whole Shares upon exercise of a purchase right will be credited to a Participant’s account and carried forward and applied toward the purchase of whole Shares for the next Offering Period. Shares issued pursuant to the Plan may be evidenced in such manner as the Administrator may determine and may be issued in certificated form or issued pursuant to book-entry procedures.

6.3 Pro Rata Allocation of Shares. If the Administrator determines that, on a given Purchase Date, the number of Shares with respect to which rights are to be exercised may exceed (a) the number of Shares that were available for issuance under the Plan on the Enrollment Date of the applicable Offering Period, or (b) the number of Shares available for issuance under the Plan on such Purchase Date, the Administrator may in its sole discretion provide that the Company shall make a pro rata allocation of the Shares available for purchase on such Enrollment Date or Purchase Date, as applicable, in as uniform a manner as shall be practicable and as it shall determine in its sole discretion to be equitable among all Participants for whom rights to purchase Shares are to be exercised pursuant to this Article VI on such Purchase Date, and shall either (i) continue all Offering Periods then in effect, or (ii) terminate any or all Offering Periods then in effect pursuant to Article IX. The Company may make pro rata allocation of the Shares available on the Enrollment Date of any applicable Offering Period pursuant to the preceding sentence, notwithstanding any authorization of additional Shares for issuance under the Plan by the Company’s stockholders subsequent to such Enrollment Date. The balance of the amount credited to the account of each Participant that has not been applied to the purchase of Shares shall be paid to such Participant in one lump sum in cash as soon as reasonably practicable after the Purchase Date (but in no event more than thirty (30) days thereafter).

6.4 Withholding. The Company or any Parent or any Subsidiary shall be entitled to require payment in cash or to deduct from other compensation payable to each Participant of any sums required by federal, state or local tax law to be withheld with respect to any purchase of Shares under the Plan or any sale of such Shares.

6.5 Conditions to Issuance of Shares. The Company shall not be required to issue or deliver any certificate or certificates for, or make any book entries evidencing, Shares purchased upon the exercise of rights under the Plan prior to fulfillment of all of the following conditions:

(a) The admission of such Shares to listing on all stock exchanges, if any, on which the Common Stock is then listed;

(b) The completion of any registration or other qualification of such Shares under any state or federal law or under the rulings or regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission or any other governmental regulatory body, that the Administrator shall, in its absolute discretion, deem necessary or advisable;

(c) The obtaining of any approval or other clearance from any state or federal governmental agency that the Administrator shall, in its absolute discretion, determine to be necessary or advisable;

(d) The payment to the Company of all amounts that it is required to withhold under federal, state or local law upon exercise of the rights, if any;

(e) The lapse of such reasonable period of time following the exercise of the rights as the Administrator may from time to time establish for reasons of administrative convenience; and

(f) With respect to Participants who are foreign nationals or residents of, or employed in, non-U.S. jurisdictions, any other condition(s) required under Applicable Law for the issuance or delivery of Shares in the applicable non-U.S. jurisdiction.

ARTICLE VII.
WITHDRAWAL; CESSATION OF ELIGIBILITY

7.1 Withdrawal. A Participant may withdraw all but not less than all of the payroll deductions credited to his or her account and not yet used to exercise his or her rights under the Plan at any time by giving written notice to the Company in a form acceptable to the Company no later than one week prior to the end of the Offering Period. All of the Participant’s payroll deductions credited to his or her account during an Offering Period shall be paid to such Participant as soon as reasonably practicable after receipt of notice of withdrawal and such Participant’s rights for the Offering Period shall be automatically terminated, and no further payroll deductions for the purchase of Shares shall be made for such Offering Period. If a Participant withdraws during an Offering Period, the Participant shall not be permitted to resume payroll deductions to the Plan during that Offering Period, and such Participant’s payroll deductions shall not resume at the beginning of the next Offering Period unless the Participant timely delivers to the Company a new enrollment form.

7.2 Future Participation. A Participant’s withdrawal from an Offering Period shall not have any effect upon his or her eligibility to participate in any similar plan that may hereafter be adopted by the Company or a Designated Subsidiary or in subsequent Offering Periods that commence after the termination of the Offering Period from which the Participant withdraws.

7.3 Cessation of Eligibility. Upon a Participant’s ceasing to be an Eligible Employee for any reason, he or she shall be deemed to have elected to withdraw from the Plan pursuant to this Article VII and the payroll deductions credited to such Participant’s account during the Offering Period shall be paid to such Participant or, in the case of his or her death, to the person or persons entitled thereto under Section 12.4, as soon as reasonably practicable (but no later than thirty (30) days) following such Participant’s cessation as an Eligible Employee, and such Participant’s rights for the Offering Period shall be automatically terminated.

7.4 Transfer of Employment. If a Participant transfers employment from the Company or any Designated Subsidiary participating in the Section 423 Component to any Designated Subsidiary participating in the Non-Section 423 Component, such transfer shall not be treated as a termination of employment, but he or she shall immediately cease to participate in the Section 423 Component; however, any contributions made by the Participant with respect to the Offering Period in which such transfer occurs shall be transferred to the Non-Section 423 Component, and such Participant shall immediately join the then-current Offering under the Non-Section 423 Component upon the same terms and conditions in effect for his or her participation in the Section 423 Component, except for such modifications otherwise applicable for Participants in such Offering. A Participant who transfers

employment from any Designated Subsidiary participating in the Non-Section 423 Component to the Company or any Designated Subsidiary participating in the Section 423 Component shall not be treated as terminating his or her employment and shall remain a Participant in the Non-Section 423 Component until the earlier of (i) the end of the then-current Offering Period under the Non-Section 423 Component, or (ii) the Enrollment Date of the first Offering Period in which he or she is eligible to participate following such transfer. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Administrator may establish different rules to govern transfers of employment between companies participating in the Section 423 Component and the Non-Section 423 Component, consistent with the applicable requirements of Section 423 of the Code.

ARTICLE VIII.
ADJUSTMENTS UPON CHANGES IN STOCK

8.1 Changes in Capitalization. Subject to Sections 8.3 and 8.4, in the event that the Administrator determines that any dividend or other distribution (whether in the form of cash, Shares, other securities, or other property), Change in Control, reorganization, merger, amalgamation, consolidation, combination, repurchase, recapitalization, liquidation, dissolution, or sale, transfer, exchange or other disposition of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company, or sale or exchange of Shares or other securities of the Company, issuance of warrants or other rights to purchase Shares or other securities of the Company, or other similar corporate transaction or event, as determined by the Administrator, affects the Shares such that an adjustment is determined by the Administrator to be appropriate in order to prevent dilution or enlargement of the benefits or potential benefits intended by the Company to be made available under the Plan or with respect to any outstanding purchase rights under the Plan, the Administrator shall make equitable adjustments, if any, to reflect such change with respect to (a) the aggregate number and type of Shares (or other securities or property) that may be issued under the Plan (including, but not limited to, adjustments of the limitations in Section 3.1 and the limitations established in each Offering Document pursuant to Section 4.2 on the maximum number of Shares that may be purchased); (b) the class(es) and number of Shares and price per Share subject to outstanding rights; and (c) the Purchase Price with respect to any outstanding rights.

8.2 Other Adjustments. Subject to Sections 8.3 and 8.4, in the event of any transaction or event described in Section 8.1 or any unusual or nonrecurring transactions or events affecting the Company, any affiliate of the Company, or the financial statements of the Company or any affiliate (including without limitation any Change in Control), or of changes in Applicable Law or accounting principles, the Administrator, in its discretion, and on such terms and conditions as it deems appropriate, is hereby authorized to take any one or more of the following actions whenever the Administrator determines that such action is appropriate in order to prevent the dilution or enlargement of the benefits or potential benefits intended to be made available under the Plan or with respect to any right under the Plan, to facilitate such transactions or events or to give effect to such changes in laws, regulations or principles:

(a) To provide for either (i) termination of any outstanding right in exchange for an amount of cash, if any, equal to the amount that would have been obtained upon the exercise of such right had such right been currently exercisable or (ii) the replacement of such outstanding right with other rights or property selected by the Administrator in its sole discretion;

(b) To provide that the outstanding rights under the Plan shall be assumed by the successor or survivor corporation, or a parent or subsidiary thereof, or shall be substituted for by similar rights covering the stock of the successor or survivor corporation, or a parent or subsidiary thereof, with appropriate adjustments as to the number and kind of shares and prices;

(c) To make adjustments in the number and type of Shares (or other securities or property) subject to outstanding rights under the Plan and/or in the terms and conditions of outstanding rights and rights that may be granted in the future;

(d) To provide that Participants’ accumulated payroll deductions may be used to purchase Shares prior to the next occurring Purchase Date on such date as the Administrator determines in its sole discretion and the Participants’ rights under the ongoing Offering Period(s) shall be terminated; and

(e) To provide that all outstanding rights shall terminate without being exercised.

8.3 Change in Control. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in Sections 8.1 or 8.2 above, in the event of a proposed Change in Control (a) pursuant to Section 2.4(a) or (c) above in connection with which outstanding rights to purchase Shares under the Plan are not assumed or substituted pursuant to Section 8.2(b) above, or (b) pursuant to Section 2.4(d) above, in either case, any Offering Periods then in progress shall be shortened by setting a new Purchase Date (the “New Purchase Date”), which shall in all cases be before the date on which the proposed Change in Control is consummated, and all such Offering Periods shall terminate on the New Purchase Date. The Administrator shall notify each Participant in advance of the New Purchase Date, that the next Purchase Date for the Participant’s then-outstanding right(s) to purchase Shares under the Plan has been changed to the New Purchase Date and that the Participant’s accumulated payroll deductions and any other additional payments specifically provided for in the applicable Offering Document will be automatically applied on the New Purchase Date to the purchase of Shares, provided that the Participant has not withdrawn from the Plan pursuant to Section 7.1 or ceased to be an Eligible Employee pursuant to Section 7.3 prior to such New Purchase Date.

8.4 No Adjustment Under Certain Circumstances. No adjustment or action described in this Article VIII or in any other provision of the Plan shall be authorized to the extent that such adjustment or action would cause the Section 423 Component of the Plan to fail to satisfy the requirements of Section 423 of the Code.

8.5 No Other Rights. Except as expressly provided in the Plan, no Participant shall have any rights by reason of any subdivision or consolidation of shares of stock of any class, the payment of any dividend, any increase or decrease in the number of shares of stock of any class or any dissolution, liquidation, merger, or consolidation of the Company or any other corporation. Except as expressly provided in the Plan or pursuant to action of the Administrator under the Plan, no issuance by the Company of shares of stock of any class, or securities convertible into shares of stock of any class, shall affect, and no adjustment by reason thereof shall be made with respect to, the number of Shares subject to outstanding rights under the Plan or the Purchase Price with respect to any outstanding rights.

ARTICLE IX.
AMENDMENT, MODIFICATION AND TERMINATION

9.1 Amendment, Modification and Termination. The Administrator may amend, suspend or terminate the Plan at any time and from time to time; provided, however, that approval of the Company’s stockholders shall be required for any amendment to the Plan to the extent required under Section 423 of the Code (with respect to the Section 423 Component) or any other Applicable Law.

9.2 Certain Changes to Plan. Without stockholder consent and without regard to whether any Participant rights may be considered to have been adversely affected, and, with respect to the Section 423 Component, to the extent permitted by Section 423 of the Code, the Administrator shall be entitled to change the Offering Periods, limit the frequency and/or number of changes in the amount withheld from Compensation during an Offering Period, establish the exchange ratio applicable to amounts withheld in a currency other than U.S. dollars, permit payroll withholding in excess of the amount designated by a Participant in order to adjust for delays or mistakes in the Company’s processing of payroll withholding elections, establish reasonable waiting and adjustment periods and/or accounting and crediting procedures to ensure that amounts applied toward the purchase of Shares for each Participant properly correspond with amounts withheld from the Participant’s Compensation, and establish such other limitations or procedures as the Administrator determines in its sole discretion to be advisable that are consistent with the Plan.

9.3 Actions In the Event of Unfavorable Financial Accounting Consequences. In the event the Administrator determines that the ongoing operation of the Plan may result in unfavorable financial accounting consequences, the Administrator may, in its discretion and, to the extent necessary or desirable, modify or amend the Plan to reduce or eliminate such accounting consequence including, but not limited to:

(a) altering the Purchase Price for any Offering Period including an Offering Period underway at the time of the change in Purchase Price;

(b) shortening any Offering Period so that the Offering Period ends on a new Purchase Date, including an Offering Period underway at the time of the Administrator action; and

Such modifications or amendments shall not require stockholder approval or the consent of any Participant.

9.4 Payments Upon Termination of Plan. Upon termination of the Plan, the balance in each Participant’s Plan account shall be refunded as soon as practicable after such termination (but in no event more than thirty (30) days thereafter), without any interest thereon.

ARTICLE X.
TERM OF PLAN

The Plan, as amended and restated, shall be effective on the Effective Date. In the event that the Company’s stockholders do not approve this Plan, the Plan will not become effective and the Prior Plan will continue in full force and effect on its terms and conditions as in effect immediately prior to the date this Plan is approved by the Board. The Plan shall remain in effect until the expiration of the Purchase Period during which the Expiration Date occurs. For the avoidance of doubt, the Purchase Period during which the Expiration Date occurs shall continue in effect until the expiration of such Purchase Period, but no new Offering Periods or Purchase Periods shall commence on or following the Expiration Date. No rights may be granted under the Plan during any period of suspension of the Plan or after termination of the Plan.

ARTICLE XI.
ADMINISTRATION

11.1 Administrator. Unless otherwise determined by the Board, the Administrator of the Plan shall be the Compensation Committee of the Board (or another committee or a subcommittee of the Board to which the Board delegates administration of the Plan) (such committee, the “Committee”). To the extent necessary to comply with Rule 16b-3 of the Exchange Act and/or other Applicable Law, the Committee shall consist solely of two (2) or more members of the Board, each of whom is intended to qualify as a “non-employee director” as defined by Rule 16b-3 of the Exchange Act and an “independent director” under the rules of any securities exchange or automated quotation system on which the Shares are listed, quoted or traded, in each case, to the extent required thereunder. The Board may at any time vest in the Board any authority or duties for administration of the Plan.

11.2 Action by the Administrator. Unless otherwise established by the Board or in any charter of the Administrator, a majority of the Administrator shall constitute a quorum. The acts of a majority of the members present at any meeting at which a quorum is present and, subject to Applicable Law and the Bylaws of the Company, acts approved in writing by a majority of the Administrator in lieu of a meeting, shall be deemed the acts of the Administrator. Each member of the Administrator is entitled to, in good faith, rely or act upon any report or other information furnished to that member by any officer or other Employee, the Company’s independent certified public accountants, or any executive compensation consultant or other professional retained by the Company to assist in the administration of the Plan.

11.3 Authority of Administrator. The Administrator shall have the power, subject to, and within the limitations of, the express provisions of the Plan:

(a) To determine when and how rights to purchase Shares shall be granted and the provisions of each offering of such rights (which need not be identical).

(b) To designate from time to time which Subsidiaries of the Company shall be Designated Subsidiaries, which designation may be made without the approval of the stockholders of the Company.

(c) To construe and interpret the Plan and rights granted under it, and to establish, amend and revoke rules and regulations for its administration. The Administrator, in the exercise of this power, may correct any defect, omission or inconsistency in the Plan, in a manner and to the extent it shall deem necessary or expedient to make the Plan fully effective.

(d) To amend, suspend or terminate the Plan as provided in Article IX.

(e) Generally, to exercise such powers and to perform such acts as the Administrator deems necessary or expedient to promote the best interests of the Company and its Subsidiaries.

(f) To determine which Designated Subsidiaries shall participate in the Non-Section 423 Component and which Designated Subsidiaries shall participate in the Section 423 Component.

(g) To carry out the intent that the Section 423 Component of the Plan be treated as an “employee stock purchase plan” within the meaning of Section 423 of the Code.

11.4 Expenses. All expenses and liabilities incurred by the Administrator in connection with the administration of the Plan shall be borne by the Company. The Administrator may, with the approval of the Committee, employ attorneys, consultants, accountants, appraisers, brokers or other persons. The Administrator, the Company and its officers and directors shall be entitled to rely upon the advice, opinions or valuations of any such persons.

11.5 Decisions Binding. The Administrator’s interpretation of the Plan, any rights granted pursuant to the Plan, any enrollment form and all decisions and determinations by the Administrator with respect to the Plan are final, binding, and conclusive on all parties. No member of the Board or Administrator shall be personally liable for any action, determination or interpretation made in good faith with respect to the Plan or the options, and all members of the Board or Administrator shall be fully protected by the Company in respect to any such action, determination, or interpretation.

ARTICLE XII.
MISCELLANEOUS

12.1 Restrictions on Transfer. A right granted under the Plan shall not be transferable other than by will or the applicable laws of descent and distribution, and is exercisable during the Participant’s lifetime only by the Participant. Except as provided in Section 12.4 hereof, a right under the Plan may not be exercised to any extent except by the Participant. The Company shall not recognize and shall be under no duty to recognize any assignment or alienation of the Participant’s interest in the Plan, the Participant’s rights under the Plan or any rights thereunder. In addition, notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, a Participant shall not, except as may otherwise be provided in an Offering document with respect to Participants in such Offering, transfer, sell, pledge, assign, hypothecate or otherwise dispose of (collectively, “Transfer”) any Shares purchased under the Plan prior to the earliest to occur of (a) the six (6)-month anniversary of the applicable Purchase Date on which the Participant purchased the Shares or (b) the occurrence, after the applicable Purchase Date, of a Change in Control. Any Transfer of Shares which is not made in compliance with this Section 12.1 shall be null and void ab initio.

12.2 Rights as a Stockholder. With respect to Shares subject to a right granted under the Plan, a Participant shall not be deemed to be a stockholder of the Company, and the Participant shall not have any of the rights or privileges of a stockholder, until such Shares have been issued to the Participant or his or her nominee following exercise of the Participant’s rights under the Plan. No adjustments shall be made for dividends (ordinary or extraordinary, whether in cash securities, or other property) or distribution or other rights for which the record date occurs prior to the date of such issuance, except as otherwise expressly provided herein or as determined by the Administrator.

12.3 Interest. No interest shall accrue on the payroll deductions or contributions of a Participant under the Plan.

12.4 Designation of Beneficiary.

(a) A Participant may, in the manner determined by the Administrator, file a written designation of a beneficiary who is to receive any Shares and/or cash, if any, from the Participant’s account under the Plan in the event of such Participant’s death subsequent to a Purchase Date on which the Participant’s rights are exercised but prior to delivery to such Participant of such Shares and cash. In addition, a Participant may file a written designation of a beneficiary who is to receive any cash from the Participant’s account under the Plan in the event of such Participant’s death prior to exercise of the Participant’s rights under the Plan. If the Participant is married and resides in a community property state, a designation of a person other than the Participant’s spouse as his or her beneficiary shall not be effective without the prior written consent of the Participant’s spouse.

(b) Such designation of beneficiary may be changed by the Participant at any time by written notice to the Company. In the event of the death of a Participant and in the absence of a beneficiary validly designated under the Plan who is living at the time of such Participant’s death, the Company shall deliver such Shares and/or cash to the executor or administrator of the estate of the Participant, or if no such executor or administrator has been appointed (to the knowledge of the Company), the Company, in its discretion, may deliver such Shares and/or cash to the spouse or to any one or more dependents or relatives of the Participant, or if no spouse, dependent or relative is known to the Company, then to such other person as the Company may designate.

12.5 Notices. All notices or other communications by a Participant to the Company under or in connection with the Plan shall be deemed to have been duly given when received in the form specified by the Company at the location, or by the person, designated by the Company for the receipt thereof.

12.6 Equal Rights and Privileges. All Eligible Employees granted rights to purchase Shares pursuant to an Offering under the Section 423 Component will have equal rights and privileges under so that the Section 423 Component of this Plan qualifies as an “employee stock purchase plan” within the meaning of Section 423 of the Code. Any provision of the Section 423 Component of this Plan that is inconsistent with Section 423 of the Code will, without further act or amendment by the Company, the Board or the Administrator, be reformed to comply with the equal rights and privileges requirement of Section 423 of the Code. For the avoidance of doubt, Eligible Employees participating in the Non-Section 423 Component of this Plan need not have the same rights and privileges as Eligible Employees participating in the Section 423 Component.

12.7 Use of Funds. All payroll deductions received or held by the Company under the Plan may be used by the Company for any corporate purpose, and the Company shall not be obligated to segregate such payroll deductions.

12.8 Reports. Statements of account shall be given to Participants at least annually, which statements shall set forth the amounts of payroll deductions, the Purchase Price, the number of Shares purchased and the remaining cash balance, if any.

12.9 No Employment Rights. Nothing in the Plan shall be construed to give any person (including any Eligible Employee or Participant) the right to remain in the employ of the Company or any Parent or Subsidiary or affect the right of the Company or any Parent or Subsidiary to terminate the employment of any person (including any Eligible Employee or Participant) at any time, with or without cause.

12.10 Conformity to Securities Laws. Notwithstanding any other provision of the Plan, the Plan and the participation in the Plan by any individual who is then subject to Section 16 of the Exchange Act shall be subject to any additional limitations set forth in any applicable exemption rule under Section 16 of the Exchange Act (including any amendment to Rule 16b-3 of the Exchange Act) that are requirements for the application of such exemptive rule. To the extent permitted by applicable law, the Plan shall be deemed amended to the extent necessary to conform to such applicable exemptive rule.

12.11 Notice of Disposition of Shares. Each Participant shall give prompt notice to the Company of any disposition or other transfer of any Shares purchased upon exercise of a right granted pursuant to an Offering under the Section 423 Component of the Plan if such disposition or transfer is made: (a) within two (2) years from the Enrollment Date of the Offering Period in which the Shares were

purchased or (b) within one (1) year after the Purchase Date on which such Shares were purchased. Such notice shall specify the date of such disposition or other transfer and the amount realized, in cash, other property, assumption of indebtedness or other consideration, by the Participant in such disposition or other transfer.

12.12 Governing Law. The Plan and any agreements hereunder shall be administered, interpreted and enforced under the internal laws of the State of Delaware without regard to conflicts of laws thereof or of any other jurisdiction.

12.13 Electronic Forms. To the extent permitted by Applicable Law and in the discretion of the Administrator, an Eligible Employee may submit any form or notice as set forth herein by means of an electronic form approved by the Administrator. Before the commencement of an Offering Period, the Administrator shall prescribe the time limits within which any such electronic form shall be submitted to the Administrator with respect to such Offering Period in order to be a valid election.

12.14 Section 409A. The Section 423 Component of the Plan and the rights to purchase Shares granted pursuant to Offerings thereunder are intended to be exempt from the application of Section 409A. Neither the Non-Section 423 Component nor any right to purchase Shares granted pursuant to an Offering thereunder is intended to constitute or provide for “nonqualified deferred compensation” within the meaning of Section 409A. Notwithstanding any provision of the Plan to the contrary, if the Administrator determines that any right to purchase Shares granted under the Plan may be or become subject to Section 409A or that any provision of the Plan may cause a right to purchase Shares granted under the Plan to be or become subject to Section 409A, the Administrator may adopt such amendments to the Plan and/or adopt other policies and procedures (including amendments, policies and procedures with retroactive effect), or take any other actions as the Administrator determines are necessary or appropriate to avoid the imposition of taxes under Section 409A, either through compliance with the requirements of Section 409A or with an available exemption therefrom.

* * * * *

Exhibit 31.1

Certification of Principal Executive Officer

pursuant to

Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a),

as adopted pursuant to

Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

I, Jeff T. Green, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of The Trade Desk, Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.


Date: August 8, 2024			/s/ Jeff T. Green
			Jeff T. Green
			Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

Exhibit 31.2

Certification of Principal Financial Officer

pursuant to

Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a),

as adopted pursuant to

Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

I, Laura Schenkein, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of The Trade Desk, Inc.;

b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.


Date: August 8, 2024			/s/ Laura Schenkein
			Laura Schenkein
			Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

Exhibit 32.1

Certifications of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer

pursuant to

18 U.S.C. Section 1350,

as adopted pursuant to

Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, Jeff T. Green, Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) of The Trade Desk, Inc. (the “Company”), and Laura Schenkein, Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) of the Company, each hereby certifies that, to the best of his or her knowledge:

1)The Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2024, to which this certification is attached as Exhibit 32.1 (the “Report”), fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and

2)The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.


Date: August 8, 2024			/s/ Jeff T. Green
			Jeff T. Green
			Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)


			/s/ Laura Schenkein
			Laura Schenkein
			Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

The foregoing certifications are being furnished pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350. They are not being filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and are not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Company, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing.

Cover - shares	6 Months Ended
Cover - shares	Jun. 30, 2024	Jul. 31, 2024
Document Information [Line Items]
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	Jun. 30, 2024
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	001-37879
Entity Registrant Name	TRADE DESK, INC.
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Tax Identification Number	27-1887399
Entity Address, Address Line One	42 N. Chestnut Street
Entity Address, City or Town	Ventura
Entity Address, State or Province	CA
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	93001
City Area Code	805
Local Phone Number	585-3434
Title of 12(b) Security	Class A Common Stock, par value $0.000001 per share
Trading Symbol	TTD
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Central Index Key	0001671933
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2024
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q2
Amendment Flag	false
Class A common stock
Document Information [Line Items]
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		447,658,970
Class B common stock
Document Information [Line Items]
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		43,918,900

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 1,009,363	$ 895,129
Short-term investments, net	497,168	485,159
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for credit losses of $10,576 and $12,826 as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively	2,905,533	2,870,313
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	110,776	63,353
TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS	4,522,840	4,313,954
Property and equipment, net	191,912	161,422
Operating lease assets	229,411	197,732
Deferred income taxes	154,849	154,849
Other assets, non-current	60,910	60,730
TOTAL ASSETS	5,159,922	4,888,687
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	2,336,589	2,317,318
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	120,218	137,996
Operating lease liabilities	61,579	55,524
TOTAL CURRENT LIABILITIES	2,518,386	2,510,838
Operating lease liabilities, non-current	202,769	180,369
Other liabilities, non-current	33,361	33,261
TOTAL LIABILITIES	2,754,516	2,724,468
Commitments and contingencies (Note 11)
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Preferred stock, par value $0.000001; 100,000 shares authorized, zero shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023	0	0
Common stock, par value $0.000001 Class A, 1,000,000 shares authorized; 447,681 and 444,997 shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively Class B, 95,000 shares authorized; 43,919 and 43,919 shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively	0	0
Additional paid-in capital	2,217,043	1,967,265
Retained earnings	188,363	196,954
TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	2,405,406	2,164,219
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	$ 5,159,922	$ 4,888,687

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Accounts receivable, allowance for credit losses	$ 10,576	$ 12,826
Preferred stock
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.000001	$ 0.000001
Preferred stock, authorized (in shares)	100,000,000	100,000,000
Preferred stock, issued (in shares)	0	0
Preferred stock, outstanding (in shares)	0	0
Common stock
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.000001	$ 0.000001
Class A common stock
Common stock
Common stock, authorized (in shares)	1,000,000,000	1,000,000,000
Common stock, issued (in shares)	447,681,000	444,997,000
Common stock, outstanding (in shares)	447,681,000	444,997,000
Class B common stock
Common stock
Common stock, authorized (in shares)	95,000,000	95,000,000
Common stock, issued (in shares)	43,919,000	43,919,000
Common stock, outstanding (in shares)	43,919,000	43,919,000

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Income Statement [Abstract]
Revenue	$ 584,550	$ 464,254	$ 1,075,803	$ 847,057
Operating expenses:
Platform operations	110,459	86,654	214,089	171,521
Sales and marketing	133,867	111,489	255,592	208,711
Technology and development	110,035	98,308	217,721	192,018
General and administrative	135,469	126,130	265,024	256,442
Total operating expenses	489,830	422,581	952,426	828,692
Income from operations	94,720	41,673	123,377	18,365
Other expense (income):
Interest income, net	(17,817)	(17,507)	(34,478)	(31,930)
Foreign currency exchange loss (gain), net	45	(747)	(670)	(24)
Total other income, net	(17,772)	(18,254)	(35,148)	(31,954)
Income before income taxes	112,492	59,927	158,525	50,319
Provision for income taxes	27,463	26,988	41,836	8,054
Net income	$ 85,029	$ 32,939	$ 116,689	$ 42,265
Earnings per share:
Basic (in dollars per share)	$ 0.17	$ 0.07	$ 0.24	$ 0.09
Diluted (in dollars per share)	$ 0.17	$ 0.07	$ 0.23	$ 0.08
Weighted-average shares outstanding:
Basic (in shares)	489,353	488,431	488,952	489,068
Diluted (in shares)	500,040	499,349	499,117	499,570

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Total	Class A and B Common Stock	Additional Paid-In Capital	Retained Earnings
Balance at beginning of period (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022		490,468
Balance at beginning of period at Dec. 31, 2022	$ 2,115,339		$ 1,449,825	$ 665,514
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Exercise of common stock options (in shares)		2,451
Exercise of common stock options	10,365		10,365
Issuance of restricted stock, net of forfeitures and shares withheld for taxes (in shares)		414
Issuance of restricted stock, net of forfeitures and shares withheld for taxes	(15,595)		(15,595)
Repurchases of Class A common stock (in shares)		(5,139)
Repurchases of Class A common stock	(292,863)			(292,863)
Stock-based compensation	114,235		114,235
Net income (loss)	9,326			9,326
Balance at end of period (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2023		488,194
Balance at end of period at Mar. 31, 2023	1,940,807		1,558,830	381,977
Balance at beginning of period (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022		490,468
Balance at beginning of period at Dec. 31, 2022	2,115,339		1,449,825	665,514
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income (loss)	42,265
Balance at end of period (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2023		490,049
Balance at end of period at Jun. 30, 2023	2,071,410		1,700,498	370,912
Balance at beginning of period (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2023		488,194
Balance at beginning of period at Mar. 31, 2023	1,940,807		1,558,830	381,977
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Exercise of common stock options (in shares)		1,074
Exercise of common stock options	17,407		17,407
Issuance of restricted stock, net of forfeitures and shares withheld for taxes (in shares)		879
Issuance of restricted stock, net of forfeitures and shares withheld for taxes	(15,459)		(15,459)
Repurchases of Class A common stock (in shares)		(595)
Repurchases of Class A common stock	(44,004)			(44,004)
Stock-based compensation	118,404		118,404
Net income (loss)	32,939			32,939
Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan (in shares)		497
Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan	21,316		21,316
Balance at end of period (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2023		490,049
Balance at end of period at Jun. 30, 2023	2,071,410		1,700,498	370,912
Balance at beginning of period (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2023		488,916
Balance at beginning of period at Dec. 31, 2023	2,164,219		1,967,265	196,954
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Exercise of common stock options (in shares)		719
Exercise of common stock options	10,804		10,804
Issuance of restricted stock, net of forfeitures and shares withheld for taxes (in shares)		620
Issuance of restricted stock, net of forfeitures and shares withheld for taxes	(26,806)		(26,806)
Repurchases of Class A common stock (in shares)		(1,527)
Repurchases of Class A common stock	(125,370)			(125,370)
Stock-based compensation	112,048		112,048
Net income (loss)	31,660			31,660
Balance at end of period (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2024		488,728
Balance at end of period at Mar. 31, 2024	2,166,555		2,063,311	103,244
Balance at beginning of period (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2023		488,916
Balance at beginning of period at Dec. 31, 2023	2,164,219		1,967,265	196,954
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income (loss)	116,689
Balance at end of period (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2024		491,600
Balance at end of period at Jun. 30, 2024	2,405,406		2,217,043	188,363
Balance at beginning of period (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2024		488,728
Balance at beginning of period at Mar. 31, 2024	2,166,555		2,063,311	103,244
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Exercise of common stock options (in shares)		1,167
Exercise of common stock options	27,360		27,360
Issuance of restricted stock, net of forfeitures and shares withheld for taxes (in shares)		1,007
Issuance of restricted stock, net of forfeitures and shares withheld for taxes	(31,563)		(31,563)
Repurchases of Class A common stock	90			90
Stock-based compensation	127,813		127,813
Net income (loss)	85,029			85,029
Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan (in shares)		698
Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan	30,122		30,122
Balance at end of period (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2024		491,600
Balance at end of period at Jun. 30, 2024	$ 2,405,406		$ 2,217,043	$ 188,363

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net income	$ 116,689	$ 42,265
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	42,624	39,359
Stock-based compensation	236,960	230,553
Noncash lease expense	26,460	24,325
Provision for expected credit losses on accounts receivable	133	318
Other	(4,117)	(8,423)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	(49,321)	(35,368)
Prepaid expenses and other current and non-current assets	(52,064)	(3,659)
Accounts payable	(13,247)	50,995
Accrued expenses and other current and non-current liabilities	(9,989)	399
Operating lease liabilities	(27,397)	(25,102)
Net cash provided by operating activities	266,731	315,662
INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Purchases of investments	(317,969)	(316,307)
Maturities of investments	314,598	274,401
Purchases of property and equipment	(29,339)	(16,556)
Capitalized software development costs	(4,424)	(3,415)
Net cash used in investing activities	(37,134)	(61,877)
FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Repurchases of Class A common stock	(125,280)	(336,494)
Proceeds from exercise of stock options	38,164	27,772
Proceeds from employee stock purchase plan	30,122	21,316
Taxes paid related to net settlement of restricted stock awards	(58,369)	(31,054)
Net cash used in financing activities	(115,363)	(318,460)
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	114,234	(64,675)
Cash and cash equivalents—Beginning of period	895,129	1,030,506
Cash and cash equivalents—End of period	1,009,363	965,831
SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION:
Cash paid for operating lease liabilities	33,272	30,870
Operating lease assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities	58,133	16,967
Capitalized assets financed by accounts payable	37,927	3,033
Stock-based compensation included in capitalized software development costs	$ 2,901	$ 2,086

Nature of Operations	6 Months Ended
Nature of Operations	Jun. 30, 2024
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Nature of Operations	Note 1—Nature of Operations The Trade Desk, Inc. (the “Company”) is a global technology company that empowers buyers of advertising. Through the Company’s self-service, cloud-based platform, ad buyers can create, manage and optimize more expressive data-driven digital advertising campaigns across ad formats and channels, including video (which includes connected television (“CTV”)), display, audio, digital-out-of-home, native and social, on a multitude of devices, such as computers, mobile devices, televisions and streaming devices. The Company’s platform integrations with major inventory, publisher and data partners provide ad buyers reach and decisioning capabilities, and the Company’s enterprise application programming interfaces (“APIs”) enable its clients to customize and expand platform functionality. The Company is a Delaware corporation formed in November 2009 and headquartered in Ventura, California with offices in various cities in North America, Europe, Asia and Australia.

Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	Note 2—Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and are unaudited. Certain information and disclosures normally included in consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023 was derived from audited financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by GAAP. Accordingly, these condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. There have been no material changes to the Company’s accounting policies from those disclosed in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, and these unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a basis consistent with that used to prepare the Company’s audited annual consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023, and include, in the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring items, necessary for the fair statement of the condensed consolidated financial statements. The results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the results expected for the full year ending December 31, 2024. Use of Estimates The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates. Management regularly evaluates its estimates, primarily those related to: (1) revenue recognition criteria, including the determination of revenue reporting as net versus gross in the Company’s revenue arrangements, (2) allowances for credit losses, (3) operating lease assets and liabilities, including the Company’s incremental borrowing rate and terms and provisions of each lease, (4) the useful lives of property and equipment and capitalized software development costs, (5) income taxes, (6) assumptions used in the option pricing models to determine the fair value of stock-based compensation and (7) the recognition and disclosure of contingent liabilities. These estimates are based on historical data and experience, as well as various other factors that management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. As of June 30, 2024, the impacts to the Company’s business due to geopolitical developments and macroeconomic factors such as changes in interest and foreign currency exchange rates, inflation and supply chain disruptions, continue to evolve. As a result, many of the Company’s estimates and assumptions, including the allowance for credit losses, consider macroeconomic factors in the market, which require increased judgment and carry a higher degree of variability and volatility. As events continue to evolve and additional information becomes available, the Company’s estimates may change materially in future periods. Recent Accounting Pronouncements In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which adds requirements to report significant expenses, requirements for entities with a single reportable segment to provide all disclosures otherwise required under Topic 280 and requirements to report segment information on an interim basis, among other clarifications and requirements. This guidance will be effective on a retrospective basis for annual periods beginning with the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, and interim periods beginning with the Company’s Quarterly Report Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2025. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance on its consolidated financial statements and notes. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which requires greater disaggregation of information and consistent categories in the effective tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. It also includes certain other amendments to improve the effectiveness of income tax disclosures. This guidance will be effective on a prospective basis, with an option to apply it retrospectively, for annual periods beginning with the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance on its consolidated financial statements and notes.

Earnings Per Share

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Earnings Per Share

Note 3—Earnings Per Share

The computation of basic and diluted earnings per share is as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Numerator:
Net income	$	85,029	$	32,939	$	116,689	$	42,265
Denominator:
Weighted-average shares outstanding—basic	489,353		488,431		488,952		489,068
Effect of dilutive securities	10,687		10,918		10,165		10,502
Weighted-average shares outstanding—diluted	500,040		499,349		499,117		499,570
Basic earnings per share	$	0.17	$	0.07	$	0.24	$	0.09
Diluted earnings per share	$	0.17	$	0.07	$	0.23	$	0.08
Anti-dilutive equity awards under stock-based award plans excluded from the determination of diluted earnings per share	2,480		7,578		2,480		7,578

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Short-Term Investments, Net

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Short-Term Investments [Abstract]

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Short-Term Investments, Net

Note 4—Cash, Cash Equivalents and Short-Term Investments, Net

Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments in marketable securities were as follows (in thousands):


	As of June 30, 2024
	Cash and Cash Equivalents		Short-Term Investments, Net		Total
Cash	$	205,707	$	—	$	205,707
Level 1:
Money market funds	761,789		—		761,789
Level 2:
Commercial paper	27,903		204,389		232,292
Corporate debt securities	—		192,131		192,131
U.S. government and agency securities	13,964		100,648		114,612
Total	$	1,009,363	$	497,168	$	1,506,531


	As of December 31, 2023
	Cash and Cash Equivalents		Short-Term Investments, Net		Total
Cash	$	289,512	$	—	$	289,512
Level 1:
Money market funds	560,673		—		560,673
Level 2:
Commercial paper	36,013		168,224		204,237
Corporate debt securities	—		185,465		185,465
U.S. government and agency securities	8,931		131,470		140,401
Total	$	895,129	$	485,159	$	1,380,288

The Company’s gross unrealized gains or losses from its short-term investments, recorded at fair value, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, were immaterial.

The contractual maturities of the Company’s short-term investments are as follows (in thousands):


	June 30, 2024
Due in one year	$	458,730
Due in one to two years	38,438
Total	$	497,168

Leases

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Leases [Abstract]

Leases

Note 5—Leases

The components of lease expense recorded in the condensed consolidated statements of operations were as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Operating lease cost	$	13,486	$	12,209	$	26,197	$	24,056
Short-term lease cost	414		442		888		914
Variable lease cost	3,792		2,851		7,608		5,954
Sublease income	—		(604)		(42)		(1,150)
Total lease cost	$	17,692	$	14,898	$	34,651	$	29,774

Debt	6 Months Ended
Debt	Jun. 30, 2024
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Debt	Note 6—Debt Credit Facility On June 15, 2021, the Company and a syndicate of banks, led by JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as agent, entered into a Loan and Security Agreement (the “Credit Facility”). The Credit Facility consists of a $450 million revolving loan facility, with a $20 million sublimit for swingline borrowings and a $15 million sublimit for the issuance of letters of credit. Under certain circumstances, the Company has the right to increase the Credit Facility by an amount not to exceed $300 million. The Credit Facility is collateralized by substantially all of the Company’s assets, including a pledge of certain of its accounts receivable, deposit accounts, intellectual property, investment property and equipment. On December 17, 2021, the Company amended the Credit Facility to expand the process for issuing letters of credit and the related invoicing, particularly with respect to letters of credit not denominated in U.S. Dollars. On February 9, 2023, the Company further amended its Credit Facility (as amended, the “Amended Credit Facility”) to transition from a variable interest rate based on the London Interbank Offered Rate to a variable interest rate based on the secured overnight financing rate (“SOFR”). Loans under the Amended Credit Facility bear interest at a rate equal to, at the Company’s option, an annual rate of either a Base Rate or an adjusted term SOFR rate (defined as SOFR for a specified term plus a credit spread adjustment of 10 basis points, subject to a 0% floor), plus an applicable margin (“Base Rate Borrowings” and “Term SOFR Borrowings”). The Base Rate is defined as a rate per annum for any day equal to the greatest of (1) the rate of interest last quoted by The Wall Street Journal as the “Prime Rate” in the United States, (2) the New York Federal Reserve Bank Rate in effect on such day plus half of 1%, and (3) the adjusted term SOFR rate for a one-month interest period on such day plus 1%. The applicable margin is between 0.25% to 1.25% for Base Rate Borrowings and between 1.25% and 2.25% for Term SOFR Borrowings based on the Company maintaining certain leverage ratios. The fee for undrawn amounts under the Amended Credit Facility ranges, based on the applicable leverage, from 0.200% to 0.350%. The Company is also required to pay customary letter of credit fees, as necessary. As of June 30, 2024, the Company did not have an outstanding debt balance under the Amended Credit Facility. Availability under the Amended Credit Facility was $442 million as of June 30, 2024, which is net of outstanding letters of credit of $8 million. The Amended Credit Facility matures, and all outstanding amounts become due and payable, on June 15, 2026. The Amended Credit Facility contains customary conditions to borrowings, events of default and covenants, including covenants that restrict the Company’s ability to sell assets, make changes to the nature of the Company’s business, engage in mergers or acquisitions, incur, assume or permit to exist additional indebtedness and guarantees, create or permit to exist liens, pay dividends, issue equity instruments, make distributions or redeem or repurchase capital stock or make other investments, engage in transactions with affiliates and make payments in respect of subordinated debt. The Amended Credit Facility also requires the Company to maintain compliance with a maximum ratio of consolidated funded debt to consolidated EBITDA of 3.50 to 1.00. As of June 30, 2024, the Company was in compliance with all covenants.

Capitalization	6 Months Ended
Capitalization	Jun. 30, 2024
Equity [Abstract]
Capitalization	Note 7—Capitalization Share Repurchase Program In February 2023, the Company’s board of directors approved a share repurchase program with authorization to purchase up to $700 million of its Class A common stock. As of December 31, 2023, $53 million remained available and authorized for repurchases. In February 2024, an additional $647 million was authorized under this program, bringing the total amount available for future repurchases back to $700 million. The share repurchase program, which has no expiration date, is designed to help offset the impact of future share dilution from employee stock issuances. Repurchases under the program may be made in the open market, in privately negotiated transactions or otherwise, with the amount and timing of repurchases to be determined at the Company’s discretion, depending on market conditions and corporate needs. Open market repurchases are structured to occur in accordance with applicable federal securities laws, including within the pricing and volume requirements of Rule 10b-18 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). The Company may also, from time to time, enter into Rule 10b5-1 plans to facilitate repurchases of its shares under this authorization. This program does not obligate the Company to acquire any particular amount of Class A common stock, and may be modified, suspended or terminated at any time at the discretion of the Company’s board of directors. During the three months ended June 30, 2024, the Company did not repurchase any shares of its Class A common stock. During the six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company repurchased and subsequently retired 1.5 million shares of its Class A common stock for an aggregate repurchase amount of $125 million. The repurchase amounts included in the condensed consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity included immaterial amounts related to the 1% excise tax on share repurchases, net of share issuances, as a result of the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“IRA”). As of June 30, 2024, $575 million remained available and authorized for repurchases. Activity under the share repurchase program was recognized in the condensed consolidated financial statements on a trade-date basis.

Stock-Based Compensation

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Stock-Based Compensation

Note 8—Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

Stock-based compensation expense recorded in the condensed consolidated statements of operations was as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Platform operations	$	7,272	$	4,967	$	12,827	$	8,913
Sales and marketing	25,068		18,800		45,360		32,923
Technology and development	32,509		26,689		60,483		47,556
General and administrative	61,491		66,627		118,290		141,161
Total	$	126,340	$	117,083	$	236,960	$	230,553

Stock Options

The following summarizes stock option activity:


	Shares Under Options (in thousands)	Weighted- Average Exercise Price
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023	12,258	$	31.05
Granted	2,353	81.50
Exercised	(1,886)	20.45
Expired/Forfeited	(168)	52.99
Outstanding as of June 30, 2024	12,557	$	41.80
Exercisable as of June 30, 2024	7,911	$	23.85

CEO Performance Option

Restricted Stock

The following summarizes restricted stock activity:


	Shares (in thousands)	Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested as of December 31, 2023	10,546	$	62.22
Granted	3,979	81.84
Vested	(2,088)	57.88
Forfeited	(426)	63.21
Unvested as of June 30, 2024	12,011	$	69.44

Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”)

Income Taxes	6 Months Ended
Income Taxes	Jun. 30, 2024
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Income Taxes	Note 9—Income Taxes In determining the interim provision for income taxes for each of the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company utilized the annual estimated effective tax rate applied to the actual year-to-date income and added the tax effects of any discrete items in the reporting period in which they occur. For the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, the provision for income taxes included benefits associated with stock-based awards of $18 million and $9 million, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, the provision for income taxes included benefits associated with stock-based awards of $29 million and $36 million, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company’s effective tax rate differed from the United States federal statutory tax rate of 21% primarily due to nondeductible stock-based compensation and state and foreign taxes, partially offset by the impact of tax benefits associated with stock-based awards and research and development tax credits. There were no material changes to the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits during the six months ended June 30, 2024, and the Company does not expect to have any significant changes to unrecognized tax benefits through the end of the fiscal year.

Segment and Geographic Information

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Segments, Geographical Areas [Abstract]

Segment and Geographic Information

Note 10—Segment and Geographic Information

The Company has one primary business activity and operates in one reportable and operating segment.

Gross Billings, based on the address of the clients or client affiliates, set forth as a percentage of total Gross Billings, were as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
United States	87	%	88	%	87	%	88	%
International	13	%	12	%	13	%	12	%
Total	100	%	100	%	100	%	100	%

Commitments and Contingencies	6 Months Ended
Commitments and Contingencies	Jun. 30, 2024
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Commitments and Contingencies	Note 11— Commitments and Contingencies Guarantees, Indemnification and Other In the ordinary course of business, the Company may provide indemnifications of varying scope and terms to clients, vendors, lessors, business partners and other parties with respect to certain matters, including, but not limited to, losses arising out of breach of such agreements, services to be provided by the Company or from intellectual property infringement claims made by third parties. In addition, the Company has entered into indemnification agreements with directors and certain officers and employees that will require the Company, among other things, to indemnify them against certain liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors, officers or employees. No demands have been made upon the Company to provide indemnification under such agreements, and thus, there are no claims that the Company is aware of that could have a material effect on the Company’s balance sheet, statement of operations or statement of cash flows. Accordingly, no amounts for any obligation have been recorded at June 30, 2024 and 2023. The Company is under audit by various domestic and foreign tax authorities. The Company believes that the amount of losses or any estimable range of possible losses with respect to these matters will not, either individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on its business and condensed consolidated financial statements. Due to the inherent complexity and uncertainty of these matters and judicial process in certain jurisdictions, the final outcome may be materially different from the Company’s expectations. Litigation From time to time, the Company is subject to various legal proceedings, litigation and claims, either asserted or unasserted, that arise in the ordinary course of business. Although the outcome of the various legal proceedings, litigation and claims cannot be predicted with certainty, management does not believe that any of these proceedings or other claims will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on the Company because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors. On May 27, 2022, a stockholder filed a derivative lawsuit captioned Huizenga v. Green, et al., No. 2022-0461, asserting claims on behalf of the Company against certain members of the Company’s board of directors in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware. On June 27, 2022, a second derivative lawsuit captioned Pfeiffer v. Green, et al., No. 2022-0560, was filed in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware alleging substantially similar claims. Those lawsuits were consolidated on August 18, 2022, and a lead plaintiff was appointed on October 7, 2022. The two complaints allege generally that the defendants breached their fiduciary duties to the Company and its stockholders in connection with the negotiation and approval of the CEO Performance Option. The plaintiffs seek a court order rescinding the CEO Performance Option and monetary damages. On November 10, 2022, the plaintiffs filed a consolidated complaint, and on January 12, 2023, the defendants moved to dismiss the consolidated complaint. On March 24, 2023, plaintiffs filed an opposition to defendants’ motions to dismiss. Defendants filed their replies in support of their motions to dismiss on May 19, 2023. The court heard oral argument on the motions on April 3, 2024. Litigation is inherently uncertain and there can be no assurance regarding the likelihood that the motions to dismiss or defense of the various actions will be successful. Employment Contracts The Company has entered into agreements with severance terms with certain employees and officers, all of whom are employed on an at-will basis, subject to certain severance obligations in the event of certain involuntary terminations. The Company may be required to accelerate the vesting of certain stock options and restricted stock in the event of changes in control, as defined, and involuntary terminations.

Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended				6 Months Ended
Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2024	Mar. 31, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Pay vs Performance Disclosure
Net income	$ 85,029	$ 31,660	$ 32,939	$ 9,326	$ 116,689	$ 42,265

Insider Trading Arrangements	3 Months Ended
Insider Trading Arrangements	Jun. 30, 2024
Trading Arrangements, by Individual
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false

Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Basis of Presentation	The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and are unaudited. Certain information and disclosures normally included in consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023 was derived from audited financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by GAAP. Accordingly, these condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023
Use of Estimates	Use of Estimates The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates. Management regularly evaluates its estimates, primarily those related to: (1) revenue recognition criteria, including the determination of revenue reporting as net versus gross in the Company’s revenue arrangements, (2) allowances for credit losses, (3) operating lease assets and liabilities, including the Company’s incremental borrowing rate and terms and provisions of each lease, (4) the useful lives of property and equipment and capitalized software development costs, (5) income taxes, (6) assumptions used in the option pricing models to determine the fair value of stock-based compensation and (7) the recognition and disclosure of contingent liabilities. These estimates are based on historical data and experience, as well as various other factors that management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. As of June 30, 2024, the impacts to the Company’s business due to geopolitical developments and macroeconomic factors such as changes in interest and foreign currency exchange rates, inflation and supply chain disruptions, continue to evolve. As a result, many of the Company’s estimates and assumptions, including the allowance for credit losses, consider macroeconomic factors in the market, which require increased judgment and carry a higher degree of variability and volatility. As events continue to evolve and additional information becomes available, the Company’s estimates may change materially in future periods.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements	Recent Accounting Pronouncements In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which adds requirements to report significant expenses, requirements for entities with a single reportable segment to provide all disclosures otherwise required under Topic 280 and requirements to report segment information on an interim basis, among other clarifications and requirements. This guidance will be effective on a retrospective basis for annual periods beginning with the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, and interim periods beginning with the Company’s Quarterly Report Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2025. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance on its consolidated financial statements and notes. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which requires greater disaggregation of information and consistent categories in the effective tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. It also includes certain other amendments to improve the effectiveness of income tax disclosures. This guidance will be effective on a prospective basis, with an option to apply it retrospectively, for annual periods beginning with the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance on its consolidated financial statements and notes.

Earnings Per Share (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Computation of Basic and Diluted EPS

The computation of basic and diluted earnings per share is as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Numerator:
Net income	$	85,029	$	32,939	$	116,689	$	42,265
Denominator:
Weighted-average shares outstanding—basic	489,353		488,431		488,952		489,068
Effect of dilutive securities	10,687		10,918		10,165		10,502
Weighted-average shares outstanding—diluted	500,040		499,349		499,117		499,570
Basic earnings per share	$	0.17	$	0.07	$	0.24	$	0.09
Diluted earnings per share	$	0.17	$	0.07	$	0.23	$	0.08
Anti-dilutive equity awards under stock-based award plans excluded from the determination of diluted earnings per share	2,480		7,578		2,480		7,578

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Short-Term Investments, Net (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Short-Term Investments [Abstract]

Schedule of Cash, Cash Equivalents and Short-term Investments in Marketable Securities

Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments in marketable securities were as follows (in thousands):


	As of June 30, 2024
	Cash and Cash Equivalents		Short-Term Investments, Net		Total
Cash	$	205,707	$	—	$	205,707
Level 1:
Money market funds	761,789		—		761,789
Level 2:
Commercial paper	27,903		204,389		232,292
Corporate debt securities	—		192,131		192,131
U.S. government and agency securities	13,964		100,648		114,612
Total	$	1,009,363	$	497,168	$	1,506,531


	As of December 31, 2023
	Cash and Cash Equivalents		Short-Term Investments, Net		Total
Cash	$	289,512	$	—	$	289,512
Level 1:
Money market funds	560,673		—		560,673
Level 2:
Commercial paper	36,013		168,224		204,237
Corporate debt securities	—		185,465		185,465
U.S. government and agency securities	8,931		131,470		140,401
Total	$	895,129	$	485,159	$	1,380,288

Schedule of Contractual Maturities of Short-Term Investments

The contractual maturities of the Company’s short-term investments are as follows (in thousands):


	June 30, 2024
Due in one year	$	458,730
Due in one to two years	38,438
Total	$	497,168

Leases (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Leases [Abstract]

Summary of Components of Lease Expense

The components of lease expense recorded in the condensed consolidated statements of operations were as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Operating lease cost	$	13,486	$	12,209	$	26,197	$	24,056
Short-term lease cost	414		442		888		914
Variable lease cost	3,792		2,851		7,608		5,954
Sublease income	—		(604)		(42)		(1,150)
Total lease cost	$	17,692	$	14,898	$	34,651	$	29,774

Stock-Based Compensation (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Schedule of Stock-Based Compensation Expense

Stock-based compensation expense recorded in the condensed consolidated statements of operations was as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Platform operations	$	7,272	$	4,967	$	12,827	$	8,913
Sales and marketing	25,068		18,800		45,360		32,923
Technology and development	32,509		26,689		60,483		47,556
General and administrative	61,491		66,627		118,290		141,161
Total	$	126,340	$	117,083	$	236,960	$	230,553

Summary of Stock Option Activity

The following summarizes stock option activity:


	Shares Under Options (in thousands)	Weighted- Average Exercise Price
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023	12,258	$	31.05
Granted	2,353	81.50
Exercised	(1,886)	20.45
Expired/Forfeited	(168)	52.99
Outstanding as of June 30, 2024	12,557	$	41.80
Exercisable as of June 30, 2024	7,911	$	23.85

Summary of Restricted Stock Activity

The following summarizes restricted stock activity:


	Shares (in thousands)	Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested as of December 31, 2023	10,546	$	62.22
Granted	3,979	81.84
Vested	(2,088)	57.88
Forfeited	(426)	63.21
Unvested as of June 30, 2024	12,011	$	69.44

Segment and Geographic Information (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Segments, Geographical Areas [Abstract]

Gross Billings Percentage, Based on Billing Address of Clients or Client Affiliates

Gross Billings, based on the address of the clients or client affiliates, set forth as a percentage of total Gross Billings, were as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
United States	87	%	88	%	87	%	88	%
International	13	%	12	%	13	%	12	%
Total	100	%	100	%	100	%	100	%

Earnings Per Share - Additional Information (Detail)	Jun. 30, 2024 Class
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]
Number of classes of common stock	2

Earnings Per Share - Computation of Basic and Diluted EPS (Detail) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended				6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Mar. 31, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Numerator:
Net income	$ 85,029	$ 31,660	$ 32,939	$ 9,326	$ 116,689	$ 42,265
Denominator:
Weighted-average shares outstanding—basic (in shares)	489,353		488,431		488,952	489,068
Effect of dilutive securities (in shares)	10,687		10,918		10,165	10,502
Weighted-average shares outstanding—diluted (in shares)	500,040		499,349		499,117	499,570
Basic earnings per share (in dollars per share)	$ 0.17		$ 0.07		$ 0.24	$ 0.09
Diluted earnings per share (in dollars per share)	$ 0.17		$ 0.07		$ 0.23	$ 0.08
Anti-dilutive equity awards under stock-based award plans excluded from the determination of diluted earnings per share (in shares)	2,480		7,578		2,480	7,578

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Short-Term Investments, Net - Schedule of Cash, Cash Equivalents and Short-term Investments in Marketable Securities (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Schedule of Available-for-Sale Securities [Line Items]
Cash and Cash Equivalents	$ 1,009,363	$ 895,129
Short-Term Investments, Net	497,168	485,159
Total	1,506,531	1,380,288
Cash
Schedule of Available-for-Sale Securities [Line Items]
Cash and Cash Equivalents	205,707	289,512
Total	205,707	289,512
Level 1 \| Money Market Funds
Schedule of Available-for-Sale Securities [Line Items]
Cash and Cash Equivalents	761,789	560,673
Total	761,789	560,673
Level 2 \| Commercial Paper
Schedule of Available-for-Sale Securities [Line Items]
Cash and Cash Equivalents	27,903	36,013
Short-Term Investments, Net	204,389	168,224
Total	232,292	204,237
Level 2 \| Corporate Debt Securities
Schedule of Available-for-Sale Securities [Line Items]
Cash and Cash Equivalents	0	0
Short-Term Investments, Net	192,131	185,465
Total	192,131	185,465
Level 2 \| U.S. Government and Agency Securities
Schedule of Available-for-Sale Securities [Line Items]
Cash and Cash Equivalents	13,964	8,931
Short-Term Investments, Net	100,648	131,470
Total	$ 114,612	$ 140,401

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Short-Term Investments, Net - Schedule of Contractual Maturities of Short-Term Investments (Detail) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2024 USD ($)
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Short-Term Investments [Abstract]
Due in one year	$ 458,730
Due in one to two years	38,438
Total	$ 497,168

Leases (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
Leases (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Leases [Abstract]
Operating lease cost	$ 13,486	$ 12,209	$ 26,197	$ 24,056
Short-term lease cost	414	442	888	914
Variable lease cost	3,792	2,851	7,608	5,954
Sublease income	0	(604)	(42)	(1,150)
Total lease cost	$ 17,692	$ 14,898	$ 34,651	$ 29,774

Debt (Detail) - USD ($)	Feb. 09, 2023	Jun. 15, 2021	Jun. 30, 2024
Loan and Security Agreement Revolving Loan Facility
Long-term debt:
Line of credit facility		$ 450,000,000
Loan and Security Agreement Revolving Loan Facility Swingline Borrowings
Long-term debt:
Line of credit facility		20,000,000
Loan and Security Agreement Revolving Loan Facility Letter of Credit
Long-term debt:
Line of credit facility		15,000,000
Loan and Security Agreement
Long-term debt:
Line of credit maximum amount right to increase		$ 300,000,000
Amended Credit Facility
Long-term debt:
Outstanding debt balance			$ 0
Availability under the credit facility			$ 442,000,000
Maximum ratio of consolidated funded debt to consolidated EBITDA			350.00%
Amended Credit Facility \| Minimum
Long-term debt:
Fee percentage for undrawn amounts	0.20%
Amended Credit Facility \| Maximum
Long-term debt:
Fee percentage for undrawn amounts	0.35%
Amended Credit Facility \| NYFRB Rate
Long-term debt:
Basis spread on variable rate	0.50%
Amended Credit Facility \| Base Rate \| Minimum
Long-term debt:
Basis spread on variable rate	0.25%
Amended Credit Facility \| Base Rate \| Maximum
Long-term debt:
Basis spread on variable rate	1.25%
Amended Credit Facility \| Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR)
Long-term debt:
Basis spread on variable rate	0.10%
Floor interest rate	0.00%
Amended Credit Facility \| Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) \| Minimum
Long-term debt:
Basis spread on variable rate	1.25%
Amended Credit Facility \| Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) \| Maximum
Long-term debt:
Basis spread on variable rate	2.25%
Amended Credit Facility \| Adjusted Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR)
Long-term debt:
Basis spread on variable rate	1.00%
Amended Credit Facility, Letter of Credit
Long-term debt:
Outstanding letters of credit			$ 8,000,000

Capitalization (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands, shares in Millions	3 Months Ended				6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Mar. 31, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Feb. 15, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Feb. 28, 2023
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Aggregate repurchases of Class A common stock		$ 125,370	$ 44,004	$ 292,863
Class A common stock \| 2023 Stock Repurchase Program
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Stock repurchase program, authorized amount								$ 700,000
Stock repurchase program, remaining amount authorized	$ 575,000				$ 575,000	$ 700,000	$ 53,000
Additional amount authorized for share repurchase						$ 647,000
Repurchases of Class A common stock (in shares)	0.0				1.5
Aggregate repurchases of Class A common stock					$ 125,000

Stock-Based Compensation - Schedule of Stock-Based Compensation Expense (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Stock-based compensation expense, by operating expense category
Stock-based compensation expense	$ 126,340	$ 117,083	$ 236,960	$ 230,553
Platform operations
Stock-based compensation expense, by operating expense category
Stock-based compensation expense	7,272	4,967	12,827	8,913
Sales and marketing
Stock-based compensation expense, by operating expense category
Stock-based compensation expense	25,068	18,800	45,360	32,923
Technology and development
Stock-based compensation expense, by operating expense category
Stock-based compensation expense	32,509	26,689	60,483	47,556
General and administrative
Stock-based compensation expense, by operating expense category
Stock-based compensation expense	$ 61,491	$ 66,627	$ 118,290	$ 141,161

Stock-Based Compensation - Summary of Stock Option Activity (Detail) - Stock Options - $ / shares shares in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024
Shares Under Options
Outstanding at the beginning of the period (in shares)	12,258
Granted (in shares)	2,353
Exercised (in shares)	(1,886)
Expired/Forfeited (in shares)	(168)
Outstanding at the end of the period (in shares)	12,557
Exercisable at the end of the period (in shares)	7,911
Weighted-Average Exercise Price
Outstanding at the beginning of the period (in dollars per share)	$ 31.05
Granted (in dollars per share)	81.50
Exercised (in dollars per share)	20.45
Expired/Forfeited (in dollars per share)	52.99
Outstanding at the end of the period (in dollars per share)	41.80
Exercisable at end of period (in dollars per share)	$ 23.85

Stock-Based Compensation - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023	Oct. 31, 2021
Stock-Based Compensation
Stock-based compensation expense	$ 126,340	$ 117,083	$ 236,960	$ 230,553
Stock Options
Stock-Based Compensation
Unrecognized stock-based compensation relating to options	$ 182,000		$ 182,000
Weighted-average period for recognition of stock based expense (in years)			3 years 1 month 6 days
Options outstanding (in shares)	12,557,000		12,557,000		12,258,000
Options expired / forfeited (in shares)			168,000
Options granted (in shares)			2,353,000
Exercise of common stock options (in shares)			1,886,000
Exercisable at the end of the period (in shares)	7,911,000		7,911,000
CEO Performance Option \| 2016 Incentive Award Plan \| Chief Executive Officer
Stock-Based Compensation
Unrecognized stock-based compensation relating to options	$ 129,000		$ 129,000
Weighted-average period for recognition of stock based expense (in years)			1 year 3 months 18 days
Exercise price (in dollars per share)						$ 68.29
Options outstanding (in shares)	19,200,000		19,200,000		19,200,000
Options expired / forfeited (in shares)	0		0
Options granted (in shares)	0		0
Exercise of common stock options (in shares)	0		0
Exercisable at the end of the period (in shares)	2,400,000		2,400,000
Stock-based compensation recorded	$ 36,000	48,000	$ 71,000	108,000
Restricted Stock
Stock-Based Compensation
Weighted-average period for recognition of stock based expense (in years)			2 years 10 months 24 days
Unrecognized stock-based compensation	777,000		$ 777,000
ESPP
Stock-Based Compensation
Weighted-average period for recognition of stock based expense (in years)			7 months 6 days
Unrecognized stock-based compensation	11,000		$ 11,000
Stock-based compensation expense	$ 7,000	$ 5,000	$ 13,000	$ 8,000

Stock-Based Compensation - Summary of Restricted Stock Activity (Detail) shares in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024 $ / shares shares
RSU
Unvested, beginning balance (in shares) \| shares	10,546
Granted (in shares) \| shares	3,979
Vested (in shares) \| shares	(2,088)
Forfeited (in shares) \| shares	(426)
Unvested, ending balance (in shares) \| shares	12,011
Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested, beginning balance (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares	$ 62.22
Granted (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares	81.84
Vested (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares	57.88
Forfeited (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares	63.21
Unvested, ending balance (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares	$ 69.44

Income Taxes - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes, benefits associated with stock-based awards	$ 18	$ 9	$ 29	$ 36
Federal tax at statutory rate (as a percent)			21.00%	21.00%

Segment and Geographic Information (Detail)	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
Segment and Geographic Information (Detail)	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024 businessActivity segment	Jun. 30, 2023
Revenues From External Customers and Long Lived Assets [Line Items]
Number of business activities \| businessActivity			1
Number of reportable segments			1
Number of operating segments			1
Gross billings	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%
U.S.
Revenues From External Customers and Long Lived Assets [Line Items]
Gross billings	87.00%	88.00%	87.00%	88.00%
International
Revenues From External Customers and Long Lived Assets [Line Items]
Gross billings	13.00%	12.00%	13.00%	12.00%

Commitments and Contingencies (Detail) - USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Indemnifications
Guarantees and Indemnifications
Recorded obligation	$ 0	$ 0

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