ICON Icon Energy Corporation

We are offering, on a best efforts basis, up to 9,160,305 units (“Units”), each Unit consisting of one share of our common stock, par value $0.001 per share (“Common Shares”) and one Class A Warrant (each, a “Warrant”) to purchase one Common Share, at a public offering price of $1.31 per Unit, based upon the closing price of our Common Shares on The Nasdaq Capital Market on January 22, 2025.

The Units have no stand-alone rights and will not be certificated or issued as stand-alone securities. Each Warrant will be immediately exercisable upon issuance, subject to certain beneficial ownership limitations, at an initial exercise price of $2.62 per Common Share and will expire three (3) years after the issuance date. Subject to certain conditions, the exercise price for the Warrants will be adjusted downward (each, a “Reset Price”) on each of February 8, 2025, February 23, 2025, and March 10, 2025 to a price that is equal to a percentage of $1.31 (the closing price of our Common Shares on the Nasdaq Capital Market immediately prior to the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part), and the number of Common Shares underlying the Warrants will be proportionally increased, as further described herein. The Warrants also contain certain mechanisms for cashless exercise, including alternative cashless exercise pursuant to which holders of the Warrants have the option, upon exercise and for no additional cash consideration, to receive an aggregate number of Common Shares equal to the product of (x) the aggregate number of Common Shares that would be issuable upon a cash exercise of the Warrant and (y) one-and-a-half (1.5). The Warrants also contain certain anti-dilution protections, as further described herein. Please see the section of this prospectus entitled “Description of the Securities we are Offering” for further information.

We are also offering to each purchaser of Units that would otherwise result in the purchaser’s, together with its affiliates, beneficial ownership exceeding 4.99% (or, at the election of the purchaser, up to 9.99%) of our outstanding Common Shares immediately following the consummation of this offering, the opportunity to purchase Units consisting of one pre-funded warrant in lieu of one Common Share (each, a “Pre-funded Warrant”), and one Warrant. Each Pre-funded Warrant will be exercisable for one Common Share. Subject to limited exceptions, a holder of Pre-funded Warrants will not have the right to exercise any portion of its Pre-funded Warrants if the holder, together with its affiliates, would beneficially own in excess of 4.99% (or, at the election of the holder, up to 9.99%) of the number of Common Shares outstanding immediately after giving effect to such exercise. The purchase price of each Unit including a Pre-funded Warrant will be equal to the price per Unit including one Common Share, minus $0.001, and the exercise price of each Pre-funded Warrant will be $0.001 per Common Share. The Pre-funded Warrants will be immediately exercisable (subject to the beneficial ownership cap) and may be exercised at any time until all of the Pre-funded Warrants are exercised in full. For each Unit including a Pre-funded Warrant we sell (without regard to any limitation on exercise set forth therein), the number of Units including a Common Share we are offering will be decreased on a one-for-one basis.

Our Common Shares are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”) under the symbol “ICON.” On January 22, 2025, the last reported sale price of our Common Shares on the Nasdaq Capital Market was $1.31 per share. All Common Share, Pre-funded Warrant and Warrant numbers are based on a combined public offering price of $1.31 per Unit.

There is no established trading market for the Pre-funded Warrants or the Warrants, and we do not expect an active trading market to develop. We do not intend to list the Pre-funded Warrants or the Warrants on any securities exchange or other trading market. Without an active trading market, the liquidity of these securities will be limited.

We qualify as an “emerging growth company” as defined in the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and, as such, we may elect to comply with certain reduced reporting requirements. See “Prospectus Summary—Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company.”

The Common Shares sold in this offering include preferred stock purchase rights which trade with the Common Shares and are also being registered under the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part. We are also registering the Common Shares issuable from time to time upon exercise of the Warrants included in the Units offered hereby.

The Units will be offered at a fixed price and are expected to be issued in a single closing. There is no minimum number of securities or minimum aggregate amount of proceeds for this offering to close. However, notwithstanding the foregoing, the shares of our Common Stock underlying any Warrants or Pre-funded Warrants will be offered on a continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act. We expect this offering to be completed not later than one business day following the commencement of sales in this offering (after the effective date of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part).

We have a multi-class capital structure consisting of Common Shares, Series A Preferred Shares and Series B Preferred Shares. Our common shareholders are entitled to one vote for each Common Share held. Our Series A Preferred Shares have no voting rights, subject to limited exceptions, however each Series A Preferred Share has a stated amount of $1,000 per share, and each holder of Series A Preferred Shares has the right, subject to certain conditions, at any time commencing on July 16, 2025 and until July 15, 2032, to convert all (but not a portion) of the Series A Preferred Shares beneficially held by such holder into our Common Shares at the applicable conversion price then in effect. The issuance of additional Common Shares upon the potential conversion of our Series A Preferred Shares could dilute the interests of our common shareholders and affect the trading price for our Common Shares. Each Series B Preferred Share has the voting power of 1,000 Common Shares and counts for 1,000 votes for purposes of determining quorum at a meeting of shareholders, subject to certain adjustments to maintain a substantially identical voting interest in us following the occurrence of certain events. Except as otherwise required by law or provided by our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation and Statement of Designation for our Series B Preferred Shares, holders of our Series B Preferred Shares and holders of our Common Shares shall vote together as one class on all matters submitted to a vote of our shareholders. Please see the section of this prospectus entitled “Description of Capital Stock” for further information regarding our capital structure, and the rights, including the voting rights, privileges, and preferences of the holders of our shares. Our Chairwoman and Chief Executive Officer, Mrs. Ismini Panagiotidi, is the sole holder of our Series A Preferred Shares and Series B Preferred Shares. The Series B Preferred Shares held by Mrs. Panagiotidi represent 99.9% of the aggregate voting power of our total issued and outstanding share capital as of the date hereof. Because Mrs. Panagiotidi beneficially owns the majority of our voting power, she has the ability to control us and our affairs, including, among other matters, the election of our board of directors and, as a result, the ability of our common shareholders to influence our corporate matters is limited. Please see “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Common Shares and this Offering—Our Chairwoman and Chief Executive Officer beneficially owns 100% of our Series B Preferred Shares and has control over us.”

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 11 of this prospectus for a discussion of information that should be considered in connection with an investment in our securities.

Neither the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

We have engaged Maxim Group LLC (the “Placement Agent” or “Maxim”), to act as our exclusive placement agent in connection with this offering. The Placement Agent has agreed to use its reasonable best efforts to solicit offers to purchase the securities offered by this prospectus. The Placement Agent is not purchasing or selling any of the securities we are offering, and the Placement Agent is not required to arrange the purchase or sale of any specific number or dollar amount worth of securities. Because there is no minimum offering amount required as a condition to closing in this offering, the actual offering amount, Placement Agent’s fee and proceeds to us, if any, are not presently determinable and may be substantially less than the maximum offering amounts described throughout this prospectus. We have agreed to pay the Placement Agent, the Placement Agent fees set forth in the table below and to provide certain other compensation to the Placement Agent. See “Plan of Distribution” for more information regarding these arrangements.

The offering will settle delivery versus payment or receipt versus payment, as the case may be. We expect to deliver the securities offered hereby on or about January 24, 2025, subject to satisfaction of certain customary closing conditions.

You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus or in any free writing prospectus we may authorize to be delivered to you. We have not, and the Placement Agent has not, authorized any other person to provide you with additional, different or inconsistent information. If anyone provides you with additional, different or inconsistent information, you should not rely on it. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC” or the “Commission”), is effective. We are not, and the Placement Agent is not, making an offer to sell these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted. You should not assume that the information appearing in this prospectus is accurate as of any date other than the date on the front cover of this prospectus unless otherwise specified herein. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since that date. Information contained on our website does not constitute part of this prospectus.

The market data and other statistical information used throughout this prospectus has been compiled from publicly available information and industry publications. These sources generally state that the information they provide is believed to be reliable however, it is subject to subjective assessments and changes and cannot always be verified with complete certainty due to limits on the availability and reliability of raw data, the voluntary nature of the data gathering process and other limitations and uncertainties inherent in any market research and statistical survey. Therefore, the accuracy and completeness of the information are not guaranteed and estimates and beliefs based on such data may not be reliable. In addition, such market data and statistical information may be different from other sources and may not reflect all or even a comprehensive set of the actual events and transactions occurring in the market. Although we are responsible for all of the disclosures contained in this prospectus and we believe that such market data and statistical information is reliable, we have not independently verified its accuracy or completeness. In addition, some data is also based on our good faith estimates and our management’s understanding of industry conditions. Such data involve risks and uncertainties and are subject to change based on various factors, including those discussed under the headings “Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors” in this prospectus.

You should carefully consider the following risk factors that may affect our business, future operating results and financial condition, as well as the other information set forth in this prospectus, before making a decision to invest in our securities. If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business, operating results, cash flows, financial condition, and ability to pay dividends could be materially and adversely affected. In such case, the trading price of our securities would likely decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment. The risks below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks not currently known to us, or that we currently deem immaterial, may also adversely affect us.

The volatility in the dry bulk charter market, from which we derive all of our revenues, has affected the dry bulk shipping industry and may harm our business. While charter rates are presently generally above our operating expenses, in the past charter rates have declined below operating costs of vessels. The Baltic Dry Index, or the BDI, a daily average of charter rates for key dry bulk routes published since 1985 by the Baltic Exchange Limited, a London-based membership organization that provides daily shipping market information to the global investing community, has long been viewed as the main benchmark to monitor the movements of the dry bulk vessel charter market and the performance of the entire dry bulk shipping market and has generally been very volatile. The BDI, declined from an all-time high of 11,793 in May 2008 to an all-time low of 290 in February 2016, which represents a decline of approximately 98%. In the preceding and following years volatility was less extreme, although there were still multiple instances where the index decreased or increased by more than 50% in short periods of time. In 2023, the BDI ranged from a low of 530 on February 16, 2023, to a high of 3,346 on December 4, 2023. In 2024, the BDI ranged from a low of 976 on December 19, 2024, to a high of 2,419 on March 18, 2024, and was 1,080 as of January 14, 2025. Due to its volatile nature, there can be no assurance of the future performance of the BDI.

We generate our revenues by chartering our vessels to regional and international dry bulk operators, commodity traders and end users. Currently, our vessels are employed by an international commodity trading conglomerate on time charters, earning hire at floating daily rates linked to the Baltic Panamax Index. Historically, the Baltic Panamax Index has been highly correlated to the BDI and has exhibited similar levels of volatility. We are exposed, therefore, to changes in indexes for dry bulk vessels and such changes affect our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition.

The volatility in charter rates is due to various factors and their interplay, including but not limited to the demand for commodities carried by sea, the global economic conditions, the availability of dry bulk vessels, the lack of trade financing for purchases of commodities carried by sea, geopolitical events, seasonal variations, the geographical dislocation between production regions and consumption centers around the world, and trade disruptions caused by natural or other disasters and by international hostilities. These circumstances have had adverse consequences from time to time for dry bulk shipping, including, among other developments:

We anticipate that charter rates and the demand for our dry bulk vessels will be dependent upon continued economic growth in the world’s economies, seasonal and regional changes in demand and changes to the capacity of the global dry bulk vessel fleet and the sources and supply of dry bulk cargo to be transported by sea. Adverse economic, political, social or other developments could negatively impact charter rates and therefore have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, short and medium term liquidity, and ability to pay dividends.

Our vessels are currently time chartered at floating daily hire rates linked to the Baltic Panamax Index. If our fleet expands, the number of vessels in our fleet that will be employed on spot voyages or have index-linked or fixed rate charters will vary from time to time, dictated by a multitude of factors and the chartering opportunities before us. We anticipate that a significant portion will be affected by the spot freight market or the indexes. As a result, our financial performance will be significantly affected by conditions in the dry bulk spot freight market or the indexes and only our vessels that would operate under fixed-rate time charters may, during the term of such time charters, provide a fixed source of revenue to us. If future spot charter rates or indexes decline, we may be unable to operate our vessels profitably, and our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition will be significantly affected.

Furthermore, as charter rates for spot charters are usually fixed for a single voyage, which may last up to several weeks, during periods in which spot charter rates are rising, we will generally experience delays in realizing the benefits from such increases. Spot charter rates are also not uniform globally and may vary substantially between different geographical regions; therefore, realizing opportunities in the spot market will also depend on the geographical location of our vessels at any given time.

Under a fixed rate time charter, if spot or short-term time charter rates fall significantly below the charter rates that our charterers are obligated to pay us, the charterers may have an incentive to default on, or attempt to renegotiate the charter, which would affect our ability to operate our vessels profitably. Meanwhile, under a fixed rate time charter, we may be unable to realize the benefits of market upswings and successfully take advantage of comparably favorable opportunities.

The market supply of vessels generally increases with deliveries of new vessels and decreases with the recycling of older vessels, conversion of vessels to other uses, such as floating production and storage facilities, and loss of tonnage as a result of casualties. An over-supply of dry bulk vessel capacity could depress charter rates. Factors that influence the supply of vessel capacity include:

In addition to the prevailing and anticipated charter rates, factors that affect the rate of newbuilding, scrapping and laying-up include newbuilding prices, secondhand vessel values in relation to scrap prices, costs of bunkers and other operating costs, costs associated with classification society surveys, normal maintenance costs, insurance coverage costs, the efficiency and age profile of the existing dry bulk fleet in the market, and government and industry regulation of maritime transportation practices, particularly environmental protection laws and regulations. These factors influencing the supply of and demand for shipping capacity are outside of our control, and we may not be able to correctly assess the nature, timing and degree of changes in industry conditions.

If dry bulk vessel capacity increases but the demand for vessel capacity does not increase or increases at a slower rate, charter rates and vessel values could materially decline, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition.

The world economy is facing a number of actual and potential challenges, including the war between Russia and Ukraine, the war between Israel and Hamas, tensions in the Red Sea or tensions between Russia and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (“NATO”), China and Taiwan disputes, United States and China trade relations, instability between Iran and the West, hostilities between the United States and North Korea, political unrest and conflicts in the Middle East, the South China Sea region, and in other geographic areas and countries, terrorist attacks or threats of such attacks around the world, war (or threatened war) or international hostilities, and epidemics or pandemics, such as COVID-19 and its variants, and banking crises or failures such as the recent Silicon Valley Bank, Signature Bank and First Republic Bank failures, and the potential disruption of shipping routes due to low water levels in the Panama Canal. See also “—Outbreaks of epidemic and pandemic diseases, including COVID-19, and any relevant governmental responses thereto could adversely affect our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition.” In addition, the continuing war in Ukraine, the length and breadth of which remains highly unpredictable, has led to increased economic uncertainty amidst fears of a more generalized military conflict or significant inflationary pressures, due to the increases in fuel and grain prices following the sanctions imposed on Russia. Furthermore, it is difficult to predict the intensity and duration of the war between Israel and Hamas or the Houthi rebel attacks on vessels transiting in the Red Sea and their impact on shipping and the world economy is uncertain. If such conditions are sustained, the longer-term net impact on the dry bulk market and our business would be difficult to predict with any degree of accuracy. Such events may have unpredictable consequences and contribute to instability in the global economy or cause a decrease in worldwide demand for certain goods and, thus, shipping.

In Europe, concerns regarding the possibility of sovereign debt defaults by European Union, or EU, member countries, although generally alleviated, have in the past disrupted financial markets throughout the world, and may lead to weaker consumer demand in the European Union, the U.S. and other parts of the world. The withdrawal of the UK from the European Union, or Brexit, further increases the risk of additional trade protectionism. Brexit, or similar events in other jurisdictions, could impact global markets, including foreign exchange and securities markets; any resulting changes in currency exchange rates, tariffs, treaties and other regulatory matters could in turn adversely impact our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition.

In addition, the recent economic slowdown in the Asia Pacific region, particularly in China, may exacerbate the effect of the weak economic trends in the rest of the world. Before the global economic financial crisis that began in 2008, China had one of the world's fastest growing economies in terms of gross domestic product, or GDP, which had a significant impact on shipping demand. China’s GDP growth rate for the year ended December 31, 2022, was approximately 3.0%, one of its lowest rates in 50 years, thought to be mainly caused by the country’s zero-COVID policy and strict lockdowns. For the year ended December 31, 2023, China has reported that its GDP growth rate recovered to 5.2% but the economy continues to be weighed down by the ongoing crisis in the property market. It is possible that China and other countries in the Asia Pacific region will continue to experience volatile, slowed or even negative economic growth in the near future. Changes in the economic conditions of China, and changes in laws or policies adopted by its government or the implementation of these laws and policies by local authorities, including

with regards to tax matters and environmental concerns (such as achieving carbon neutrality), could affect vessels that are either chartered to Chinese customers or that call to Chinese ports, vessels that undergo drydocking at Chinese shipyards and Chinese financial institutions that are generally active in ship financing, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition.

Furthermore, governments may turn to trade barriers to protect their domestic industries against foreign imports, thereby depressing shipping demand. There is significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the United States, China, and other exporting countries, including with respect to trade policies, treaties, government regulations, and tariffs. Protectionist developments, or the perception that they may occur, may have a material adverse effect on global economic conditions, and may significantly reduce global trade. Moreover, increasing trade protectionism may cause an increase in (i) the cost of goods exported from regions globally, particularly from the Asia-Pacific region, (ii) the length of time required to transport goods and (iii) the risks associated with exporting goods. Such increases may further reduce the quantity of goods to be shipped, shipping time schedules, voyage costs and other associated costs, which could have an adverse impact on our charterers' business, operating results and financial condition and could thereby affect their ability to make timely charter hire payments to us and to employ our vessels. This could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition.

Credit markets in the United States and Europe have in the past experienced significant contraction, deleveraging and reduced liquidity, and there is a risk that the U.S. federal government and state governments and European authorities may continue to implement a broad variety of governmental action and/or introduce new financial market regulations. Global financial markets and economic conditions have been, and continue to be, volatile and we face risks associated with the trends in the global economy, such as changes in interest rates, instability in the banking and securities markets around the world, the risk of sovereign defaults, and reduced levels of growth, among other factors. Major market disruptions and the current adverse changes in market conditions and regulatory climate worldwide may adversely affect our business, results or operations or impair our ability to borrow under any future financial arrangements we may enter into contemplating borrowing from the public and/or private equity and debt markets. Many lenders have increased interest rates, enacted tighter lending standards, refused to refinance existing debt at all or on terms similar to current debt and reduced (or in some cases ceased to provide) funding to borrowers and other market participants, including equity and debt investors and, in some cases, have been unwilling to provide financing on attractive terms or even at all. Due to these factors, we cannot be certain that financing will be available if needed and to the extent required, on acceptable terms or at all. In the absence of available financing or financing in favorable terms, we may be unable to complete vessel acquisitions, take advantage of business opportunities or respond to competitive pressures.

Global public health threats, such as COVID-19, influenza and other highly communicable diseases or viruses, outbreaks which have from time to time occurred in various parts of the world, could disrupt global financial markets and economic conditions and adversely impact our operations, as well as the operations of our charterers and other customers.

For example, the outbreak of COVID-19 caused severe global disruptions, with governments in affected countries imposing travel bans, quarantines and other emergency public health measures. Companies also took precautions, such as requiring employees to work remotely, imposing travel restrictions and temporarily closing businesses. Although the incidence and severity of COVID-19 and its variants have diminished, similar restrictions, and future prevention and mitigation measures against outbreaks of epidemic and pandemic diseases, are likely to have an adverse impact on global economic conditions, which could materially and adversely affect our future operations. As a result of such measures, our vessels may not be able to call on, or disembark from ports located in regions affected by the outbreak. In addition, we may experience severe operational disruptions and delays, unavailability of normal port infrastructure and services including limited access to equipment, critical goods and personnel, disruptions to crew changes, quarantine of ships and/or crew, counterparty solidity, closure of ports and custom offices, as well as disruptions in the supply chain and industrial production, which may lead to reduced cargo demand, among other potential consequences attendant to epidemic and pandemic diseases.

The extent to which our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition may be negatively affected by a resurgence of COVID-19 or future pandemics, epidemics or other outbreaks of infectious diseases is highly uncertain and will depend on numerous evolving factors that we cannot predict, including, but not limited to (i) the duration and severity of the infectious disease outbreak; (ii) the imposition of restrictive measures to combat

the outbreak and slow disease transmission; (iii) the introduction of financial support measures to reduce the impact of the outbreak on the economy; (iv) shortages or reductions in the supply of essential goods, services or labor; and (v) fluctuations in general economic or financial conditions tied to the outbreak, such as a sharp increase in interest rates or reduction in the availability of credit. We cannot predict the effect that an outbreak of a new COVID-19 variant or strain, or any future infectious disease outbreak, pandemic or epidemic may have on our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition, which could be material and adverse.

We conduct most of our operations outside of the United States and our business, operating results, cash flows, financial conditions, and available cash may be adversely affected by changing economic, political, and governmental conditions in the countries and regions in which our vessels are employed or registered.

The continuing war between Russia and Ukraine, and between Israel and Hamas, Russia and NATO tensions, China and Taiwan disputes, United States and China trade relations, instability between Iran and the West, hostilities between the United States and North Korea, and political unrest and conflicts in the Middle East, the South China Sea region, the Red Sea region (including missile attacks controlled by the Houthis on vessels transiting the Red Sea) and in other geographic areas and countries have recently, and may in the future, lead to armed conflict or acts of terrorism around the world, which may contribute to economic instability in the global financial markets and international commerce.

The war between Russia and Ukraine may lead to further regional and international conflicts or armed action at an international level. This war has disrupted supply chains and caused instability in the energy markets and the global economy, with adverse effects on shipping freight rates, which have experienced and continue to experience inflation and significant volatility in commodity prices, volatility in credit and capital markets, as well as supply chain disruption. The United States, the United Kingdom, the European Union and other countries, have announced unprecedented economic sanctions and other penalties against certain persons, entities, and activities connected to Russia, including removing Russian-based financial institutions from the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication payment system and restricting imports of Russian oil, liquefied natural gas and coal. These sanctions have caused supply disruptions in the oil and gas markets and could continue to cause significant volatility in energy prices, which could result in increased inflation and may trigger a recession in the U.S. and China, among other regions. These factors may also result in the weakening of the financial condition of our charterers, suppliers, counterparties and other agents in the shipping industry. As a result, our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition may be negatively affected since our operations are dependent on the success and economic viability of our counterparties.

The ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine could result in the imposition of further economic sanctions by the United States, the United Kingdom, the European Union or other countries against Russia, trade tariffs or embargoes with uncertain impacts on the markets in which we operate. In addition, the U.S. and certain other NATO countries have been supplying Ukraine with military aid. U.S. officials have also warned of the increased possibility of Russian cyberattacks, which could disrupt the operations of businesses involved in the dry bulk industry, including ours and could create economic uncertainty particularly if such attacks spread to a broad array of countries and networks. Although Ukraine and Russia reached an agreement to extend an arrangement allowing shipment of grain from Ukrainian ports through a humanitarian corridor in the Black Sea in November 2022, Russia terminated this agreement in July 2023. While much uncertainty remains regarding the global impact of the war in Ukraine, it is possible that such tensions could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operation and cash flows.

Furthermore, the intensity and duration of the recently declared war between Israel and Hamas is difficult to predict and its impact on the world economy and our industry is uncertain. While much uncertainty remains regarding the global impact of the war between Israel and Hamas, it is possible that such tensions could result in the eruption of further hostilities in other regions and could adversely affect our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition.

Terrorist attacks and the frequent incidents of terrorism in the Middle East, and the continuing response of the United States and others to these attacks, as well as the threat of future terrorist attacks around the world, continue to cause uncertainty in the world’s financial markets and may affect our business, operating results, and financial condition. Continuing conflicts and recent developments in the Middle East, including increased tensions between the U.S. and Iran, as well as the presence of U.S. or other armed forces in Iraq, Syria, Ukraine and various other regions,

may lead to additional acts of terrorism and armed conflict around the world, which may contribute to further economic instability in the global financial markets. As a result of the above, insurers have increased premiums and reduced or restricted coverage for losses caused by terrorist acts generally. These uncertainties could also adversely affect our ability to obtain financing on terms acceptable to us or at all. Any of these occurrences could have a material adverse impact on our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition.

In the past, such conflicts have also resulted in attacks on vessels, mining of waterways and other efforts to disrupt international shipping, particularly in the Arabian Gulf region. The ongoing war in Ukraine has resulted in missile attacks on commercial vessels in the Black Sea and the recent outbreak of conflict in the Red Sea has also resulted in missile attacks on vessels. Acts of terrorism and piracy have also affected vessels trading in regions such as the Gulf of Guinea, the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden off the coast of Somalia, and the Indian Ocean. Any of these occurrences could have a material adverse impact on our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition.

The operation of an ocean-going vessel carries inherent risks. These risks include the possibility of:

Any of these circumstances or events could increase our costs or lower our revenues. Such circumstances could result in death or injury to persons, loss of property or environmental damage, delays in the delivery of cargo, loss of revenues from or termination of charter contracts, governmental fines, penalties or restrictions on conducting business, litigation with our employees, customers or third parties, higher insurance rates, damage to our reputation and customer relationships generally, market disruptions, delay and rerouting and could also subject us to litigation. Epidemics and other public health incidents may also lead to crew member illness, which can disrupt the operations of our vessels, or result in the imposition of public health measures, which may prevent our vessels from calling on ports or discharging cargo in the affected areas or in other locations after having visited the affected areas. Although we maintain hull and machinery and war risks insurance, as well as protection and indemnity insurance, which may cover certain risks of loss resulting from such occurrences, our insurance coverage may be subject to deductibles, caps or not cover such losses and any of these circumstances or events could increase our costs or lower our revenues. Furthermore, the involvement of our vessels in an environmental disaster may harm our reputation as a safe and reliable vessel owner and operator. Any of these circumstances or events could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition.

If our vessels suffer damage, they may need to be repaired at a drydocking facility. The time and costs of repairs are unpredictable and may be substantial. We may have to pay repair costs that our insurance does not cover in full. The loss of earnings while our vessels are being repaired and repositioned, as well as the actual cost of these repairs and repositioning, would decrease our earnings. In addition, space at drydocking facilities is sometimes limited and not all drydocking facilities are conveniently located. We may be unable to find space at a suitable drydocking facility and be forced to travel to a drydocking facility that is not conveniently located to our vessels’ positions. The loss of earnings while these vessels are forced to wait for space or to travel to more distant drydocking facilities, or both, would decrease our earnings.

The operation of dry bulk vessels has certain unique risks. With a dry bulk vessel, the cargo itself and its interaction with the vessel can be an operational risk. By their nature, dry bulk cargoes are often heavy, dense, easily

shifted, and react badly to water exposure. In addition, dry bulk vessels are often subjected to battering treatment during discharging operations with grabs, jackhammers (to pry encrusted cargoes out of the hold) and small bulldozers. This treatment may cause damage to the vessel. Vessel damage due to treatment during discharging procedures may affect a vessel’s seaworthiness while at sea. Hull fractures in dry bulk vessels may lead to the flooding of the vessels’ holds. If a dry bulk vessel suffers flooding in its forward holds, the bulk cargo may become so dense and waterlogged that its pressure may buckle the vessel’s bulkheads, leading to the loss of a vessel. If we are unable to adequately repair such damages, we may be unable to prevent these events. Any of these circumstances or events could adversely affect the value of our vessels and our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition. In addition, the loss of a vessel could harm our reputation as a safe and reliable vessel owner and operator.

The cost of fuel is a significant factor in negotiating charter rates, although we generally do not directly bear the cost of fuel for vessels operating on time charters. The price and supply of fuel is unpredictable and fluctuates based on events outside our control, including geopolitical developments, supply and demand for oil and gas, actions by members of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries and other oil and gas producers, the imposition of new regulations adopted by the International Maritime Organization, or IMO, war and unrest in oil producing countries and regions, regional production patterns and environmental concerns and regulations. While fuel prices remained generally lower so far in 2024 and in 2023, as compared to 2022, fuel has and may become much more expensive in the future, including as a result of the ongoing war in Ukraine and the sanctions against Russia, the imposition of sulfur oxide and carbon emissions limits under new regulations adopted by IMO, which may reduce the competitiveness of our business versus other forms of transportation, such as truck or rail, and adversely affect our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition.

Inflation could have an adverse impact on our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition, both directly through the increase of operating costs of our vessels and indirectly through its adverse impact on the world economy in terms of increasing interest rates and slowdown of global growth. Worldwide economies have recently experienced inflationary pressures, with price increases seen across many sectors globally. In response to inflationary pressures, central banks have made steep increases in interest rates, which results in increases to the interest rates available to us on any potential new debt financing for our operations. Although central banks have recently made slight decreases in interest rates, future monetary policies cannot be guaranteed. If central banks resume increasing interest rates, or interest rates otherwise increase significantly, the resulting increase to the interest rates available to us on new financings arrangements we may pursue could adversely affect our ability to complete vessel acquisitions, take advantage of business opportunities or respond to competitive pressures. Furthermore, if inflationary pressures intensify further, we may be unable to raise our charter rates enough to offset the increasing costs of our operations, which would decrease our profit margins and result in deterioration of our financial condition.

Whether the present inflationary pressures will transition to a long-term inflationary environment and the effects of such a development on charter rates, vessel demand and operating expenses in the sector in which we operate are uncertain. Additionally, the monetary tightening implemented by a series of central banks around the world in order to curb inflationary pressures has also significantly increased the probability of an economic recession in the short to medium term future.

We operate in markets that have historically exhibited seasonal variations in demand and, as a result, in charter hire rates. This seasonality may result in quarter-to-quarter volatility in our operating results. The dry bulk shipping market is typically stronger in the fall and winter months in anticipation of increased consumption of coal and other raw materials in the northern hemisphere. In addition, unpredictable weather patterns in these months tend to disrupt vessel schedules and supplies of certain commodities. As a result, our revenues may be weaker during the fiscal quarters ending March 31 and June 30, and, conversely, our revenues may be stronger in fiscal quarters ending September 30 and December 31. This seasonality should not affect the operating results of any vessels employed on fixed rate period time charters, if any, but because our vessels may be employed in the spot market or on index-linked charters, seasonality may increase the volatility of and materially affect our operating results and cash flows.

Due to concern over the risk of climate change, a number of countries and the IMO, have adopted, or are considering the adoption of, regulatory frameworks to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. These regulatory measures may include, among others, the adoption of cap-and-trade regimes, carbon taxes, taxonomy of ‘green’ economic activities, increased efficiency standards and incentives or mandates for renewable energy. At the IMO's Marine Environmental Protection Committee, or the MEPC 80, in July 2023, the IMO adopted the 2023 IMO Strategy on Reduction of GHG Emissions from Ships, which identifies a number of levels of ambition, including: (1) decline of carbon intensity through further improvement of the energy efficiency for new ships; (2) decline of carbon intensity of international shipping, to reduce CO2 emissions by at least 40% by 2030, compared to 2008; (3) uptake of zero or near-zero GHG emission technologies, fuels, and/or energy sources, striving to represent 10% of the energy sources used by international shipping by 2030; and (4) to reach net-zero GHG emission by or around 2050. MEPC 81, in March 2024, agreed on an illustration of a possible draft outline of an ‘IMO net-zero framework’ for cutting GHG emissions from international shipping, which lists regulations under MARPOL to be adopted or amended to allow a new global pricing mechanism for maritime GHG emissions. This may include economic mechanisms to incentivize the transition to net-zero. These mechanisms are mid-term GHG reduction measures specified in the initial strategy.

Furthermore, the following additional greenhouse regulations could result in increased implementation and compliance costs and expenses:

All of these regulations and any additional regulations addressing similar goals could cause us to incur additional substantial implementation and compliance expenses and, therefore, adversely affect our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition.

Sulfur content standards are even stricter within certain “Emission Control Areas,” or ECAs. As of January 1, 2015, vessels operating within an ECA were not permitted to use fuel with sulfur content in excess of 0.1% m/m. Amended Annex VI to MARPOL establishes procedures for designating new ECAs. Currently, the IMO has designated four ECAs, including specified portions of the Baltic Sea area, North Sea area, North American area and United States Caribbean area. Ocean-going vessels in these areas will be subject to stringent emission controls and may cause us to incur additional costs. Other areas in China are subject to local regulations that impose stricter emission controls On December 15, 2022, MEPC 79 adopted the designation of a new ECA for the Mediterranean Sea as a whole. These amendments entered into force on May 1, 2024, however ships operating in this ECA will be exempted from compliance with the 0.10% m/m sulfur content standard for fuel oil until July 1, 2025. If other ECAs are approved by the IMO, or other new or more stringent requirements relating to emissions from marine diesel engines or port operations by vessels are adopted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, or EPA, or the states where we operate, compliance with these regulations could entail significant capital expenditures or otherwise increase the costs of our operations.

Currently the emissions of greenhouse gases from international shipping currently are not subject to the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (this task was delegated under the Kyoto Protocol to the IMO for action), which entered into force in 2005 and required adopting countries to implement national programs to reduce emissions of certain gases with targets extended through 2020. However, international negotiations are continuing with respect to a successor to the Kyoto Protocol, and restrictions on shipping emissions may be included in any new treaty. In December 2009, more than 27 nations, including the U.S. and China, signed the Copenhagen Accord, which includes a non-binding commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris resulted in the Paris Agreement, which entered into force on November 4, 2016 and does not directly limit greenhouse gas emissions from ships. The United States rejoined the Paris Agreement in February 2021. Compliance with changes in laws, regulations and obligations relating to climate change could entail significant capital expenditures or otherwise increase the costs of our operations, and require us to install new emission controls, acquire allowances or pay taxes related to our greenhouse gas emissions, or administer and manage a greenhouse gas emissions program.

Any passage of climate control legislation or other regulatory initiatives by the IMO, the EU, the U.S. or other countries where we operate, or any treaty adopted at the international level to succeed the Kyoto Protocol or Paris

Agreement, that restricts emissions of greenhouse gases could require us to make significant expenditures which we cannot predict with certainty at this time. Even in the absence of climate control legislation, our business may be indirectly affected to the extent that climate change may result in sea level changes or certain weather events.

Adverse consequences of climate change, including growing public concern about the environmental impact of climate change, may also adversely affect demand for our services. For example, increased regulation of greenhouse gases or other concerns relating to climate change may reduce the demand for coal in the future, one of the primary cargoes carried by dry bulk vessels. In addition, the physical effects of climate change, including changes in weather patterns, extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and scarcity of water resources, may negatively impact our operations. Any long-term economic consequences of climate change could have a significant financial and operational adverse impact on our business that we cannot predict with certainty at this time.

Pending and future tax law changes may result in significant additional taxes to us. For example, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development published a “Programme of Work,” which was divided into two pillars. Pillar One focused on the allocation of group profits among taxing jurisdictions based on a market-based concept rather than the historical “permanent establishment” concept. Pillar Two, among other things, introduced a global minimum tax. Numerous countries are considering implementation of the OECD’s 15% global minimum tax, which, if applicable to us, may materially impact us. The foregoing proposals (in the event international consensus is achieved and implementing laws are adopted) and other possible future tax changes may have an adverse impact on us. Any requirement or legislation that requires us to pay more tax could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition.

In addition to the importance of their financial performance, companies are increasingly being judged by their performance on a variety of environmental, social and governance matters, or ESG, which are considered to contribute to the long-term sustainability of companies’ performance.

A variety of organizations measure the performance of companies on such ESG topics, and the results of these assessments are widely publicized. In addition, investment in funds that specialize in companies that perform well in such assessments are increasingly popular, and major institutional investors have publicly emphasized the importance of such ESG measures to their investment decisions. Topics taken into account in such assessments include, among others, the company’s efforts and impacts on climate change and human rights, ethics and compliance with law, and the role of the company’s board of directors in supervising various sustainability issues.

In light of investors’ increased focus on ESG matters, there can be no certainty that we will manage such issues successfully, or that we will successfully meet society’s expectations as to our proper role. Any failure or perceived failure by us in this regard could have a material adverse effect on our reputation and on our business, share price, financial condition, or results of operations, including the sustainability of our business over time.

In February 2021, the Acting Chair of the SEC issued a statement directing the Division of Corporation Finance to enhance its focus on climate-related disclosure in public company filings and, in March 2021, the SEC announced the creation of a Climate and ESG Task Force in the Division of Enforcement, or the Task Force. The Task Force’s goal is to develop initiatives to proactively identify ESG-related misconduct consistent with increased investor reliance on climate and ESG-related disclosure and investment. To implement the Task Force’s purpose, the SEC has taken several enforcement actions, with the first enforcement action taking place in May 2022, and promulgated new rules. On March 6, 2024, the SEC adopted final rules to enhance and standardize climate-related disclosures by public companies and in public offerings. The final rules will become effective 60 days following publication of the adopting release in the Federal Register. Compliance dates for the rules will be phased in for all registrants, with the compliance date dependent on the registrant’s filer status. On March 15, 2024, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals stayed application of these rules pending further judicial review, but on March 25, 2024, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals ordered the transfer of the petition to the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals and the dissolution of the administrative stay. On April 4, 2024, the SEC issued a stay of the climate-related disclosure rules pending the completion of judicial review of the consolidated Eighth Circuit petitions. The impact of the ongoing litigation with

respect to these rules on the content of these rules or the timing of their effectiveness is uncertain. Costs of compliance with these new rules and any further climate-related disclosure rules that are adopted in the future may be significant and may have a material adverse effect on our future performance, results of operations, cash flows and financial position.

Moreover, from time to time, we may incur additional costs, establish and publicly announce goals and commitments in respect of certain ESG items. While we may create and publish voluntary disclosures regarding ESG matters from time to time, many of the statements in those voluntary disclosures are based on hypothetical expectations and assumptions that may or may not be representative of current or actual risks or events or forecasts of expected risks or events, including the costs associated therewith. Such expectations and assumptions are necessarily uncertain and may be prone to error or subject to misinterpretation given the long timelines involved and the lack of an established single approach in identifying, measuring and reporting on many ESG matters. If we fail to achieve or improperly report on our progress toward achieving our environmental goals and commitments, the resulting scrutiny from market participants or regulators could adversely affect our reputation and/or our access to capital.

Our vessels have not called on ports located in countries subject at that time to comprehensive sanctions and embargoes imposed by the U.S. government or countries identified by the U.S. government or other authorities as state sponsors of terrorism; however, our vessels may call on ports in these countries from time to time in the future on our charterers’ instructions, subject to any applicable insurance arrangements and prior approvals, if required. The U.S. sanctions and embargo laws and regulations vary in their application, as they do not all apply to the same covered persons or proscribe the same activities, and such sanctions and embargo laws and regulations may be amended or strengthened over time.

We believe that we are currently in compliance with all applicable sanctions and embargo laws and regulations. In order to maintain compliance, we monitor and review the movements of our vessels on a daily basis and endeavor to provide that all or most of our future charters include provisions and trade exclusion clauses prohibiting the vessels from calling on ports where there is an existing U.S. embargo. Furthermore, as of the date hereof, neither the Company nor its subsidiaries have entered into or have any plans to enter into, directly or indirectly, any contracts, agreements or other arrangements with the governments of Iran, Syria, North Korea or Cuba, or any entities controlled by the governments of these countries.

Due to the nature of our business and the evolving nature of the foregoing sanctions and embargo laws and regulations, there can be no assurance that we will not be affected by such laws and regulations or be in compliance at all times in the future with applicable laws and regulations, particularly as the scope of certain laws may be unclear and may be subject to changing interpretations. Any such violation could result in fines, penalties or other sanctions that could severely impact our ability to access U.S. capital markets and conduct our business, and could result in some investors deciding, or being required, to divest their interest, or refrain from investing, in us. A failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations may result in administrative and civil penalties, criminal sanctions or the suspension or termination of our operations, which in turn could have an adverse effect on our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition. In addition, certain institutional investors may have investment policies or restrictions that prevent them from holding securities of companies that have contracts with countries identified by the U.S. government as state sponsors of terrorism. The determination by these investors not to invest in, or to divest from, our Common Shares may adversely affect the price at which our Common Shares trade. Moreover, our charterers may violate applicable sanctions and embargo laws and regulations as a result of actions that do not involve us or our vessels, and those violations could in turn negatively affect our reputation. In addition, our reputation and the market for our securities may be adversely affected if we engage in certain other activities, such as entering into charters with individuals or entities in countries subject to U.S. sanctions and embargo laws that are not controlled by the governments of those countries, or engaging in operations associated with those countries pursuant to contracts with third parties that are unrelated to those countries or entities controlled by their governments.

Our business and the operation of our vessels are materially affected by government regulation in the form of international conventions, national, state and local laws and regulations in force in the jurisdictions in which the vessels operate, as well as in the country or countries of their registration, including those governing oil spills, discharges to air and water, ballast water management, and the handling and disposal of hazardous substances and wastes. These requirements include, but are not limited to, EU regulations, the U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990, the U.S. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980, the U.S. Clean Air Act, including its amendments of 1977 and 1990, the U.S. Clean Water Act, the U.S. Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002, or the MTSA, and regulations of the IMO, including, but not limited to, the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage of 1969, as from time to time amended and generally referred to as CLC, the IMO International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships of 1973, as from time to time amended and generally referred to as MARPOL, including the designation of ECAs thereunder, the IMO International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea of 1974, as from time to time amended and generally referred to as SOLAS, the IMO International Convention on Load Lines of 1966, as from time to time amended and generally referred to as the LL Convention, the International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage, generally referred to as the Bunker Convention, the IMO's International Management Code for the Safe Operation of Ships and for Pollution Prevention, generally referred to as the ISM Code, the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments, generally referred to as the BWM Convention, and the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code, or ISPS and regulations established by applicable flag state administrations.

We may also incur additional costs in order to implement and comply with other existing and future regulatory obligations, including, but not limited to, sulfur cap on marine fuels, air emissions including greenhouse gases, the management of ballast water, maintenance and inspection, development and implementation of emergency procedures and insurance coverage or other financial assurance of our ability to address pollution incidents. These costs could have a material adverse effect on business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition. Because such conventions, laws and regulations are often revised, we cannot predict the ultimate cost of complying with such conventions, laws and regulations or the impact thereof on our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition.

Environmental requirements can also affect the resale value or useful life of our vessels, require a reduction in cargo capacity and engine power output, ship modifications, operational changes or restrictions, lead to decreased availability of insurance coverage for environmental matters, or result in the denial of access to certain jurisdictional waters or ports, or detention in certain ports. Under local, national and foreign laws, as well as international treaties and conventions, we could incur material liabilities, including for cleanup obligations and natural resource damages in the event that there is a release of petroleum or hazardous substances from our vessels or otherwise in connection with our operations. Violations of, or liabilities incurred under, environmental requirements can result in substantial penalties, fines and other sanctions, including in certain instances, seizure or detention of our vessels.

Regulation of vessels can be expected to become stricter in the future and could require increased implementation and compliance costs and expenses, or even to recycle or sell certain vessels altogether.

The IMO has imposed updated guidelines for ballast water management, or BWM, systems specifying the maximum amount of viable organisms allowed to be discharged from a vessel's ballast water and compliance involved installing on-board systems to treat ballast water and eliminate unwanted organisms (“Ballast Water Treatment Systems”, or “BWTS”). Ships sailing in U.S. waters are required to employ a type-approved BWTS which is compliant with USCG regulations. Amendments to the BWM convention, concerning the form of the Ballast Water Record Book, are expected to enter into force in February 2025. We have installed approved BWTS on our vessels, which complies with the updated guidelines. Nevertheless, it is uncertain if further regulations or guidelines require us to incur compliance costs, which might have a substantial effect on our profitability.

Furthermore, United States regulations are currently changing. Although the 2013 Vessel General Permit, or VGP, program and U.S. National Invasive Species Act, or NISA, are currently in effect to regulate ballast discharge, exchange and installation, the Vessel Incidental Discharge Act, or VIDA, which was signed into law on December 4,

2018, requires that the U.S. Coast Guard develop implementation, compliance, and enforcement regulations regarding ballast water. It intends to replace the VGP scheme and streamline the patchwork of federal, state, and local requirements for the commercial vessel community. VIDA gave the EPA two years to develop new national discharge standards for vessels and the U.S/ Coast Guard another two years to develop regulations and best management practices to implement and enforce those standards. On October 26, 2020, the EPA published a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking for Vessel Incidental Discharge National Standards of Performance under VIDA, and in November 2020, held virtual public meetings. On October 18, 2023, the EPA published a Supplemental Notice to the Vessel Incidental Discharge National Standards of Performance, which shares new ballast water information that the EPA received from the USCG. On September 20, 2024, the EPA finalized national standards of performance for non-recreational vessels 79-feet in length and longer with respect to incidental discharges and on October 9, 2024, these Vessel Incidental Discharge National Standards of Performance were published. Within two years of publication, the USCG is required to develop corresponding implementing regulations. Until those regulations are final, effective and enforceable, vessels will continue to be subject to the VGP 2013 requirements and USCG ballast water regulations. Several U.S. states have added specific requirements to the Vessel General Permit including submission of a Notice of Intent, or NOI, or retention of a PARI form and submission of annual reports. Any upcoming rule changes may have financial impact on our vessels and may result in vessels being banned from calling in US in case compliance issues arise.

International shipping is subject to security and customs inspection and related procedures in countries of origin, destination and trans-shipment points. Since the events of September 11, 2001, there have been a variety of initiatives intended to enhance vessel security, such as the Maritime Transportation Security Act, or MTSA, which are the U.S. Coastal Guard’s issued regulations requiring the implementation of certain security requirements aboard vessels operating in waters subject to the jurisdiction of the United States and at certain ports and facilities. In addition, pursuant to the SOLAS Convention, dry bulk vessels and the ports in which we plan to operate are subject to the ISPS Code. While these security procedures are designed to safeguard ports and vessels against terrorism, they can result in seizure of vessel cargo, delays in the loading, discharging or trans-shipment and the levying of customs duties and fines or other penalties against exporters or importers and, in some cases, vessels. Future changes to the existing security procedures may be implemented that could affect the dry bulk sector. These changes have the potential to impose additional financial and legal obligations on vessels and, in certain cases, to render the shipment of certain types of goods uneconomical or impractical. These additional costs could reduce the volume of goods shipped, resulting in a decreased demand for vessels and adversely affect our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition.

Acts of piracy have historically affected ocean-going vessels trading in regions of the world such as the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden off the coast of Somalia, the Indian Ocean, and the Gulf of Guinea region off the coast of Nigeria, which has experienced increased incident of piracy in recent years. Sea piracy incidents continue to occur, particularly in the South China Sea, the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Guinea and the Strait of Malacca, with dry bulk vessels particularly vulnerable to such attacks. Acts of piracy could result in harm or danger to the crews that man our vessels. Additionally, if piracy attacks result in regions in which our vessels are deployed being characterized as “war risk” zones by insurers or if our vessels are deployed in Joint War Committee “war and strikes” listed areas, premiums payable for insurance coverage could increase significantly and such insurance coverage may be more difficult to obtain. In addition, crew and security equipment costs, including costs which may be incurred to employ onboard security armed guards, could increase in such circumstances. Furthermore, while we believe the charterer remains liable for charter payments when a vessel is seized by pirates, the charterer may dispute this and withhold charter hire until the vessel is released. A charterer may also claim that a vessel seized by pirates was not “on-hire” for a certain number of days and is therefore entitled to cancel the charterparty, a claim that we would dispute. We may not be adequately insured to cover losses from these incidents, which could have a material adverse effect on us. In addition, any detention hijacking as a result of an act of piracy against our vessels, or an increase in cost, or unavailability, of insurance for our vessels could have a material adverse impact on our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition.

The hull and machinery of every commercial vessel must be certified by a classification society authorized by its country of registry. The classification society certifies that a vessel is safe and seaworthy in accordance with the applicable rules and regulations of the country of registry of the vessel and the SOLAS Convention.

A vessel must undergo annual surveys, intermediate surveys, and special surveys. Every vessel is also required to undergo inspection of her underwater parts every 30 to 36 months that, either requires drydocking, or is deemed satisfied by the classification society through a diving survey, propeller inspection, tails shaft bearing clearance and overall hull condition, all of which are verified in the presence of a class surveyor. In any case, every vessel has to be drydocked at least once every 60 months. If any vessel does not maintain her class and/or fails a survey, the vessel will be unable to carry cargo between ports and will be unemployable and uninsurable, which will have a material adverse impact on our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition.

All the seafarers on our vessels are covered by industry-wide collective bargaining agreements that set minimum standards in wages and labor conditions. We cannot assure you that these agreements will be renewed as necessary or will prevent labor interruptions. Any labor interruptions could disrupt our operations and harm our financial performance. The responsibility of identifying and contracting seafarers on behalf of the Company has been assigned to Pavimar and the Company does not directly employ any seafarers.

Crew members, suppliers of goods and services to a vessel, shippers of cargo, lenders and other parties may be entitled to a maritime lien against a vessel for unsatisfied debts, claims or damages. In many jurisdictions, a maritime lien holder may enforce its lien by arresting a vessel through foreclosure proceedings. The arrest or attachment of a vessel could interrupt our cash flow and require us to pay large sums of funds to have the arrest lifted, which would have a material adverse impact on our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition.

In addition, in some jurisdictions, such as South Africa, under the “sister ship” theory of liability, a claimant may arrest both the vessel which is subject to the claimant’s maritime lien and any “associated” vessel, which is any vessel owned or controlled by the same owner. Claimants could try to assert “sister ship” liability against one vessel for claims relating to another vessel.

A government could requisition for title or hire our vessels. Requisition for title occurs when a government takes control of a vessel and becomes the owner. Also, a government could requisition a vessel for hire. Requisition for hire occurs when a government takes control of a vessel and effectively becomes the charterer at dictated charter rates. Generally, requisitions occur during a period of war or emergency. Although we would be entitled to compensation in the event of a requisition, the amount and timing of payment of such compensation is uncertain. Government requisition of our vessels could have a material adverse impact on our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition.

We have a limited operating history upon which an evaluation of our business plan or performance and prospects can be made. Our business and prospects must be considered in light of the potential problems, delays, uncertainties and complications encountered in connection with a newly established business. The risks include, but are not limited to, the possibility that we will not successfully manage our fleet or that we will be unable to upgrade and enhance our vessels to accommodate new features or regulations and expanded services. There can be no assurances that we can successfully address these challenges and if unsuccessful, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

The market value of dry bulk vessels has historically exhibited great volatility and depends on a number of factors, including but not limited to:

If the market value of our vessels declines, we may not be able to refinance any debt that we have or may incur in the future, or obtain additional funding. We may also not be in compliance with certain covenants in financing arrangements, and our lenders could accelerate our indebtedness, or require us to pay down our indebtedness to a level where we are again in compliance with those covenants, or foreclose their liens. We, therefore, could be required to provide additional securities, or to sell all or some of our vessels, and our ability to continue to conduct our business would be impaired.

In addition, if vessel values decline, we may have to record an impairment adjustment in our financial statements, which could adversely affect our financial results. Furthermore, if we sell a vessel when vessel prices have fallen, the sale price may be less than that vessel’s carrying value on our consolidated financial statements, resulting in a loss on sale.

Our current fleet consists of two vessels. Until we identify and acquire additional vessels, we will depend upon these two vessels for all of our revenue. If our vessels are unable to generate revenues as a result of off-hire time, termination of the existing time charters coupled with unavailability of alternative employment in favorable terms or at all, or otherwise, our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

We can offer no assurance that we will be able to obtain the necessary financing for the acquisition of any vessels we may acquire on attractive terms or at all, in particular due to the volatility of financial markets. If financing is not available when needed, or is available only on unfavorable terms, we may be unable to meet our purchase price payment obligations and complete the acquisition of vessels to expand our fleet. If we fail to fulfill our commitments under any acquisition contract, due to an inability to obtain financing or otherwise, we may also be liable for damages for breach of contract. Any of these circumstances or events could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition.

We may expand our fleet significantly through vessel acquisitions in the future. A delay in the delivery of any vessels to us, the failure of the contract counterparty to deliver a vessel at all, or us not taking delivery of a vessel could cause us to breach our obligations under the acquisition contract or under a related time charter and become liable for damages for breach of contract. In cases where the fault lies with the contract counterparty, we would be entitled to compensation, but the amount and timing of payment of such compensation is uncertain. In addition, the delivery of any vessel with substantial defects could have similar consequences and, although we intend to inspect the condition of the vessels pre-acquisition, there is no assurance that we will be able to identify such defects. We have not received in the past, and do not expect to receive in the future, the benefit of warranties on any secondhand vessels we acquire. Any of these circumstances or events could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition.

We have incurred indebtedness in connection with our vessels, and we anticipate that we will incur future indebtedness in connection with the acquisition of additional vessels, although there can be no assurance that we will be successful in identifying further vessels or securing such debt financing. Significant levels of debt could have important consequences to us, including the following:

Our ability to service any indebtedness we incur in the future will depend upon, among other things, our future financial and operating performance, which will be affected by prevailing economic conditions and financial, business, regulatory and other factors, some of which are beyond our control, as well as the applicable interest rates. If the value of our vessels does not sufficiently serve as security for our lenders, or if our operating income is not sufficient to service our indebtedness, we will be forced to take actions, such as reducing or delaying our business activities, acquisitions, investments or capital expenditures, selling assets, restructuring or refinancing our debt or seeking additional equity capital. We may not be able to effect any of these remedies on satisfactory terms, or at all. In addition, a lack of liquidity in the debt and equity markets could hinder our ability to refinance any future debt we incur or obtain additional financing on favorable terms, or at all, in the future.

Our loan agreement contains covenants and event of default clauses, financial covenants, restrictive covenants and performance requirements, which may affect operational and financial flexibility. Such restrictions could affect, and in many respects limit or prohibit, among other things, our ability to pay dividends, incur additional indebtedness,

create liens, sell assets, or engage in mergers or acquisitions. These restrictions could limit our ability to plan for or react to market conditions or meet extraordinary capital needs or otherwise restrict corporate activities. There can be no assurance that such restrictions will not adversely affect our ability to finance our future operations or capital needs, and ultimately affect our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition.

As a result of these restrictions, we may need to seek permission from our lender in order to engage in some corporate actions. Our lender's interests may be different from ours and we may not be able to obtain their permission when needed. This may prevent us from taking actions that we believe are in our best interests, which may adversely impact our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition.

A failure by us to meet our payment and other obligations, including our financial covenants and any security coverage requirements could lead to defaults under our loan agreement. Likewise, a decrease in vessel values or adverse market conditions could cause us to breach our financial covenants or security requirements. In the event of a default that we cannot remedy, our lenders could accelerate our indebtedness, or require us to pay down our indebtedness to a level where we are again in compliance with those covenants, or foreclose their liens. We, therefore, could be required to provide additional securities, or to sell all or some of our vessels, and our ability to continue to conduct our business would be impaired.

In addition, our future loan agreements may contain cross-default provisions whereby a default by us under a loan or financing agreement and the refusal of any lender or financing counterparty to grant or extend a waiver could result in the acceleration of our indebtedness under other loan agreements containing a cross-default provision.

We may attempt to obtain waivers, deferrals or amendments of certain financial covenants, payment obligations and events of default under loan agreements or other financing arrangements. However, there can be no assurance that we would be successful in doing so.

Our fleet currently consists of two vessels, and we may acquire additional vessels in the future. Our ability to manage our growth will primarily depend on our ability to:

Growing any business through acquisitions presents numerous risks such as obtaining acquisition financing on acceptable terms or at all, undisclosed liabilities and obligations, difficulty in securing additional qualified personnel, managing relationships with customers and suppliers and integrating newly acquired operations into existing infrastructures. We may not be successful in executing our growth plans and we may incur significant additional expenses and losses in connection therewith.

Our vessels are secondhand vessels. Our inspection of these or other secondhand vessels prior to purchase does not provide us with the same knowledge about their condition and the cost of any required or anticipated repairs that we would have had if these vessels had been built for and operated exclusively by us. We have not received in the past, and do not expect to receive in the future, the benefit of warranties on any secondhand vessels we acquire.

As our vessels age, they may become less fuel efficient and costlier to maintain and will not be as advanced as recently constructed vessels due to improvements in design and advancements in technology and engineering. Rates

for cargo insurance, paid by charterers, also increase with the age of a vessel, making older vessels less desirable to charterers, which could result in the lower utilization and, therefore, lower revenues. Rightship, the ship vetting service founded by Rio Tinto and BHP-Billiton, has become a major vetting service in the dry bulk shipping industry, which ranks the suitability of vessels based on a scale of one to five stars. There are carriers that may not charter a vessel that Rightship has vetted with fewer than three stars. Therefore, a potentially deteriorated star rating may affect commercial operation and profitability and lead to challenges in securing charters.

Furthermore, as vessels’ remaining useful life decreases, market conditions may not justify the implementation and compliance expenses that may be required in response to future changes in governmental, environmental and other regulations.

Unless we maintain cash reserves for vessel replacement, we may be unable to replace vessels in our fleet upon the expiration of their useful lives. We estimate the useful life of our vessels to be 25 years from the date of initial delivery from the shipyard. If we are unable to replace our vessels upon the expiration of their useful lives, our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition will be materially adversely affected. Any reserves set aside for vessel replacements would not be available for other cash needs or dividends.

We also face competition from companies with more modern vessels with more fuel-efficient designs than our vessels. Competition from more technologically advanced vessels could adversely affect the chartering opportunities available to us and the charter rates we will be able to negotiate, therefore adversely affecting our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition, while also significantly decreasing the resale value of our vessels.

There is no assurance that, as our vessels age, market conditions will justify the implementation and compliance expenses that may be required in response to future changes in governmental, environmental and other regulations, to enable us to operate profitably or at all, or that we will be able to finance the acquisition of new vessels at the time we retire or sell our aging vessel. This could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition.

We have entered, and plan to enter, into various contracts, including charter parties with our customers, vessel management agreements and other agreements, which subject us to counterparty risks. The ability and willingness of each of our current or future counterparties to perform its obligations under these contracts with us will depend on a number of factors that are beyond our control and may include, among other things, general economic conditions, the condition of the dry bulk shipping industry and the industries in which our counterparties operate, the overall financial condition of the counterparties, and the supply and demand for dry bulk commodities.

From time to time, those counterparties may account for a significant amount of our chartering activity and revenues. Currently, both our vessels are employed by an international trading conglomerate and we rely upon one charterer for all of our revenue. In challenging market conditions, charterers may default on or attempt to renegotiate their obligations under charter agreements, and fail to pay charter hire. Should a charterer fail to honor its obligations to us, it may be difficult to secure substitute employment on favorable terms or at all. If a charterer fails to honor its obligations to us or attempt to renegotiate our charter agreements, we could suffer significant losses, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition.

Crew costs are expected to be a significant expense for us. Recently, the limited supply of and increased demand for highly skilled and qualified crew, due to the increase in the size of the global shipping fleet, has created upward pressure on crewing costs. Increases in crew costs coupled with the continuing inflationary environment may adversely affect our profitability.

Our current operating and financial systems may not be adequate if we expand the size of our fleet, and our attempts to improve those systems may be ineffective. In addition, we will need access to suitable additional seafarers and shore based administrative and management personnel. We cannot guarantee that we will be able, directly or indirectly through Pavimar and crewing agents, to secure enough human resources if and as we expand our fleet and,

therefore, we may not be able to adequately staff our operations and vessels. If we are unable to develop and maintain effective operating and financial systems or to have access to suitable employees as we expand our fleet, our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition may be adversely affected, and our expansion may be hindered.

Our success will depend to a significant extent upon the abilities and efforts of our management team, including our ability to retain key members of our management team and other employees. The loss of any of these individuals could adversely affect our business prospects and financial condition. Difficulty in attracting and retaining personnel could adversely affect the effectiveness of our management and our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition.

The operation of an ocean-going vessel carries inherent risks, which include the risk of the vessel or its cargo being damaged or lost because of events such as marine disasters, bad weather and other acts of God, business interruptions caused by mechanical failures, grounding, fire, explosions and collisions, human error, war, terrorism, piracy, labor strikes, boycotts and other similar circumstances or events.

If our vessels suffer damage, they may need to be repaired at a drydocking facility. The time and costs of repairs are unpredictable and may be substantial. We may have to pay repair costs that our insurance does not cover in full. The loss of earnings while our vessels are being repaired and repositioned, as well as the actual cost of these repairs and repositioning, would decrease our earnings. In addition, space at drydocking facilities is sometimes limited and not all drydocking facilities are conveniently located. We may be unable to find space at a suitable drydocking facility and be forced to travel to a drydocking facility that is not conveniently located to our vessels’ positions. The loss of earnings while these vessels are forced to wait for space or to travel to more distant drydocking facilities, or both, would decrease our earnings. Furthermore, we may not have insurance that is sufficient to cover all or any of these costs or losses and may have to pay repair costs not covered by our insurance.

We maintain most of our cash with a German financial institution, which is also a member of a voluntary deposit protection scheme, offering increased insurance coverage in an event of default by this institution. In the future, we intend to diversify our cash holdings between financial institutions and regions, potentially including institutions that are located in Greece.

The financial institutions located in Greece may be subsidiaries of international banks or Greek financial institutions. Although concerns relating to the sovereign debt crisis have largely been allayed and Greece has emerged from its bailout programs, the stand-alone financial strength of the banks and the legacy of the country’s multi-year debt crisis continue to create uncertain economic prospects.

Generally, only a portion of cash balances are covered by insurance in the event of default by a financial institution in Greece or elsewhere. Several banks, including banks in the United States and Switzerland, have recently been subject to extraordinary resolution procedures or sale because of the risk of such a default. In the event of such a default of a financial institution, we may lose part or all of our cash that we hold deposited with such financial institution.

Furthermore, in the event any of our financial institutions do not allow us to withdraw funds in the time and amounts that we want, we may not timely comply with contractual provisions in our contracts, which could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition.

We are a holding company and the subsidiaries wholly owned by us conduct all of our operations and own our operating assets, the vessels. We will have no material assets other than the equity interests in those subsidiaries. We expect any vessel we acquire in the future to be owned by subsidiaries that will be directly or indirectly owned by us. As a result, our ability to satisfy our financial obligations and to make dividend payments, if any, depends on our subsidiaries and their ability to distribute funds to us.

In addition to its earnings, financial condition, cash requirements and availability, the ability of a subsidiary to make distributions to us could be affected by the covenants in our loan agreements or other financing arrangements, a claim or other action by a third party, including a creditor, and the laws of its country of incorporation. If we are unable to obtain funds from our subsidiaries, we may not be able to satisfy our financial obligations and, consequently, our Board of Directors may exercise its discretion not to declare or pay any dividend.

We operate in a highly competitive market that is capital intensive and highly fragmented. Competition arises primarily from other independent and state-owned dry bulk vessel owners, some of whom may have substantially greater resources than we do. Competition for the transportation of dry bulk cargoes by sea is intense and depends on price, location, size, age, condition and the acceptability of a vessel and her operators to the charterers. Due in part to the highly fragmented market, competitors with greater resources could enter the dry bulk shipping industry and operate larger fleets through consolidations or acquisitions and may be able to offer lower charter rates and higher quality vessels than we are able to offer. Although we believe that no single competitor or cartel has a dominant position in or influences the markets in which we compete, we are aware that certain competitors may be able to devote greater financial and other resources to their activities than we can, resulting in a significant competitive threat to us. We cannot give assurances that we will continue to compete successfully with our competitors or that these factors will not erode our competitive position in the future.

Our business currently depends on the transportation of dry bulk commodities, and our fleet currently consists exclusively of dry bulk vessels. Our current lack of diversification could make us vulnerable to adverse developments in the maritime dry bulk shipping industry and the demand for our vessels in particular, which would have a significantly greater impact on our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition than it would if we maintained more diverse assets or lines of business.

We may be, from time to time, involved in various litigation matters. These matters may include, among other things, contract disputes, personal injury claims, environmental claims or proceedings, cargo related claims, governmental claims for taxes or duties, and other litigation that arises in the ordinary course of our business. Although we intend to defend these matters vigorously, we cannot predict with certainty the outcome or effect of any claim or other litigation matter. The ultimate outcome of any litigation or the potential costs to resolve them may have a material adverse effect on us. Insurance may not be applicable or sufficient in all cases or insurers may not remain solvent, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition.

We procure insurance for our fleet against risks commonly insured against by vessel owners and operators. Our current insurances include hull and machinery insurance, war risks insurance, freight, demurrage and defense insurance and protection and indemnity insurance (which includes environmental damage and pollution insurance). We do not expect to maintain insurance against loss of hire, which covers business interruptions that result from the loss of use of a vessel, except in cases when our vessels transit through or call at high risk areas.

We may not be adequately insured against all risks or our insurers may not pay a particular claim. Even if our insurance coverage is adequate to cover our losses, we may not be able to timely obtain a replacement vessel in the event of a loss. Furthermore, in the future, we may not be able to obtain adequate insurance coverage at reasonable rates. Our insurance policies also contain deductibles, limitations and exclusions which, although we believe are standard in the shipping industry, may nevertheless increase our costs. If our insurances are not enough to cover claims that may arise, the deficiency may have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition.

We may in the future be retrospectively subject to calls, or premiums, in amounts based not only on our own claim records but also the claim records of all other members of the protection and indemnity associations through which we receive indemnity insurance coverage for tort liability, including pollution-related liability. Our payment of such calls could in the future result in significant expenses to us.

We operate throughout the world, including countries with a reputation for corruption. We may be subject to risks under the FCPA, the UK Bribery Act and similar laws in other jurisdictions that generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making, offering or authorizing improper payments to government officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. We are committed to doing business in accordance with applicable anti-corruption laws and have adopted a code of business conduct and ethics which is consistent and in full compliance with the FCPA. We are subject, however, to the risk that we, our affiliated entities or our or their respective officers, directors, employees and agents may take action determined to be in violation of such anti-corruption laws, including the FCPA. Any such violation could result in substantial fines, sanctions, civil and/or criminal penalties, and curtailment of operations in certain jurisdictions, and might adversely affect our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition. Our customers in relevant jurisdictions could seek to impose penalties or take other actions adverse to our interests. In addition, actual or alleged violations could damage our reputation and ability to do business. Furthermore, detecting, investigating, and resolving actual or alleged violations is expensive and can consume significant time and attention of our management.

A foreign corporation will be treated as a “passive foreign investment company,” or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes if either (1) at least 75% of its gross income for any taxable year consists of certain types of “passive income” or (2) at least 50% of the average value of the corporation’s assets produce or are held for the production of those types of “passive income.” For purposes of these tests, “passive income” includes dividends, interest, gains from the sale or exchange of investment property, and rents and royalties other than rents and royalties which are received from unrelated parties in connection with the active conduct of a trade or business. For purposes of these tests, income derived from the performance of services does not constitute “passive income.” U.S. shareholders of a PFIC are subject to a disadvantageous U.S. federal income tax regime with respect to the income derived by the PFIC, the distributions they receive from the PFIC and the gain, if any, they derive from the sale or other disposition of their shares in the PFIC.

Based upon our current and anticipated method of operations, we do not expect to be a PFIC in 2024 or any future taxable year. In this regard, we intend to treat our gross income from time charters as active services income, rather than rental income. Accordingly, our income from our time chartering activities should not constitute “passive income,” and the assets that we own and operate in connection with the production of that income should not constitute passive assets. There is substantial legal authority supporting this position including case law and U.S. Internal Revenue Service, or IRS, pronouncements concerning the characterization of income derived from time charters and voyage charters as services income for other tax purposes. However, it should be noted that there is also authority which characterizes time charter income as rental income rather than services income for other tax purposes. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that the IRS or a court of law will accept this position, and there is a risk that the IRS or a court of law could determine that we are a PFIC. Moreover, no assurance can be given that we would not constitute a PFIC for any future taxable year if the nature and extent of our operations change.

If the IRS were to find that we are or have been a PFIC for any taxable year, our U.S. shareholders would face adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences and certain information reporting requirements. Under the PFIC rules, unless those shareholders make an election available under the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986 as amended, or the Code (which election could itself have adverse consequences for such shareholders), such shareholders would be liable to pay U.S. federal income tax at the then prevailing income tax rates on ordinary income plus interest upon excess distributions and upon any gain from the disposition of our Common Shares, as if the excess distribution or gain had been recognized ratably over the shareholder’s holding period of our Common Shares. See “Tax Considerations—United States Federal Income Tax Consequences—United States Federal Income Taxation of U.S. Holders – Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules” for a more comprehensive discussion of the U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. shareholders if we are treated as a PFIC.

Under the Code, 50% of the gross shipping income of a vessel-owning or chartering corporation, such as us and our subsidiaries, that is attributable to transportation that begins or ends, but that does not both begin and end, in the United States, exclusive of certain U.S. territories and possessions, or “U.S. source gross shipping income” may be subject to a 4% U.S. federal income tax without allowance for deduction, unless that corporation qualifies for exemption from tax under Section 883 of the Code and the applicable Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder.

We intend to take the position that we qualified for this statutory tax exemption for U.S. federal income tax return reporting purposes for our 2024 taxable year. However, there are factual circumstances that could cause us to lose the benefit of this tax exemption for any future taxable year and thereby become subject to U.S. federal income tax on our U.S.-source shipping income. Due to the factual nature of the issues involved, there can be no assurances on our tax-exempt status. If we or our subsidiaries are not entitled to exemption under Section 883, we or our subsidiaries will be subject to the 4% U.S. federal income tax on 50% of any shipping income such companies derive that is attributable to the transport of cargoes to or from the United States. This tax is a cost, which, if unreimbursed, has a negative effect on our profitability.

For information regarding the potential availability of the exemption from tax under Section 883 of the Code, see the description in “Tax Considerations—United States Federal Income Tax Consequences—Exemption of Operating Income from United States Federal Income Taxation.”

We are a “foreign private issuer,” as such term is defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act. As a “foreign private issuer” the rules governing the information that we disclose differ from those governing U.S. corporations pursuant to the Exchange Act. We are not required to file quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or provide current reports on Form 8-K disclosing significant events within four days of their occurrence. In addition, our officers and directors are exempt from the reporting and “short-swing” profit recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act and related rules with respect to their purchase and sales of our securities. Our exemption from the rules of Section 16 of the Exchange Act regarding sales of Common Shares by insiders means that you will have less data in this regard than shareholders of U.S. companies that are subject to the Exchange Act. Moreover, we are exempt from the proxy rules, and proxy statements that we distribute will not be subject to review by the Commission. Accordingly, there may be less publicly available information concerning us than there is for other U.S. public companies that are not foreign private issuers. These factors could make our Common Shares less attractive to some investors or otherwise harm our share price.

Our Company’s corporate governance practices are in compliance with, and are not prohibited by, the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands. Therefore, we are exempt from many of Nasdaq’s corporate governance practices other than the requirements regarding the disclosure of a going concern audit option, submission of a listing agreement, notification of material non-compliance with Nasdaq corporate governance practices, and the establishment and composition of an audit committee and a formal written audit committee charter. To the extent we rely on these or other exemptions you may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all of the Nasdaq corporate governance requirements.

From time to time our vessels may be chartered to Chinese customers, or on charterers' instructions, our vessels may call on Chinese ports. Such charters and voyages may be subject to regulations in China that may require us to incur new or additional compliance or other administrative costs and may require that we pay to the Chinese government new taxes or other fees. Applicable laws and regulations in China may not be well publicized and may not be known to us or our charterers in advance of us or our charterers becoming subject to them, and the implementation of such laws and regulations may be inconsistent. Changes in Chinese laws and regulations,

including with regards to tax matters, or changes in their implementation by local authorities, could affect vessels chartered to Chinese customers as well as vessels calling to Chinese ports and could have a material adverse impact on our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition.

Changing laws, regulations and standards relating to reporting requirements, including the European Union General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR, which relates to the collection, use, retention, security, processing and transfer of personally identifiable information about our customers and employees, may create additional compliance requirements for us. To maintain high standards of corporate governance and public disclosure, we have invested in, and continue to invest in, reasonably necessary resources to comply with evolving standards.

GDPR broadens the scope of personal privacy laws to protect the rights of European Union citizens and requires organizations to report on data breaches within 72 hours and be bound by more stringent rules for obtaining the consent of individuals on how their data can be used. Although we are generally a business that serves other businesses, we still process and obtain certain personal information relating to individuals and any non-compliance with GDPR or other data privacy laws may expose us to significant fines or other regulatory claims, penalties, judgments and negative publicity which could have an adverse effect on our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition.

We rely on information technology systems and networks in our operations and administration of our business. Information systems are vulnerable to security breaches by computer hackers and cyber terrorists. The safety and security of our vessels as well as our business operations could be targeted by individuals or groups seeking to sabotage or disrupt our information technology systems and networks, or to steal data. We rely on industry-accepted security measures and technology to securely maintain confidential and proprietary information kept on our information systems, including those kept on Pavimar’s information systems on our behalf. However, these measures and technology may not adequately prevent cybersecurity breaches, the access, capture, or alteration of information by criminals, the exposure or exploitation of potential security vulnerabilities, the installation of malware or ransomware, acts of vandalism, computer viruses, and misplaced data or data loss. Any such attack, including as a result of spam, targeted phishing type emails and ransomware attacks, or other breach of or significant interruption or failure of our information technology systems could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. In addition, the unavailability of the information systems or the failure of these systems to perform as anticipated for any reason could disrupt our business, and could result in decreased performance and increased operating costs, causing our business and results of operations to suffer.

Additionally, recent action by the IMO’s Maritime Safety Committee and United States agencies indicates that cybersecurity regulations for the maritime industry are likely to be further developed in the near future in an attempt to combat cybersecurity threats. Any changes in the nature of cyber threats might require us to adopt additional procedures for monitoring cybersecurity, which could require additional expenses and/or capital expenditures. A cyber-attack could also lead to litigation, fines or other remedial action, heightened regulatory scrutiny and diminished customer confidence. In addition, our remediation efforts may not be successful and we may not have adequate insurance to cover any related losses. Furthermore, the war between Russia and Ukraine has been accompanied by cyber-attacks against the Ukrainian government and other countries in the region. It is possible that these attacks could have collateral effects on additional critical infrastructure and financial institutions globally, which could adversely affect our operations. It is difficult to assess the likelihood of such threat and any potential impact at this time.

Our vessels may call in ports in South America and other areas where smugglers attempt to hide drugs and other contraband on vessels, with or without the knowledge of crew members. Under some jurisdictions, vessels used for the conveyance of illegal drugs could subject such vessels to forfeiture to the government of these jurisdictions. To the extent a vessel is found with contraband, whether inside or attached to her hull, and whether with or without the knowledge of any member of our crew, we may face reputational damage and governmental or other regulatory claims or penalties which could have an adverse effect on our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition.

The Marshall Islands has passed an act implementing the U.N. Commission on Internal Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency, or the Model Law. The adoption of the Model Law is intended to implement effective mechanisms for dealing with issues related to cross-border insolvency proceedings and encourages cooperation and coordination between jurisdictions. Notably, the Model Law does not alter the substantive insolvency laws of any jurisdiction and does not create a bankruptcy code in the Marshall Islands. Instead, the Act allows for the recognition by the Marshall Islands of foreign insolvency proceedings, the provision of foreign creditors with access to courts in the Marshall Islands, and the cooperation with foreign courts. Consequently, in the event of any bankruptcy, insolvency or similar proceedings involving us or one of our subsidiaries, bankruptcy laws other than those of the United States could apply. We have limited operations in the United States. If we become a debtor under the United States bankruptcy laws, bankruptcy courts in the United States may seek to assert jurisdiction over all of our assets, wherever located, including property situated in other countries. There can be no assurance, however, that we would become a debtor in the United States or that a United States bankruptcy court would be entitled to, or accept, jurisdiction over such bankruptcy case or that courts in other countries that have jurisdiction over us and our operations would recognize a United States bankruptcy court’s jurisdiction if any other bankruptcy court would determine it had jurisdiction.

Our corporate affairs are governed by our amended and restated articles of incorporation, our amended and restated bylaws and by the Marshall Islands Business Corporations Act, or the BCA. The provisions of the BCA resemble provisions of the corporation laws of a number of states in the United States. However, there have been few judicial cases in the Republic of the Marshall Islands interpreting the BCA. The rights and fiduciary responsibilities of directors under the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands are not as clearly established as the rights and fiduciary responsibilities of directors under statutes or judicial precedent in existence in certain U.S. jurisdictions. Shareholder rights may differ as well. While the BCA does specifically incorporate the non-statutory law, or judicial case law, of the State of Delaware and other states with substantially similar legislative provisions, shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions by the management, directors or controlling shareholders than would shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a U.S. jurisdiction.

Additionally, the Republic of the Marshall Islands does not have a legal provision for bankruptcy or a general statutory mechanism for insolvency proceedings. As such, in the event of a future insolvency or bankruptcy, our shareholders and creditors may experience delays in their ability to recover for their claims after any such insolvency or bankruptcy. Further, in the event of any bankruptcy, insolvency, liquidation, dissolution, reorganization or similar proceeding involving us or any of our subsidiaries, bankruptcy laws other than those of the United States could apply. If we become a debtor under U.S. bankruptcy law, bankruptcy courts in the United States may seek to assert jurisdiction over all of our assets, wherever located, including property situated in other countries. There can be no assurance, however, that we would become a debtor in the United States, or that a U.S. bankruptcy court would be entitled to, or accept, jurisdiction over such a bankruptcy case, or that courts in other countries that have jurisdiction over us and our operations would recognize a U.S. bankruptcy court's jurisdiction if any other bankruptcy court would determine it had jurisdiction.

In March 2019, the Council of the European Union, or the Council, published a list of non-cooperative jurisdictions for tax purposes, the 2019 Conclusions. In the 2019 Conclusions, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, among others, was placed by the E.U. on the list of non-cooperative jurisdictions for failing to implement certain commitments previously made to the E.U. by the agreed deadline. However, it was announced by the Council in October 2019 that the Marshall Islands had been removed from the list of non-cooperative jurisdictions. Bermuda and the British Virgin Islands were similarly added and subsequently removed from the list within 2019. In February 2023, the Marshall Islands was added again to the list of non-cooperative jurisdictions, along with the British Virgin Islands, among others. In October 2023, the Marshall Islands and the British Virgin Islands were again removed from the list of non-cooperative jurisdictions. E.U. member states have agreed upon a set of measures, which they can choose to apply against the listed countries, including, inter alia, increased monitoring and audits,

withholding taxes and non-deductibility of costs. The European Commission has stated it will continue to support member states' efforts to develop a more coordinated approach to sanctions for the listed countries. E.U. legislation prohibits E.U. funds from being channeled or transited through entities in non-cooperative jurisdictions.

We are a Marshall Islands corporation with principal executive offices in Greece. Our subsidiaries are organized in the Republic of the Marshall Islands. The Marshall Islands have enacted economic substance regulations with which we are obligated to comply. The Marshall Islands economic substance regulations require certain entities that carry out particular activities to comply with a three-part economic substance test whereby the entity must show that it (i) is directed and managed in the Marshall Islands in relation to that relevant activity, (ii) carries out core income-generating activity in relation to that relevant activity in the Marshall Islands (although it is being understood and acknowledged by the regulators that income-generated activities for shipping companies will generally occur in international waters) and (iii) having regard to the level of relevant activity carried out in the Marshall Islands has (a) an adequate amount of expenditures in the Marshall Islands, (b) adequate physical presence in the Marshall Islands and (c) an adequate number of qualified employees in the Marshall Islands.

If we fail to comply with our obligations under such regulations or any similar law applicable to us in any other jurisdictions, we could be subject to financial penalties and spontaneous disclosure of information to foreign tax officials, or could be struck from the register of companies, in related jurisdictions. Any of the foregoing could be disruptive to our business and could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition.

We do not know (i) if the E.U. will act to add the Republic of the Marshall Islands to the list of non-cooperative jurisdictions, (ii) how quickly the E.U. would react to any changes in legislation or regulations of the relevant jurisdictions, or (iii) how E.U. banks or other counterparties will react while we or any of our subsidiaries remain as entities organized and existing under the laws of listed countries. The effect of the E.U. list of non-cooperative jurisdictions, and any noncompliance by us with any legislation adopted by applicable countries to achieve removal from the list, including economic substance regulations, could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition.

Our amended and restated articles of incorporation provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, (A) to the fullest extent permitted by law, the High Court of the Republic of Marshall Islands shall be the sole and exclusive forum for any internal corporate claim, intra-corporate claim, or claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine, including (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of the Company, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer, employee or shareholder of the Company to the Company or the Company’s shareholders, and (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the BCA or our amended and restated articles of incorporation or amended and restated bylaws, and (B) the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (or, if such court does not have jurisdiction over such claim, any other federal district court of the United States) shall be the sole and exclusive forum for all claims arising under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, as applicable, and any rule or regulation promulgated thereunder, to the extent such claims would be subject to federal or state jurisdiction pursuant to the Securities Act or Exchange Act, as applicable, and after giving effect to clause (A) above. Therefore, to the fullest extent permitted by law, we have selected the High Court of the Republic of the Marshall Islands as the exclusive forum for any derivative action alleging a violation of the Securities Act or Exchange Act. Although our forum selection provisions shall not relieve us of our statutory duties to comply with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder, and our shareholders are not deemed to have waived our compliance with such laws, rules, and regulations, as applicable, our forum selection provisions may limit a shareholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees, and may increase the costs associated with such lawsuits, which may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims. Please also see below, “We may not achieve the intended benefits of having forum selection provision if they are found to be unenforceable.”

Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act and the rules and regulations thereunder and Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations thereunder.

Our amended and restated articles of incorporation include a forum selection clause which provides that, unless we consent in writing to an alternative forum, to the fullest extent permitted by law, the High Court of the Republic of Marshall Islands shall be the sole and exclusive forum any internal corporate claim, intra-corporate claim, or claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine, including, among others, any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of the Company, and that, subject to the foregoing, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (or, if such court does not have jurisdiction over such claim, any other federal district court of the United States) shall be the sole and exclusive forum for all claims arising under the Securities Act or Exchange Act, to the extent such claims would be subject to federal or state jurisdiction pursuant to the Securities Act or Exchange Act, as applicable. Therefore, to the fullest extent permitted by law, we have selected the High Court of the Republic of the Marshall Islands as the exclusive forum for any derivative action alleging a violation of the Securities Act or Exchange Act. The enforceability of similar forum selection provisions in other companies’ governing documents has been challenged in legal proceedings, and it is possible that in connection with any action a court could find the forum selection provisions contained in our amended and restated articles of incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable (in whole or in part) in such action. For example, with respect to derivative actions arising under the Exchange Act, there is currently disagreement among federal Courts of Appeals in the United States (a circuit split between the Courts of Appeals for the Seventh and Ninth Circuits) as to whether a forum selection clause which requires that derivative actions be brought in a specified forum other than the federal courts would contravene Section 27 of the Exchange Act under certain circumstances. The circuit split follows a line of cases that analyze the enforceability of forum selection provisions in the context of derivative Securities Act and Exchange Act claims. Accordingly, the applicability of the provisions of our amended and restated articles of incorporation selecting a Marshall Islands forum for certain types of claims may be limited with respect to such claims arising under the Securities Act or Exchange Act and, as a result, under certain such circumstances, the effect of our forum selection provisions may be uncertain. As a result, we could be required to litigate claims in multiple jurisdictions, incur additional costs with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, or otherwise not receive the benefits that we expect our forum selection provisions to provide, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We and all of our subsidiaries are incorporated in jurisdictions outside the U.S. and substantially all of our assets and those of our subsidiaries are located outside the U.S. In addition, our directors and officers are non-residents of the U.S., and all or a substantial portion of the assets of these non-residents are located outside the U.S. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for U.S. investors to serve process within the U.S. upon us, our subsidiaries or our directors and officers, or to enforce a judgment against us for civil liabilities in U.S. courts. In addition, you should not assume that courts in the countries in which we or our subsidiaries are incorporated or where our assets or the assets of our subsidiaries are located (1) would enforce judgments of U.S. courts obtained in actions against us or our subsidiaries based upon the civil liability provisions of applicable U.S. federal and state securities laws or (2) would enforce, in original actions, liabilities against us or our subsidiaries based on those laws.

We are an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act, and we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. While we have elected to take advantage of some of the reduced reporting obligations, we are choosing to “opt-out” of the extended transition period relating to the exemption from new or revised financial accounting standards. We cannot predict if investors will find our Common Shares less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our Common Shares less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our Common Shares and our share price may be more volatile.

In addition, under the JOBS Act, our independent registered public accounting firm will not be required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of Sarbanes Oxley, or Section 404, for so long as we are an emerging growth company. For as long as we take advantage of the reduced reporting obligations, the information that we provide shareholders may be different from information provided by other public companies.

As a company publicly listed in the United States, we incur significant legal, accounting, and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. Sarbanes-Oxley, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the listing requirements of Nasdaq and other applicable securities rules and regulations impose various requirements on public companies, including the establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls and corporate governance practices. Our senior management and other personnel need to devote a substantial amount of time to comply with these requirements. Moreover, these rules and regulations increase our legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time-consuming and costly.

Pursuant to Section 404, we are required to furnish a report by our senior management on our internal control over financial reporting. However, while we remain an emerging growth company, we are not required to include an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm. To prepare for eventual compliance with Section 404, once we no longer qualify as an emerging growth company, we may be engaged in a process to document and evaluate our internal control over financial reporting, which is both costly and challenging. In this regard, we need to continue to dedicate internal resources, potentially engage outside consultants, adopt a detailed work plan to assess and document the adequacy of internal control over financial reporting, continue steps to improve control processes as appropriate, validate through testing that controls are functioning as documented, and implement a continuous reporting and improvement process for internal control over financial reporting. Despite our efforts, there is a risk that we are not be able to conclude, within the prescribed timeframe or at all, that our internal control over financial reporting is effective as required by Section 404. If we identify one or more material weaknesses, it could result in an adverse reaction in the financial markets due to a loss of confidence in the reliability of our financial statements.

Additionally, on March 6, 2024, the SEC adopted final rules requiring extensive climate-related and ESG-related disclosures in companies’ annual reports and registration statements. The final rules are set forth in Release No. 33-11275. The final rules would add extensive and prescriptive disclosure items requiring companies, including foreign private issuers, to disclose climate-related risks and certain emissions. In addition, the final rules would require the inclusion of certain climate-related financial metrics in a note to companies’ audited financial statements. These final rules became effective on May 28, 2024, with compliance dates for the final rules phased in for all registrants, with the compliance date dependent on the registrant’s filer status.

We may not be able to predict the costs of implementation or any potential adverse impacts resulting from the final rules. We could incur increased costs related to the assessment and disclosure of climate-related risks. In addition, enhanced climate disclosure requirements could accelerate the trend of certain stakeholders and lenders restricting or seeking more stringent conditions with respect to their investments in certain carbon intensive sectors.

Furthermore, as a result of the enhanced disclosure requirements of the U.S. securities laws, business and financial information that we report is broadly disseminated and highly visible to investors, which we believe may increase the likelihood of threatened or actual litigation, including by competitors and other third parties, which could, even if unsuccessful, divert financial resources and the attention of our management from our operations.

We do not have the employee infrastructure to manage our operations and our Board of Directors has organized the provision of management services through Pavimar, under the terms of the New Management Agreement which became effective on January 18, 2024. Pavimar provides us with vessel commercial and technical management services including, but not limited to, securing employment, post-fixture support, handling vessel sale and purchases, arranging and supervising crew, repairs and maintenance, insurance, provisions, bunkering, day to day vessel operations, and ancillary services. As a result, we depend upon the continued services provided by Pavimar.

We expect to derive significant benefits from our relationship with Pavimar and its affiliated companies, including our ability to compete for and enter into agreements, including charter agreements, and to expand our relationships with our existing charterers and other third parties. We would be materially adversely affected if Pavimar becomes unable or unwilling to continue providing services for our benefit at the level of quality they have provided such services in the past and at comparable costs as they have charged in the past. If we were required to employ a ship management company other than Pavimar, we cannot offer any assurances that the terms of such management agreements would be on terms as favorable to us in the long term. If Pavimar suffers material damage to its reputation or relationships it may harm our ability to:

The ability of Pavimar to continue providing services for our and our subsidiaries’ benefit will depend in part on its own financial strength. Circumstances beyond our control could impair its financial strength and, because Pavimar is privately held, it is unlikely that information about Pavimar’s financial strength would become public. Any such problems affecting Pavimar could have a material adverse effect on us.

The management fees payable to Pavimar under the terms of the New Management Agreement is payable whether or not our vessels are employed, and regardless of our profitability. We have no contractual right to reduce such fees if our profitability decreases. For more information on the management fees payable under our New Management Agreement, see “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—Management, Commercial and Administrative Services.”

Our Chairwoman and Chief Executive Officer, Mrs. Ismini Panagiotidi, beneficially owns and controls Pavimar and participates in other business activities not associated with us. As a result, Mrs. Panagiotidi may devote less time to us than if she was not engaged in other business activities. Mrs. Panagiotidi’s interest and position in Pavimar could create conflicts of interest that could result in losing revenue or business opportunities or increase our expenses. Mrs. Panagiotidi or Pavimar, may take actions that are not in the best interest of us or our other shareholders and conflicts of interest between them and us may arise as a result of their operation of, or investment in, businesses that compete with us. This could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition.

Under the terms of our New Management Agreement which became effective on January 18, 2024, Pavimar provides us with vessel commercial and technical management services. Pavimar may provide similar services for vessels owned or operated by other shipping companies, and it also may provide similar services to companies with which Pavimar is affiliated. These responsibilities and relationships could create conflicts of interest between Pavimar’s performance of its obligations to us, on the one hand, and Pavimar’s performance of its obligations to its other clients, on the other hand. These conflicts may arise in connection, among others, with the fixing of employment contracts, crewing, supply provisioning, and operations of the vessels in our fleet versus vessels owned or operated by other clients of Pavimar. In particular, Pavimar may give preferential treatment or be contractually or otherwise obligated to give preferential treatment to vessels owned or operated by other clients or affiliated

companies. In addition, our Chairwoman and Chief Executive Officer beneficially owns other vessels that are not owned by us and we therefore may be competing for the same charterers and business opportunities. These conflicts of interest may have an adverse effect on our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition.

We may issue additional Common Shares or other equity securities of equal or senior rank in the future in connection with, among other things, vessel acquisitions or repayment of outstanding indebtedness, without shareholder approval, in a number of circumstances.

As part of our business strategy, we may rely in part on issuances of equity or preferred securities, which may carry voting rights and may be convertible into Common Shares. We may issue such securities in private placements, including to related parties, or in registered offerings.

On July 15, 2024, in connection to the Company’s initial public offering, we issued to Maxim Group LLC, who acted as sole book-running manager in such offering, a warrant to purchase up to 80,000 Common Shares at an exercise price of $4.40 per Common Share, subject to certain anti-dilution adjustments (the “First Representative’s Warrant”). The First Representative’s Warrant is exercisable on or after January 11, 2025, and expires on July 11, 2027.

In addition, we may issue additional Common Shares upon exercise of the Placement Agent’s Warrants to be issued to Maxim Group LLC in connection with this offering. The Placement Agent’s Warrants will be exercisable to purchase a number of Common Shares equal to 5.0% of the total number of Units being sold in this offering, at an exercise price equal to $1.441, which is 110% of the public offering price of each Unit in this offering, subject to certain anti-dilution adjustments. The Placement Agent’s Warrants will be non-exercisable for six (6) months from the date of effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part and will expire three (3) years after such date.

Our issuance of additional Common Shares, including upon conversion of convertible securities, including the Series A Preferred Shares, or upon exercise of the First Representative’s Warrant, the Placement Agent’s Warrants, or other equity securities of equal or senior rank, or with voting rights, may have the following effects:

Each holder of Series A Preferred Shares has the right, subject to certain conditions, at any time commencing on July 16, 2025 and until July 15, 2032, to convert all (but not a portion) of the Series A Preferred Shares beneficially held by such holder into our Common Shares at a conversion price equal to the lower of (i) $6.00 per Common Share (the “Pre-Determined Price”) and (ii) the volume weighted average price (“VWAP”) of our Common Shares over the five consecutive trading day period expiring on the trading day immediately prior to the date of delivery of written notice of the conversion. The Pre-Determined Price is subject to anti-dilution adjustments for events affecting our Common Shares, including but not limited to, certain issuances of additional Common Shares at a deemed price per share lower than the conversion price, stock combinations or splits, reclassifications, or other similar events.

In addition, the First Representative’s Warrant is exercisable on or after January 11, 2025, and expires on July 11, 2027, at an exercise price of $4.40 per Common Share, subject to certain anti-dilution adjustments in certain circumstances, including in the event of a stock dividend, recapitalization, reorganization, merger or consolidation.

Such anti-dilution adjustments could result in a corresponding increase in the number of Common Shares if these instruments are converted into, which could dilute the interests of our common shareholders and affect the trading price for our Common Shares.

The market price of our Common Shares may be subject to significant fluctuations as a result of many factors, some of which are beyond our control. Among the factors that could affect our stock price are:

The stock markets in general, and the markets for dry bulk shipping and shipping stocks in particular, have experienced extreme volatility that has sometimes been unrelated to the operating performance of individual companies. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the trading price of our Common Shares.

Additionally, there is no guarantee of a continuing public market to resell our Common Shares. We cannot assure you that an active and liquid public market for our Common Shares will continue.

Investors may purchase our Common Shares as a hedge or to speculate on the price of our Common Shares. Speculation on the price of our Common Shares may involve long and short exposures. To the extent aggregate short exposure exceeds the number of Common Shares available for purchase in the open market, investors with short exposure may have to pay a premium to repurchase our Common Shares for delivery to their lenders of our Common Shares. Those repurchases may in turn, dramatically increase the price of our Common Shares until investors with short exposure are able to purchase additional Common Shares to cover their short position. This is often referred to as a “short squeeze.” Following such a short squeeze, once investors purchase the shares necessary to cover their short position, the price of our Common Shares may rapidly decline. A short squeeze could lead to volatile price movements in our shares that are not directly correlated to our performance or prospects.

As a relatively small-capitalization company with relatively small public float, we may experience greater share price volatility, extreme price run-ups or rapid price declines, larger spreads in bid and ask prices, lower trading volume and less liquidity than large-capitalization companies. Such volatility, including any share price run-up, may be unrelated to our actual or expected operating performance, financial condition or prospects, making it difficult for prospective investors to assess the rapidly changing value of our Common Shares. In addition, holders of our Common Shares may experience losses, which may be material, if the price of our Common Shares declines after this offering or if such investors purchase our Common Shares prior to any price decline.

Furthermore, if the trading volumes of our Common Shares are low, investors buying or selling in relatively small quantities may be able to easily influence the price of our Common Shares. Such low volume of trades could also cause the price of our Common Shares to fluctuate greatly, with large percentage changes in share price occurring in any trading day session. Holders of our Common Shares may also not be able to readily liquidate their

investment or may be forced to sell at depressed prices due to low volume trading. Broad market fluctuations and general economic and political conditions may also adversely affect the market price of our Common Shares. As a result of this volatility, investors may experience losses on their investment in our Common Shares. A decline in the market price of our Common Shares also could adversely affect our ability to issue additional Common Shares or other securities and our ability to obtain additional financing in the future. Please also see “—The market price of our Common Shares may be subject to significant fluctuations. Further, there is no guarantee of a continuing public market to resell our Common Shares.”

Our management will have significant flexibility in applying the net proceeds of this offering. You will be relying on the judgment of our management with regard to the use of these net proceeds, and you will not have the opportunity, as part of your investment decision, to assess whether the proceeds are being used appropriately. It is possible that the net proceeds will be invested in a way that does not yield a favorable, or any, return for us. The failure of our management to use such funds effectively could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and cash flow.

The Pre-funded Warrants and Warrants offered hereby do not confer any rights of Common Share ownership on their holders, such as voting rights, but rather merely represent the right to acquire Common Shares at a fixed price (subject to certain adjustments). Specifically, commencing on the date of issuance, holders of Pre-funded Warrants may acquire the Common Shares issuable upon exercise of such warrants at an exercise price of $0.001 per share until all of the Pre-funded Warrants are exercised in full, and holders of Warrants may acquire the Common Shares issuable upon exercise of such warrants at an initial exercise price of $2.62 per share, prior to the three-year anniversary of the date of issuance, after which date any unexercised Warrants will expire and have no further value. The exercise price for the Warrants will be adjusted downward (each, a “Reset Price”) on each of February 8, 2025, February 23, 2025, and March 10, 2025 (each, a “Reset Date”) to $0.786, $0.524, and $0.393, respectively, provided that the Reset Price is less than the exercise price then in effect (and subject to the Floor Price, as defined herein). If the exercise price is so adjusted on a Reset Date, the number of Common Shares underlying the Warrants will also be proportionally increased on such Reset Date so that the applicable Reset Price multiplied by the increased number of Common Shares equal the aggregate proceeds that would have resulted from the full exercise of the Warrants immediately prior to the applicable Reset Date. Moreover, following this offering, the market value of the Pre-funded Warrants and Warrants is uncertain and there can be no assurance that the market value of the Pre-funded Warrants and Warrants will ever equal or exceed the public offering price. There can also be no assurance that the market price of the Common Shares will ever equal or exceed the exercise price of the Warrants.

If the Warrants are exercised by way of an alternative cashless exercise, such exercising holder will receive one-and-a-half (1.5) times the aggregate number of Common Shares that would be issuable upon a cash exercise of the Warrant, without any cash payment to us. Further, on each Reset Date, if the Reset Price is lower than the exercise price then in effect, the exercise price for the Warrants will be adjusted downward, and the corresponding number of Common Shares underlying the Warrants will be proportionally increased so that the applicable Reset Price multiplied by the increased number of Common Shares equal the aggregate proceeds that would have resulted from the full exercise of the Warrants immediately prior to such Reset Date.

If an alternative cashless exercise occurs, such exercise will result in substantial dilution to our shareholders and if such alternative cashless exercise occurs after any of the Reset Dates, the dilution will be even more substantial.

The Warrants may be exercised by way of an alternative cashless exercise, in which case the holder would not pay a cash purchase price upon exercise, but instead would receive upon such exercise the aggregate number of Common Shares that would be issuable upon a cash exercise of the number of Warrants being exercised multiplied by one-and-a-half (1.5). Accordingly, we will likely not receive any additional funds upon the exercise of the Warrants.

There is no established public trading market for the Pre-funded Warrants or Warrants, and we do not expect a market to develop. In addition, we do not intend to apply for listing of the Pre-funded Warrants or Warrants on any securities exchange or recognized trading system. Without an active market, the liquidity of the Warrants and Pre-funded Warrants will be limited.

The Placement Agent has agreed to use its reasonable best efforts to solicit offers to purchase the securities offered in this offering. The Placement Agent has no obligation to buy any of the securities from us or to arrange for the purchase or sale of any specific number or dollar amount worth of securities. There is no required minimum number of securities or amount of proceeds that must be sold as a condition to completion of this offering. Because there is no minimum offering amount required as a condition to the closing of this offering, the actual offering amount, Placement Agent fees and proceeds to us, if any, are not presently determinable and may be substantially less than the maximum amounts described throughout this prospectus. We may sell fewer than all of the securities offered hereby, which may significantly reduce the amount of proceeds received by us, and investors in this offering will not receive a refund in the event that we do not sell all of the securities offered in this offering. The success of this offering will impact our ability to use the proceeds to execute our business plans. Thus, we may not raise the amount of capital we believe is required for our business plans and may need to raise the required capital from alternative sources. There is no assurance that alternative capital, if needed, would be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all.

In addition to rights and remedies available to all purchasers in this offering under federal securities and state law, the purchasers that enter into a securities purchase agreement will also be able to bring claims of breach of contract against us. The ability to pursue a claim for breach of contract provides those investors with the means to enforce the covenants uniquely available to them under the securities purchase agreement including, but not limited to (i) timely delivery of securities, (ii) agreement to not issue any Common Shares or securities convertible into Common Shares for a period of ninety (90) days from closing of the offering, subject to certain exceptions and (iii) indemnification for breach of contract.

The declaration and payment of dividends is subject at all times to the discretion of our Board of Directors. The timing and amount of dividends, if any, depends on, among other things, our earnings, financial condition, cash requirements and availability, fleet renewal and expansion plans, restrictions in loan agreements, the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, where our subsidiaries are currently incorporated, the laws of the countries where future subsidiaries may be incorporated, and overall market conditions. We cannot assure you that we will declare or pay any dividends. Please see below, “Our Chairwoman and Chief Executive Officer beneficially owns 100% of our Series B Preferred Shares and has control over us.”

Marshall Islands law generally prohibits the payment of dividends (i) other than from surplus (which is essentially retained earnings and the excess of consideration received for the sale of shares above the par value of the shares), (ii) when a company is insolvent or (iii) if the payment of the dividend would render the company insolvent. We may not have the required surplus or net profits to pay dividends, and we may be unable to pay dividends in any anticipated amount or at all.

In addition, our ability to pay dividends to holders of our Common Shares is subject to the rights of holders of our Series A Preferred Shares, which rank prior to our Common Shares with respect to dividends, distributions and payments upon liquidation. No cash dividend may be paid on our Common Shares unless full cumulative dividends have been or contemporaneously are being paid or provided for on all outstanding Series A Preferred Shares for all prior and the then-ending dividend periods. Cumulative dividends on our Series A Preferred Shares will accrue at a rate of 9.00% per annum on the stated amount per Series A Preferred Share and on any unpaid accrued dividends, and are payable in either cash or, at the Company’s option, in a combination of cash and Series A Preferred Shares. For more information, see “Description of Capital Stock—Description of 9.00% Series A Cumulative Convertible Perpetual Preferred Shares.”

Our Chairwoman and Chief Executive Officer, Mrs. Ismini Panagiotidi, beneficially owns all of the 1,500,000 outstanding Series B Preferred Shares. The Series B Preferred Shares each carry 1,000 votes, which is subject to adjustment to maintain a substantially identical voting interest in the Company following certain events. The Series B Preferred Shares held by Mrs. Panagiotidi represent 50.6% of our total issued and outstanding share capital and 99.9% of the aggregate voting power of our total issued and outstanding share capital. Because Mrs. Panagiotidi beneficially owns the majority of our voting power, she has the ability to control us and our affairs, including, among other matters, the election of our board of directors, and has the ability to exert significant influence on corporate decisions, including with respect to, among other things, our business direction, capital structure, and dividend policy, and, as a result, the ability of our common shareholders to influence corporate matters is limited. For more information, see “Description of Capital Stock—Description of Series B Perpetual Preferred Shares.” The interests of Mrs. Panagiotidi may be different from your interests.

Since our Chairwoman and Chief Executive Officer is the beneficial owner of a majority of the voting power of our issued and outstanding share capital (for so long as she remains the beneficial owner of all of the issued and outstanding Series B Preferred Shares), we qualify as a “controlled company” under the Nasdaq listing rules. Under these rules a company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by an individual, group or another company is a “controlled company” and may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements, including, without limitation (i) the requirement that a majority of the board of directors consist of independent directors, (ii) the requirement that the compensation of our officers be determined or recommended to the board of directors by a compensation committee that is comprised solely of independent directors, and (iii) the requirement that director nominees be selected or recommended to the board of directors by a majority of independent directors or a nominating and corporate governance committee comprised solely of independent directors.

Following the initial public offering, we do not rely on the “controlled company” exemption. Our status as a controlled company, however, could cause our Common Shares to appear less attractive to certain investors or otherwise harm our trading price.

Several provisions of our amended and restated articles of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws may have anti-takeover effects. These provisions are intended to avoid costly takeover battles, lessen our vulnerability to a hostile change of control and enhance the ability of our board to maximize shareholder value in connection with any unsolicited offer to acquire our company. However, these anti-take-over provisions could make it difficult for our shareholders to change the composition of our Board of Directors in any one year, preventing them from changing the composition of our management. In addition, the same provisions may discourage, delay or prevent a merger or acquisition that some shareholders may consider favorable. These provisions:

In addition, we have entered into a shareholders’ rights agreement that makes it more difficult for a third party to acquire us without the support of our Board of Directors. See “Description of Capital Stock” for a description of our shareholders’ rights agreement. These anti-takeover provisions, along with provisions of our shareholders’ rights agreement, could substantially impede the ability of our shareholders to impose a change in control and, as a result, may adversely affect the market price of our Common Shares and your ability to realize any potential change of control premium.

Our amended and restated articles of incorporation currently authorize our Board of Directors to issue preferred shares in one or more series and to determine the rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions, with respect to, among other things, dividends, conversion, voting, redemption, liquidation and the number of shares constituting any series without shareholders' approval. Our Board of Directors has issued, and may in the future issue, preferred shares with voting rights superior to those of the Common Shares, such as the Series B Preferred Shares or the Series C Participating Preferred Shares, which could have a dilutive effect on our common shareholders. If our Board of Directors determines to issue preferred shares, such issuance may discourage, delay or prevent a merger or acquisition that shareholders may consider favorable. The issuance of preferred shares with voting and conversion rights may also adversely affect the voting power of the holders of Common Shares. This could substantially impede the ability of public shareholders to benefit from a change in control and, as a result, may adversely affect the market price of our Common Shares and our shareholders' ability to realize any potential change of control premium.

We have a multi-class capital structure consisting of Common Shares, Series A Preferred Shares and Series B Preferred Shares. Our common shareholders are entitled to one vote for each Common Share held. Our Series A Preferred Shares have no voting rights, subject to limited exceptions, however each Series A Preferred Shares has a stated amount of $1,000 per share, and each holder of Series A Preferred Shares has the right, subject to certain conditions, at any time commencing on July 16, 2025 and until July 15, 2032, to convert all (but not a portion) of the Series A Preferred Shares beneficially held by such holder into our Common Shares at the applicable conversion price then in effect. The issuance of additional Common Shares upon the potential conversion of our Series A Preferred Shares could dilute the interests of our common shareholders and affect the trading price for our Common Shares. Each Series B Preferred Share has the voting power of 1,000 Common Shares and counts for 1,000 votes for purposes of determining quorum at a meeting of shareholders, subject to certain adjustments to maintain a substantially identical voting interest in us following the occurrence of certain events. Except as otherwise required by law or provided by our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation and Statement of Designation for our Series B Preferred Shares, holders of our Series B Preferred Shares and holders of our Common Shares shall vote together as one class on all matters submitted to a vote of our shareholders.

Our Chairwoman and Chief Executive Officer, Mrs. Ismini Panagiotidi, is the sole holder of our Series A Preferred Shares and Series B Preferred Shares. The Series B Preferred Shares held by Mrs. Panagiotidi represent 99.9% of the aggregate voting power of our total issued and outstanding share capital. Because Mrs. Panagiotidi beneficially owns the majority of our voting power, she has the ability to control us and our affairs, including, among other matters, the election of our board of directors, and has the ability to exert significant influence on corporate decisions, including with respect to, among other things, our business direction, capital structure, and dividend policy, and, as a result, the ability of our common shareholders to influence corporate matters is limited, which may adversely affect the market price for our Common Shares. Additionally, this concentrated voting control and influence may discourage transactions involving a change of control of us, including transactions in which you as a common shareholder might otherwise receive a premium for your shares. Furthermore, any future issuances of Series B Preferred Shares or other classes of shares with increased voting power may dilute the voting power of our Common Shares, which could further exacerbate the risks associated with the multi-class capital structure.

We cannot predict whether our multi-class capital structure will result in a lower or more volatile market price of our Common Shares, or have other adverse consequences for our shareholders. For example, certain index

providers have policies that restrict or prohibit the inclusion of companies with multi-class share structures in certain of their indices. Under such policies, our multi-class capital structure would make us ineligible for inclusion in certain indices, and as a result, mutual funds, exchange-traded funds and other investment vehicles that attempt to passively track those indices will not be investing in our Common Shares. Given the sustained flow of investment funds into passive strategies that seek to track certain indices, exclusion from stock indices would likely preclude investment in our Common Shares by many of these funds. Additionally, the holding of low-voting stock, such as our Common Shares, may not be permitted by the investment policies of certain institutional investors, or may be less attractive to other investors. As a result, the market price or liquidity of our Common Shares could be adversely affected.

There can be no assurance that we will remain in compliance with Nasdaq’s listing qualification rules, or that our Common Shares will not be delisted, which could have an adverse effect on the market price of, and the efficiency of the trading market for, our Common Shares and could cause a default under our loan agreements and other financing arrangements.

The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides safe harbor protections for forward-looking statements in order to encourage companies to provide prospective information about their business. We desire to take advantage of the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and are including this cautionary statement in connection therewith. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding our or our management's expectations, hopes, beliefs, intentions or strategies regarding the future and other statements that are other than statements of historical fact. In addition, any statements that refer to projections, forecasts or other characterizations of future events or circumstances, including any underlying assumptions, are forward-looking statements. The words “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “might,” “plan,” “possible,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “would” and similar expressions may identify forward-looking statements, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking.

The forward-looking statements in this prospectus are based upon various assumptions, many of which are based, in turn, upon further assumptions, including without limitation, management's examination of historical operating trends, data contained in our records and other data available from third parties. Although we believe that these assumptions were reasonable when made, because these assumptions are inherently subject to significant uncertainties and contingencies which are difficult or impossible to predict and are beyond our control, we cannot assure you that we will achieve or accomplish these expectations, beliefs or projections. As a result, you are cautioned not to rely on any forward-looking statements.

Many of these statements are based on our assumptions about factors that are beyond our ability to control or predict and are subject to risks and uncertainties that are described more fully in the section entitled “Risk Factors.” Any of these factors or a combination of these factors could materially affect our future results of operations and the ultimate accuracy of the forward-looking statements. In addition to these important factors, important factors that, in our view, could cause actual results to differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements include among other things:

Should one or more of the foregoing risks or uncertainties materialize, or should any of our assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary in material respects from those projected in these forward-looking statements. Consequently, there can be no assurance that actual results or developments anticipated by us will be realized or, even if substantially realized, that they will have the expected consequences to, or effects, on us. Given these uncertainties, prospective investors are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements.

We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable laws. If one or more forward-looking statements are updated, no inference should be drawn that additional updates will be made with respect to those or other forward-looking statements.

We estimate that the net proceeds from this offering will be approximately $10.9 million, after deducting Placement Agent fees and estimated offering expenses payable by us, and assuming no exercise of the Warrants, based on the public offering price of $1.31 per Unit. However, this is a best efforts offering, with no minimum number of securities or amount of proceeds as a condition to closing, and we may not sell all or any of these securities offered pursuant to this prospectus; as a result, we may receive significantly less in net proceeds. Based on the public offering price set forth above, we estimate that our net proceeds from the sale of 75%, 50%, and 25% of the securities offered in this offering would be approximately $8.1 million, $5.3 million, and $2.5 million, respectively, after deducting the estimated Placement Agent fees and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

We intend to use the net proceeds of this offering for general corporate purposes, which may include, among other things, funding for working capital needs, debt repayments, and fleet expansion. At this time, we have not specifically identified any vessels to acquire, nor have we identified a material single use for which we intend to use the net proceeds, and, accordingly, we are not able to allocate the net proceeds among any of these potential uses in light of the variety of factors that will impact how such net proceeds are ultimately utilized by us. The foregoing represents our current intentions with respect to the use of the net proceeds of this offering based upon our present plans and business conditions, but our management will have significant flexibility and discretion in applying the net proceeds. The occurrence of unforeseen events or changed business conditions could result in the application of the net proceeds of this offering in a manner other than as described above. The principal purposes of this offering are to obtain additional capital to fund our operations and growth and to facilitate our future access to the public equity markets.

The following table sets forth our total cash and capitalization as of September 30, 2024:

We expect to pay regular quarterly cash dividends on our Common Shares during the one-year period following our initial public offering, in an aggregate amount of approximately $500,000 for the year, of which, to date, $116,000 were paid on September 30, 2024, and $123,250 on December 27, 2024. The amount of dividends we expect to pay may be changed or terminated in the future at any time and for any reason without advance notice.

The declaration and payment of dividends is subject at all times to the discretion of our Board of Directors. The timing and amount of dividends, if any, depends on, among other things, our earnings, financial condition, cash requirements and availability, fleet renewal and expansion plans, restrictions in loan agreements, the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, where our subsidiaries are currently incorporated, the laws of the countries where future subsidiaries may be incorporated, and overall market conditions. We cannot assure you that we will declare or pay any dividends in the future. Our dividend policy is not reflected in any written policies of the Company. Please see “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Common Shares and this Offering—Our Chairwoman and Chief Executive Officer beneficially owns 100% of our Series B Preferred Shares and has control over us.”

Dividends on our Series A Preferred Shares are cumulative and accrue, whether or not declared by our Board of Directors, at a rate of 9.00% per annum on the stated amount per Series A Preferred Share and on any unpaid accrued dividends, from and including the original issue date (or, for any subsequently issued and newly outstanding Series A Preferred Shares, from the Dividend Payment Date immediately preceding the issuance date of such Series A Preferred Shares). Dividends on our Series A Preferred Shares shall be paid biannually, in either cash or, at the Company’s option, in a combination of cash and Series A Preferred Shares. For more information, see “Description of Capital Stock— Description of 9.00% Series A Cumulative Convertible Perpetual Preferred Shares.” The holders of our Series A Preferred Shares do not have the right to participate, on an as-converted basis or otherwise, in regular cash dividends declared and paid on our Common Shares.

We are a holding company and our subsidiaries conduct all of our operations and own our operating assets, the vessels. We have no material assets other than the equity interests in those subsidiaries. We expect any vessel we may acquire in the future to be owned by subsidiaries that will be directly or indirectly owned by us. As a result, our ability to satisfy our financial obligations and to make dividend payments, if any, depends on our subsidiaries and their ability to distribute funds to us.

In the future, in addition to its earnings, financial condition, cash requirements and availability, the ability of a subsidiary to make distributions to us could be affected by the covenants in our current and future loan agreements or other financing arrangements, a claim or other action by a third party, including a creditor, and the laws of its country of incorporation. Under such circumstances, we or our subsidiaries may not be able to pay dividends, so long as we are in default or have breached certain covenants of a loan agreement or other financing arrangement, without our lender’s consent or waiver of the default or breach. In addition, Marshall Islands law generally prohibits the payment of dividends (i) other than from surplus (which is essentially retained earnings and the excess of consideration received for the sale of shares above the par value of the shares) or (ii) when a company is insolvent or (iii) if the payment of the dividend would render the company insolvent.

In addition, we may incur expenses or liabilities, including extraordinary expenses, decreases in revenues, including as a result of off-hire days or loss of a vessel or other unforeseen circumstances, or increased cash needs that could reduce or eliminate the amount of cash that we have available for distribution as dividends. Please see “Risk Factors” for additional information.

Any dividends paid by us will be income to a United States shareholder. Please see “Tax Considerations” for additional information relating to the United States federal income tax treatment of our dividend payments, if any are declared in the future.

We have declared the following dividends per Common Share in respect of the periods set forth below:

Investing in our Units will be accretive to your interest to the extent of the difference between our pro forma as further adjusted net tangible book value per Common Share immediately after this offering and the public offering price per Unit. Net tangible book value represents the amount of our total consolidated tangible assets less the amount of our total consolidated liabilities:

Dilution to existing shareholders is calculated by subtracting the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per Common Share before giving effect to this offering, from the pro forma as further adjusted net tangible book value per Common Share after giving effect to this offering. Accretion to purchasers of our Units in this offering is calculated by subtracting the public offering price per Unit from the pro forma as further adjusted net tangible book value per Common Share after this offering. The following table illustrates these calculations:

If we sell 75%, 50%, or 25% of the securities offered by us in this offering, our pro forma as further adjusted net tangible book value per Common Share after this offering would be $2.40, $2.85, and $3.86, respectively, and the accretion per Common Share to purchasers of our Units in this offering would be $1.09, $1.54, and $2.55, respectively, assuming no change to any of the other foregoing assumptions (including the public offering price) and after deducting Placement Agent fees and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

The number of Common Shares underlying the foregoing calculations do not include the Common Shares issuable upon the potential conversion of our Series A Preferred Shares (see “Description of Capital Stock—Authorized Capital Stock—Description of 9.00% Series A Cumulative Convertible Perpetual Preferred Shares”) and upon exercise of the First Representative’s Warrant (see “Description of Capital Stock—First Representative’s Warrant”).

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto, included herein. Those financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and, among other things, include more detailed information regarding the basis of presentation for the following information.

We are a growth-oriented shipping company, providing worldwide seaborne transportation services for dry bulk cargoes via our fleet of oceangoing vessels. We generate our revenues by chartering our vessels to regional and international dry bulk operators, commodity traders and end users. Upon completion of our initial public offering in July 2024, we owned one Panamax dry bulk vessel, the M/V Alfa, with a carrying capacity of approximately 77,326 dwt, built in Japan in 2006. On September 23, 2024, we successfully took delivery of our second dry bulk vessel, the M/V Bravo, a Kamsarmax dry bulk carrier with a carrying capacity of approximately 81,448 dwt, built in Japan in 2007. Both vessels are employed by an international commodity trading conglomerate, earning hire at floating daily rates linked to the Baltic Panamax Index.

We qualify as an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act. An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other burdens that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include:

We may take advantage of these provisions until the end of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of our initial public offering or such earlier time that we are no longer an emerging growth company. For as long as we take advantage of the reduced reporting obligations, the information that we provide shareholders may be different from information provided by other public companies.

We are choosing to take advantage of these reduced burdens, save for the exemption from new or revised financial accounting standards applicable to public companies until such standards are also applicable to private companies. We are choosing to “opt out” of such extended transition period and will comply with new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required for non-emerging growth public companies. Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that our decision to opt out of the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards is irrevocable.

We believe the principal factors affecting our results of operations are the underlying supply and demand dynamics of the commodities our vessels carry, the number of vessels competing for those cargoes, and ultimately the overall economic and market conditions, regulatory changes, global geopolitical events, capital availability, and market sentiment. Other key factors that are fundamental to our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition include:

In addition to those factors described above, our results of operations have been, and are expected to continue to be, affected by a range of material events and uncertainties many of which are beyond our control. Therefore, it is reasonable likely that the reported financial information is not necessarily indicative of our future operating results or future financial condition. Please also read the sections entitled “Business” and “Risk Factors” in our Registration Statement.

Operating segments. We report financial information by total vessel revenues and our management does not use discrete financial information to evaluate operating results separately for each charter type, customer, vessel or vessel type. As a result, we have identified one single business segment. Furthermore, when we charter a vessel, the charterer is generally free to trade such vessel worldwide or within broad geographical limits and, therefore, the disclosure of geographical information is impracticable.

Vessel revenues. We generate our revenues by chartering our vessels to regional and international dry bulk operators, commodity traders and end users.

The main charter contract types are (i) voyage charters, also known as spot voyages, where the owner and charterer agree to carry out a single voyage to transport an agreed quantity of cargo between certain ports or geographical regions, (ii) time charters, where the charterer agrees to hire a vessel for a predetermined period of time with the operational responsibility of the vessel remaining with the owner, and (iii) bareboat charters, where a vessel is fully leased to a charterer, including all operational responsibility.

Our vessels are currently employed by an international commodity trading conglomerate, on time charters expiring between August 2025 and February 2026, earnings hire at floating daily rates linked to the Baltic Panamax Index.

Voyage expenses. Voyage expenses primarily consist of bunker fuel consumption, port dues, canal tolls, brokerage and commercial management commissions, and other expenses directly associated to the performance of a particular charter. Voyage expenses mainly arise from voyage charters, or when a vessel is repositioning or unemployed. In such cases voyage expenses are borne by us. Conversely, when a vessel is employed under time or bareboat charters, substantially all voyage expenses are paid by the charterers, save for brokerage and commercial management commissions.

Furthermore, in time or bareboat charters, bunker fuel remaining on board the vessel on commencement of the charter is sold to charterers and then repurchased on completion. This may result in gains or losses equal to the difference between the book value of bunker fuel and the value for which such bunker fuel is sold to charterers. These gains or losses, if any, are reported under other operating income.

Vessel operating expenses. Vessel operating expenses reflect the costs to operate and maintain our vessels and primarily consist of manning costs, vessel insurance premiums, repairs and maintenance, machinery lubricants, spares, stores, and ancillary expenses.

Management fees. Management fees are paid in exchange for corporate administration, and vessel commercial and technical management services. The Company’s Board of Directors has organized the provision of management services through Pavimar, a ship management company incorporated in the Republic of the Marshall Islands, with a branch office in Greece established under the provisions of Law 27 of 1975. Pavimar is controlled by our Chairwoman and Chief Executive Officer. Pursuant to the management agreement, which became effective on January 18, 2024, Pavimar provides us with vessel commercial and technical management services, including, but not limited to, securing employment, post-fixture support, handling vessel sale and purchases, arranging and supervising crew, repairs and maintenance, insurance, provisions, bunkering, day to day vessel operations, and

ancillary services. Prior to January 18, 2024, similar services were provided to us by Pavimar S.A., a ship management company incorporated in the Republic of the Marshall Islands, with a branch office in Greece established under the provisions of Law 27 of 1975, also controlled by our Chairwoman and Chief Executive Officer.

In our results of operations, the technical management fees, commercial management commissions, and sale or purchase commissions, are reported under “management fees,” “voyage expenses,” and “vessel cost” or “gain/loss on sale of vessels,” respectively.

General and administrative expenses. General and administrative expenses include expenses associated with being a public company, such as stock exchange fees, regulatory and compliance costs, investor relations, and incremental director and officer liability insurance premiums. General and administrative expenses also include general corporate expenses, audit, legal, advisory and other professional fees, directors’ remuneration, and compensation for our executives and corporate secretary. Pavimar S.A. provided us with the services of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to a services agreement (the “Services Agreement”) dated October 1, 2023, which was novated to Pavimar on January 18, 2024, on the same terms. The compensation payable under that Services Agreement was originally $12,000 per annum, and was amended and restated on April 1, 2024, to include the services of our corporate secretary for an additional fee of $2,000 per annum, commencing on July 11, 2024, the date the Company’s registration statement on form F-1 in connection with its initial public offering was declared effective by the SEC.

Vessel’s depreciation. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of a vessel, after considering the estimated salvage value. Each vessel’s salvage value is equal to the product of its lightweight tonnage and estimated scrap rate. Salvage values are periodically reviewed and revised, if needed, to recognize changes in conditions, new regulations or for other reasons. Revisions of salvage value affect the depreciable amount of the vessels and the depreciation expense in the period of the revision and future periods. Management estimates the useful life of our vessels to be 25 years from the date of initial delivery from the shipyard.

Amortization of drydocking costs. Vessels are subject to regular drydocking and special surveys which are carried out every 30 to 60 months to coincide with the renewal of the compliance certificates issued by the classification societies, unless a further extension is obtained in rare cases and under certain conditions. Drydocking and special survey costs are accounted for under the deferral method, whereby the costs incurred are deferred and amortized on a straight-line basis over the period through the date the next survey is scheduled to become due. Costs qualifying for deferral mainly relate to shipyard costs, hull preparation and painting, inspection of hull structure and mechanical components, steelworks, machinery works, electrical works, as well as lodging and subsistence of personnel dispatched to the yard site to supervise. If a drydocking and/or a special survey is performed prior to its originally scheduled date, any remaining unamortized costs balance from previous events is immediately expensed. Unamortized costs balances of vessels that are sold are also written-off and included in the calculation of the resulting gain or loss in the period of vessel’s sale.

Interest and finance costs. Interest and finance costs primarily consist of interest expense incurred under our loan agreement, as well as finance costs incurred in connection with entering into such loan agreement, including arrangement, legal, and other fees and expenses. Finance costs are deferred and amortized over the life of the related loan or financing arrangement using the effective interest method. Unamortized deferred finance costs relating to loans or other financing arrangements repaid or refinanced, meeting the criteria of debt extinguishment, are expensed in the period of such repayment or refinancing. Please see “—Our Borrowing Activities” below for additional information relating to our existing loan agreement.

Interest income. Interest income reflects the interest earned on our cash deposits.

The key performance indicators that management uses to assess our financial condition and results of operations are:

Ownership Days. Ownership Days are the total days we owned our vessels during the relevant period. We use this to measure the size of our fleet over a period.

Available Days. Available Days are the Ownership Days, less any days during which our vessels were unable to be used for their intended purpose as a result of scheduled maintenance, upgrades, modifications, drydockings, special or intermediate surveys, or due to change of ownership logistics, including positioning for and repositioning from such events. We use this to measure the number of days in a period during which our vessels should be capable of generating revenues.

Operating Days. Operating Days are the Available Days, less any days during which our vessels were unable to be used for their intended purpose as a result of unforeseen events and circumstances. We use this to measure the number of days in a period during which our vessels actually generated revenues.

Vessel Utilization. Vessel Utilization is the ratio of Operating Days to Available Days.

Average Number of Vessels. Average Number of Vessels is the ratio of Ownership Days to calendar days in a period.

Non-GAAP financial measures. To supplement our financial information presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP, we may use certain “non-GAAP financial measures” as such term is defined in Regulation G promulgated by the SEC. Generally, a non-GAAP financial measure is a numerical measure of a company’s operating performance, financial position or cash flows that excludes or includes amounts that are included in, or excluded from, the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We believe non-GAAP financial measures provide investors with greater transparency and supplemental data relating to our financial condition and results of operations and, therefore, a more complete understanding of our business and financial performance than the comparable U.S. GAAP measures alone. However, non-GAAP financial measures should only be used in addition to, and not as substitutes for, the financial results presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Although we believe the following definitions and calculation methods are consistent with industry standards, our non-GAAP financial measures may not be directly comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies:

The following table summarizes these key performance indicators during the reported periods:

The following table reconciles non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures:

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

Revenue, net. Throughout the first nine months of 2024 and 2023, Icon’s vessels operated under index-linked time charters, benefitting from the year-on-year increase in the dry bulk charter market rates. The resulting increase in revenue, net was partly offset by the fewer Operating Days during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024. Overall, revenue, net increased by 10% to $3.6 million from $3.2 million in the comparable period.

Voyage expenses. The increase in voyage expenses, from $0.1 million during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023, to $0.3 million during the corresponding period of 2024, is attributable mainly to costs associated with positioning the M/V Alfa for her scheduled drydocking and with the delivery of the M/V Bravo.

Vessel operating expenses. Vessel operating expenses were maintained at similar levels during both periods.

Management fees. The management agreement with Pavimar S.A. was terminated on January 18, 2024, and in accordance with its terms, the management fee payable to Pavimar S.A. continued to be payable for a further period of three calendar months from the termination date, to enable Pavimar S.A. to finalize all outstanding matters. This was the primary reason for the increase of management fees to $0.3 million during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024, compared to $0.2 million during the same period of 2023.

General and administrative expenses. The $0.1 million increase in general and administrative expenses mainly reflect Icon’s incremental obligations as a public company since July 2024, such as directors’ remuneration and insurance, stock exchange fees, audit fees and other.

Depreciation expense. Depreciation expense increased during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in 2023, due to the acquisition of M/V Bravo.

Amortization of deferred drydocking costs. Amortization of deferred drydocking costs increased by $0.1 million during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in 2023, mainly due to the non-cash write-off of the unamortized balance of previously deferred drydocking costs, upon arrival of the M/V Alfa at the shipyard for her scheduled drydocking.

Interest and finance costs. The increase in interest and finance costs relates to Icon’s new term loan facility, pursuant to which, $16.5 million were drawn on September 19, 2024, to finance part of the purchase price of the M/V Bravo and to leverage the M/V Alfa.

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Revenues, net. Vessel revenues decreased to $4.5 million during 2023, from $7.2 million in 2022. During all of 2023 and most of 2022, the M/V Alfa operated under similar index-linked charters, and there was no material difference in the Operating Days between the two years. Therefore, the decrease in vessel revenues is attributable to the lower charter rates achieved in 2023, primarily due to a decline in the overall dry bulk charter market resulting from weaker demand for dry bulk commodities carried by sea and geopolitical and macro uncertainty.

Voyage expenses, net. The M/V Alfa was employed under time charters during both 2023 and 2022. The decrease in voyage expenses, from $0.27 million during 2022 to $0.16 million during 2023, is attributable mainly to the lower charter rates in 2023, which resulted in lower brokerage commissions. In addition, voyage expenses during 2022 include $0.05 million of bunkers consumed in between charters, compared to none during 2023.

Vessel operating expenses. Vessel operating expenses increased to $1.9 million during 2023, compared to $1.8 million during 2022, mainly due to increased crew, lubricants and victualling costs. The increase was partially offset by decreased spares and classification fees.

Management fees. Management fees during both 2023 and 2022 were $0.27 million. Management fees, in their entirety, reflect the fees paid to Pavimar S.A. for managing the M/V Alfa.

General and administrative expenses. General and administrative expenses of $0.02 million and $0.01 million during 2023 and 2022, respectively, relate to general corporate expenses and the compensation payable for our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer.

Other operating income. Other operating income of $0.4 million during 2022, reflects the gains realized on commencement of time charters when bunker fuel remaining on board a vessel is sold to charterers. There were no such gains in 2023.

Depreciation expense. Depreciation expenses remained unchanged between 2023 and 2022, as there were no vessel improvements or changes in the fleet composition between the two periods.

Amortization of deferred drydocking costs. Amortization of deferred drydocking costs remained unchanged between 2023 and 2022, as there were no drydockings in these two periods.

The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Management evaluates the estimates and judgments on an on-going basis, including those related to uncompleted voyages, future drydock dates, the selection of useful lives and residual values for tangible assets, expected future cash flows from long-lived assets to support impairment tests, provisions necessary for accounts receivable, provisions for legal disputes and contingencies. Management bases its estimates and judgments on historical experience and on various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from those estimates.

Critical accounting policies are those that reflect significant judgments of uncertainties and potentially result in materially different results under different assumptions and conditions. We have described below what we believe are our most critical accounting policies, because they generally involve a comparatively higher degree of judgment and estimates in their application. We believe there are no recent changes in environmental or other climate-related regulations which would materially affect our critical accounting estimates and policies. For a more complete description of our significant accounting policies, please read Note 2 “Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements” to our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2023, as well as the respective note to our interim unaudited condensed financial statements as of September 30, 2024, both included in our Registration Statement.

Impairment of Long-lived Assets. We review our vessels for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be fully recoverable. When the estimate of future undiscounted operating cash flows projected to be generated by the use of a vessel is less than her carrying amount, we evaluate that vessel for an impairment loss. Measurement of the impairment loss is based on the fair value of the vessel in comparison to her carrying value, including unamortized deferred drydocking costs and any related intangible assets. In this respect, management regularly reviews the carrying amount of the vessels in connection with their estimated recoverable amount.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, after considering various indicators, including but not limited to the market price of the vessels, contracted revenues, expected cash flows and the economic outlook, our management concluded that no impairment indicators were present and, therefore, no further analysis should be performed on the long-lived assets of the Company.

Although management believes the underlying indicators and assumptions supporting these conclusions are reasonable, future events or changes in circumstances may affect the recoverability of the carrying amount of our vessels, in which case, management may be required to perform further analysis that could potentially expose the Company to material impairment charges in the future.

Supply and demand dynamics, seasonality, and competition in the markets we operate, have historically caused increased volatility. We expect this to continue in the foreseeable future with a consequent effect on the trading performance of our vessels and, in turn, our short and long-term liquidity.

Our primary short-term liquidity needs are to fund general working capital requirements, vessel operating expenses, general and administrative expenses, and to service our debt. We anticipate that our primary sources of funds for our short-term liquidity needs will be cash from operations.

We expect our long-term liquidity needs to primarily relate to growing and renewing our fleet through vessel acquisitions, capital expenditures required to comply with international shipping standards and environmental laws and regulations, costs to maintain the class certification of our vessels by undergoing periodical drydockings and special surveys, and to service our debt. We anticipate that our primary sources of funds for our long-term liquidity needs will be cash from operations, loan facilities, other financing arrangements and equity issuances.

We operate in a capital-intensive industry and in the future we may seek any combination of loan agreements, other financing arrangements and equity issuances, to raise capital and fund our operations and growth.

We believe that our working capital is sufficient to meet our requirements for the next twelve months, taking into account our projected cash flows from operations.

Cash Flows. As of September 30, 2024 and 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents of $1.3 million and $1.8 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had cash and cash equivalents of $2.7 million and $3.6 million, respectively. Our cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities during the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, and during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, are summarized in the following table:

Restricted cash consists of minimum cash deposits required to be maintained throughout the term of the Company’s loan agreement and can only be applied towards repayment of the final principal instalment pursuant to the terms and conditions of such loan agreement.

Cash provided by operating activities decreased from $1.5 million during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023, to $0.6 million during the same period in 2024, mainly due to the cash outflow to purchase the bunker fuel on board the M/V Bravo upon taking delivery of the vessel from her previous owners on September 23, 2024. The bunkers were subsequently sold to the vessel’s charterers, but cash was received in October 2024 and, therefore, as of September 30, 2024, the amount was included in trade receivables.

Cash provided by operating activities decreased from $4.0 million during 2022 to $2.5 million during 2023, mainly due to the decrease in net income (after taking into account the effects of non-cash depreciation expense and amortization of deferred drydocking costs on such net income) during the same periods. The decrease in cash provided by operating activities was partially offset by working capital other than cash, which increased by $0.3 million during 2023 compared to a decrease by $0.8 million during 2022, as well as by payments made early in 2022 in connection with the drydocking of the M/V Alfa in late 2021.

Cash used in investing activities during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024, relates to the acquisition of the M/V Bravo and related costs, and to the installation of efficiency improvement equipment on the M/V Alfa during her scheduled drydocking. No cash was used in investing activities during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023.

Cash used in investing activities during 2023 relates to advances made towards vessel efficiency improvement equipment that was installed on the M/V Alfa in 2024. Cash used in investing activities during 2022 reflects payments made towards fitting the M/V Alfa with a ballast water treatment system in late 2021, part of which was paid in 2022 in accordance with the payment terms of the suppliers of the related spares and equipment.

Cash used in financing activities during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023, relates entirely to dividend payments. Cash provided by financing activities during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024, relates to the proceeds from the Company’s initial public offering and new term loan facility, counterbalanced by returns of additional paid-in capital and dividend payments:

Cash used in financing activities during 2023 consists of dividend payments of $3.3 million and payment of issuance costs of $0.03 million. During 2022, cash used in financing activities relates entirely to dividend payments.

Maui Term Loan Facility. On September 16, 2024, we entered into a new term loan facility with a leading international financial institution for up to $91.5 million, consisting of a committed portion of up to $16.5 million and an uncommitted upsize option of up to another $75 million (the “Maui Term Loan Facility”). On September 19, 2024, we borrowed the $16.5 million committed portion in full, to finance part of the purchase price of the M/V Bravo and to leverage the M/V Alpha. This borrowed portion of the Maui Term Loan Facility bears interest at SOFR plus a margin of 3.95% per annum, has a term of four years, and is repayable in quarterly installments, with a balloon payment due at maturity in December 2028. As of September 30, 2024, we were in compliance with the applicable financial covenants under the Maui Term Loan Facility. The Maui Term Loan Facility has the following characteristics:

Interest Rate Risk. Our borrowings under the Maui Term Loan Facility bear interest at SOFR plus a margin, and we are therefore exposed to market risks associated with changes in interest rates. Increases in interest rates could materially affect our operating results and ability to service our debt. As of September 30, 2024, we had total borrowings of $16.5 million bearing interest based on SOFR and had not entered into any hedging contracts or taken other actions to protect against interest rate fluctuations.

As a quantitative indication of our exposure to interest rate fluctuations, we estimate that a 100 basis points increase in SOFR, would have resulted in an increase of $0.01 million in interest and finance costs during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024. We expect to continue having outstanding borrowings under the Maui Term Loan Facility until its maturity in December 2028, and under any future loan agreements or other financing arrangements we may enter into and, therefore, we will continue to be exposed to market risks associated with changes in interest rates.

We are a growth-oriented shipping company, providing worldwide seaborne transportation services for dry bulk cargoes via our fleet of oceangoing vessels. We generate our revenues by chartering our vessels to regional and international dry bulk operators, commodity traders and end users. Currently, our fleet consists of one Panamax dry bulk vessel, the M/V Alfa, with a carrying capacity of approximately 77,326 dwt, and one Kamsarmax dry bulk vessel, the M/V Bravo, with a carrying capacity of approximately 81,448 dwt.

On June 11, 2024, we acquired all of the outstanding share capital of Maui, the entity that wholly owns Positano, which in turn owns M/V Alfa, from our Chairwoman and Chief Executive Officer, Mrs. Panagiotidi, in exchange for 15,000 Series A Preferred Shares, 1,500,000 Series B Preferred Shares, and 200,000 of our Common Shares, pursuant to the Exchange Agreement. Maui was incorporated on October 27, 2022, under the laws of the Republic of Marshall Islands. On May 3, 2023, Maui entered into a deed of transfer of shares with the shareholders of Positano by which all outstanding shares of Positano were transferred to Maui. Positano was incorporated on February 1, 2021, under the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands. These transactions were accounted for as transactions between entities under common control. All references in this prospectus to us when used in a historical context prior to June 11, 2024, refer to our predecessor companies, Maui and Positano.

On July 15, 2024, we completed our underwritten initial public offering of 1,250,000 Common Shares, at $4.00 per share, raising gross proceeds of $5,000,000. Our Common Shares trade on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “ICON.”

We have a multi-class capital structure consisting of Common Shares, Series A Preferred Shares and Series B Preferred Shares. Our common shareholders are entitled to one vote for each Common Share held. Our Series A Preferred Shares have no voting rights, subject to limited exceptions, however each Series A Preferred Share has a stated amount of $1,000 per share, and each holder of Series A Preferred Shares has the right, subject to certain conditions, at any time commencing on July 16, 2025 and until July 15, 2032, to convert all (but not a portion) of the Series A Preferred Shares beneficially held by such holder into our Common Shares at the applicable conversion price then in effect. The issuance of additional Common Shares upon the potential conversion of our Series A Preferred Shares could dilute the interests of our common shareholders and affect the trading price for our Common Shares. Each Series B Preferred Share has the voting power of 1,000 Common Shares and counts for 1,000 votes for purposes of determining quorum at a meeting of shareholders, subject to certain adjustments to maintain a substantially identical voting interest in us following the occurrence of certain events. Except as otherwise required by law or provided by our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation and Statement of Designation for our Series B Preferred Shares, holders of our Series B Preferred Shares and holders of our Common Shares shall vote together as one class on all matters submitted to a vote of our shareholders. Please see the section of this prospectus entitled “Description of Capital Stock” for further information regarding our capital structure, and the rights, including the voting rights, privileges, and preferences of the holders of our shares.

Our Chairwoman and Chief Executive Officer, Mrs. Ismini Panagiotidi, is the sole holder of our Series A Preferred Shares and Series B Preferred Shares. The Series B Preferred Shares held by Mrs. Panagiotidi represent 99.9% of the aggregate voting power of our total issued and outstanding share capital. Because Mrs. Panagiotidi beneficially owns the majority of our voting power, she has the ability to control us and our affairs, including, among other matters, the election of our board of directors and, as a result, the ability of our common shareholders to influence our corporate matters is limited.

The address of our principal executive offices is c/o Pavimar Shipping Co., 17^th km National Road Athens-Lamia & Foinikos Str. 14564, Nea Kifissia, Athens, Greece, and our telephone number is +30 211 88 81 300.

Our website is www.icon-nrg.com. The Commission maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information that we file electronically at www.sec.gov. The information contained on, or that can be accessed through, these websites is not incorporated by reference herein and does not form part of this prospectus.

We intend to charter our vessels to regional and international dry bulk operators, commodity traders and end users, primarily on time charters (either index-linked or fixed rate) or voyage charters, depending on market conditions, opportunities available to us, and other strategic and tactical considerations. Our vessels are currently

employed by international commodity trading conglomerates, on time charters expiring between August 2025 and February 2026, at floating daily rates linked to the Baltic Panamax Index. The vessels’ time charters contain customary events of termination, such as violation of applicable sanctions, the outbreak of war or actual hostilities in certain countries and certain insolvency events.

Set forth below are brief descriptions of the main types of charters under which our vessels may be employed:

Overall responsibility for the management of Icon Energy rests with our Board of Directors. Our Board of Directors has organized the provision of management services through Pavimar, a ship management company controlled by our Chairwoman and Chief Executive Officer, Mrs. Ismini Panagiotidi, under the terms of the New Management Agreement which became effective on January 18, 2024. Pavimar operates on the same principles and draw upon the expertise of Pavimar S.A., an integrated vessel commercial and technical manager, also controlled by our Chairwoman and Chief Executive Officer. Founded in 2014, Pavimar S.A. has successfully managed over 50 vessels across the dry bulk, tanker and container sectors, has built a reputation for reliability, and is well-established and regarded within the international shipping community.

Pavimar provides us with vessel commercial and technical management services including, but not limited to, securing employment, post-fixture support, handling vessel sale and purchases, arranging and supervising crew, repairs and maintenance, insurance, provisions, bunkering, day to day vessel operations, and ancillary services. Prior to the effectiveness of our New Management Agreement, similar services were provided to us by Pavimar S.A.

We believe that our experienced team, efficient vessel operations and broad industry relationships offer us a competitive advantage in seizing opportunities and navigating industry challenges.

Experienced Executive Management Team. Our executive management team has extensive experience in the shipping industry, bringing a wealth of expertise in all aspects of commercial, technical, operational and financial areas of our business. Our management team is led by Mrs. Panagiotidi, our Chairwoman and Chief Executive Officer, who has over 17 years of experience with operating, owning, and investing in vessels across the dry bulk, tanker and container sectors. In 2014, Mrs. Panagiotidi founded Pavimar S.A. and led it to be the reputable, integrated, commercial and technical vessel manager that it is today, demonstrating her significant leadership and industry experience that we believe will help us drive our success and accomplish our goals.

Efficient Vessel Operations. We intend to capitalize on the accumulated experience and long-standing relationships of Pavimar. Pavimar operates on the same principles and draw upon the expertise of Pavimar S.A., which has successfully managed over 50 vessels across the dry bulk, tanker and container sectors, has built a reputation for reliability, and is well-established and regarded within the international shipping community. We expect Pavimar will afford us economies of scale, promote the efficient, safe and environmentally responsible operation of our vessels, support our commitment to regulatory compliance, ensure recruitment and retention of skilled seafarers, and help us achieve operational excellence.

Broad Industry Relationships. We believe our management team’s competencies and breadth of experiences, coupled with Pavimar’s deep industry knowledge and global network, provide us with access to high quality charterers, financial institutions, and other key seaborne transportation industry participants. We plan to leverage these relationships in successfully competing for new charters, profitably operating our fleet, identifying attractive investment opportunities, and sourcing capital to fuel our growth.

Fleet Expansion Through Disciplined and Opportunistic Vessel Acquisitions. We intend to grow, renew and expand our fleet, through timely and selective acquisitions of additional vessels. We intend to predominately focus on acquiring dry bulk vessels in the secondhand market; however, in our pursuit of investment opportunities we believe to be attractive, we may also consider diversifying in other sectors and/or placing newbuilding orders. Further to our strategy, on September 23, 2024, we successfully took delivery of our second vessel, the M/V Bravo, a Kamsarmax dry bulk vessel with a carrying capacity of approximately 81,448 dwt, built in Japan in 2007.

Fleet Optimization. We plan to be agile, constantly assess the composition of our fleet and act opportunistically in response to market conditions, including vessel acquisitions when valuations are appealing, and disposals to realize profits, manage exposure or renew our fleet.

Balanced Charter Mix. As the size of our fleet grows, we plan to strategically employ our vessels according to market conditions for the purpose of providing us with a combination of stable cash flows and high utilization rates, while preserving the flexibility to capitalize on potentially rising charter rates. In furtherance of this strategy, we aim to diversify our fleet between fixed rate time charters that deliver stable revenue streams and cash flow visibility, and floating rate, time, trip or voyage charters to maximize profits during periods of high demand. We will evaluate and adjust our chartering strategy in response to market conditions (actual and expected) and other tactical or strategic considerations.

Vessel Acquisition. On September 23, 2024, we took delivery of our second vessel, the M/V Bravo, a Kamsarmax dry bulk vessel with a carrying capacity of approximately 81,448 dwt, built in Japan in 2007. The vessel was acquired from an unaffiliated third-party for a purchase price of $17.57 million, which was financed with a combination of cash on hand and borrowings.

Vessel Charter. On August 29, 2024, we entered into an agreement with an international commodity trading conglomerate to time charter the M/V Bravo for a period of 11 to 14 months, at a floating daily hire rate linked to the Baltic Panamax Index. The charter commenced shortly after the vessel’s delivery to us.

Vessel Drydocking. On September 2, 2024, our M/V Alfa completed her scheduled drydocking, undergoing routine repairs and maintenance to ensure continued operational efficiency, safety, and compliance with class requirements.

Financing. On September 19, 2024, under a new term loan facility of up to $91.5 million, consisting of a committed portion of up to $16.5 million and an uncommitted upsize option of up to another $75 million, we borrowed the $16.5 million committed portion in full, to finance part of the purchase price of the M/V Bravo and to leverage the M/V Alfa. The uncommitted upsize option of up to another $75.0 million may be made available to us, in whole or in parts, to finance future vessel acquisitions.

Dividends. On September 30, 2024, we paid a cash dividend of $0.08 per Common Share for the second quarter of the year. On December 27, 2024, we paid a cash dividend of $0.085 per Common Share for the third quarter of the year.

We operate in a highly competitive market that is capital intensive and highly fragmented. Competition arises primarily from other independent and state-owned dry bulk vessel owners. Competition for the transportation of dry bulk cargoes by sea is intense and depends on price, location, size, age, condition and the acceptability of a vessel and her operators to the charterers. We believe that no single competitor or cartel has a dominant position in or influences the markets in which we compete.

We operate in markets that have historically exhibited seasonal variations in demand and, as a result, in charter hire rates. This seasonality may result in quarter-to-quarter volatility in our operating results. The dry bulk shipping market is typically stronger in the fall and winter months in anticipation of increased consumption of coal and other raw materials in the northern hemisphere. In addition, unpredictable weather patterns in these months tend to disrupt

vessel schedules and supplies of certain commodities. As a result, our revenues may be weaker during the fiscal quarters ending March 31 and June 30, and, conversely, our revenues may be stronger in fiscal quarters ending September 30 and December 31.

We were incorporated under the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands on August 30, 2023, with our principal executive offices being located at c/o Pavimar Shipping Co., 17^th km National Road Athens-Lamia & Foinikos Str. 14564, Nea Kifissia, Athens, Greece. We own our vessels through our subsidiaries, a list of which is filed as Exhibit 21.1 to the registration statement, of which this prospectus forms a part.

We are required by various governmental and quasi-governmental agencies to obtain certain permits, licenses and certificates with respect to our vessels. The kinds of permits, licenses and certificates required depend upon several factors, including the commodity transported, the waters in which the vessel operates, the nationality of the vessel’s crew and the age of the vessel. Additional laws and regulations, environmental or otherwise, may be adopted which could limit our ability to do business or increase the cost of us doing business.

We do not own or lease any material properties other than our vessels. Please see “Prospectus Summary—Formation Transactions.”

To our knowledge, we are not currently a party to any legal proceeding that would have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or liquidity, nor are we aware of any pending proceedings that may have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or liquidity. From time to time in the future, in the ordinary course of conducting our business, we may become involved in various legal actions and other claims. Litigation is subject to many uncertainties, the outcome of individual litigated matters is not predictable with assurance, and it is reasonably possible that some of these matters may be decided unfavorably to the Company.

Under Marshall Islands law, there are currently no restrictions on the export or import of capital, including foreign exchange controls or restrictions that affect the remittance of dividends, interest or other payments to non-resident holders of our shares.

The shipping industry is often referred to as the backbone of international trade and the global economy, and it is estimated that over 80% of traded goods are carried by sea. Goods that are non-liquid, granular or solid, usually in their raw or unprocessed form, are commonly described as ‘dry bulk’ and are fundamental to manufacturing, construction, agriculture, and energy production. Dry bulk goods include ‘major bulks’ such as iron ore, coal, and grains, and ‘minor bulks’ such as bauxite, steel, sugar, fertilizers, cement and scrap metal. A dry bulk vessel, or dry bulk carrier, is a type of ship designed and constructed to transport such cargoes across global shipping routes.

Dry bulk vessels come in various sizes and configurations and, although these terms are not precisely defined, are frequently grouped into the following primary categories:

Demand for dry bulk vessels derives from, and fluctuates in line with, the underlying supply and demand dynamics of the commodities they carry, and the geographical dislocation between production regions and

consumption centers around the world. Supply of dry bulk vessels refers to the total number of such vessels in service and is influenced by newbuilding orders, vessel scrapping activity, service speeds, port congestion, vessel lay-ups, trading patterns, and other factors which are ultimately driven by the overall economic and market conditions, regulatory changes, global geopolitical events, capital availability, and market sentiment.

Over the years, the dry bulk market has demonstrated cyclicality, seasonality, and increased volatility. One of the main benchmarks used by market participants to monitor the dry bulk market is the BDI, a composite of the dry bulk time charter averages published daily by the Baltic Exchange, a reputable and leading source of independent maritime market data. The index provides a continuous timeseries since 1985 and has exhibited significant volatility over short time spans, including declines of over 90% during the global financial crisis and COVID-19. The index reached its highest level of 11,793 in May 2008 and its lowest of 290 in February 2016, which represents a decline of approximately 98%. In the preceding and following years volatility was less extreme, although there were still multiple instances where the index decreased or increased by more than 50% in short periods of time.

During 2023, demand for major bulk imports into China was particularly strong, whereas most minor bulk imports experienced a slowdown. Outside China, geopolitical and macroeconomic uncertainty dampened demand, especially for construction-related materials. As a result, although trade routes into China were well supported, other regions struggled. The market recovered towards the end of 2023 and into 2024, spurred by escalating disruptions in major sea canals. Regional hostilities at the Suez Canal and the Red Sea hampered safe navigation, while historically low water levels in the Panama Canal forced capacity restrictions. Consequently, most vessels opted for longer routes via the Cape of Good Hope, boosting ton-mile demand and driving charter rates higher in the first half of 2024. However, these disruptions gradually eased since then and other factors weighed on charter rates during the second half of 2024. Exports from Brazil and Argentina were below expectations, while China accelerated imports from the U.S. Gulf (shorter voyage duration than South America), possibly in anticipation of potential policy shifts under the new U.S. administration in 2025. Additionally, low port congestion in major hubs reduced market inefficiencies, contributing to the subdued charter rates in the latter half of 2024 compared to earlier in the year. Despite these pressures, overall seaborne trade volumes continued to grow, reflecting the resilience of global dry bulk shipping.

Environmental and Other Regulations. Government regulations and laws significantly affect the ownership and operation of our fleet. We are subject to international conventions and treaties, national, state and local laws and regulations in force in the countries in which our vessels may operate or are registered relating to safety and health and environmental protection including the storage, handling, emission, transportation and discharge of hazardous and non-hazardous materials, and the remediation of contamination and liability for damage to natural resources. Compliance with such laws, regulations and other requirements entails significant expense, including vessel modifications and implementation of certain operating procedures.

A variety of government and private entities subject our vessels to both scheduled and unscheduled inspections. These entities include the local port authorities (applicable national authorities such as the United States Coast Guard, or USCG, harbor master or equivalent), classification societies, flag state administrations (countries of registry), terminal operators and charterers. Certain of these entities require us to obtain permits, licenses, certificates and other authorizations for the operation of our vessels. Failure to maintain necessary permits or approvals could require us to incur substantial costs or result in the temporary suspension of the operation of one or more of our vessels.

Increasing environmental concerns have created a demand for vessels that conform to stricter environmental standards. We are required to maintain operating standards that emphasize operational safety, quality maintenance, continuous training of officers and crews and compliance with United States and international regulations.

We believe that our vessels are currently compliant in all material respects with applicable regulations and has all material permits, licenses, certificates or other authorizations necessary for the conduct of our operations. Such conventions, laws and regulations frequently change and, therefore, we cannot predict the ultimate implementation and compliance cost with these requirements, or the impact of these requirements on our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition, and on the resale value or useful lives of our vessels, which may be material and adverse.

International Maritime Organization. The IMO, the United Nations agency for maritime safety and the prevention of pollution by vessels, has adopted the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from

Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto, collectively referred to as MARPOL 73/78 and herein as MARPOL, the SOLAS Convention, the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, and the International Convention on Load Lines of 1966, or LL Convention. MARPOL establishes environmental standards relating to oil leakage or spilling, garbage management, sewage, air emissions, the handling and disposal of noxious liquids and the handling of harmful substances in packaged forms. MARPOL is applicable to dry bulk, tanker and LNG carriers, among other vessels, and is broken into six Annexes, each of which regulates a different source of pollution. Annex I relates to oil leakage or spilling; Annexes II and III relate to harmful substances carried in bulk in liquid or in packaged form, respectively; Annexes IV and V relate to sewage and garbage management, respectively; and Annex VI, lastly, relates to air emissions.

In 2013, the MEPC adopted a resolution amending MARPOL Annex I Condition Assessment Scheme, or CAS. These amendments became effective on October 1, 2014 and require compliance with the 2011 International Code on the Enhanced Program of Inspections during Surveys of Bulk Carriers and Oil Tankers, or ESP Code, which provides for enhanced inspection programs.

We believe that our vessels are currently compliant in all material respects with applicable regulations and has all material permits, licenses, certificates or other authorizations necessary for the conduct of our operations. Such conventions, laws and regulations frequently change and, therefore, we cannot predict the ultimate implementation and compliance cost with these requirements, or the impact of these requirements on our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition, and on the resale value or useful lives of our vessels, which may be material and adverse.

Air Emissions. In September of 1997, the IMO adopted Annex VI to MARPOL to address air pollution from vessels. Annex VI sets limits on sulfur oxide and nitrogen oxide emissions from all commercial vessel exhausts and prohibits “deliberate emissions” of ozone depleting substances (such as halons and chlorofluorocarbons), emissions of volatile compounds from cargo tanks, and the shipboard incineration of specific substances. Annex VI also includes a global cap on the sulfur content of fuel oil and allows for special areas to be established with more stringent controls on sulfur emissions, as explained below. Emissions of “volatile organic compounds” from certain vessels, and the shipboard incineration (from incinerators installed after January 1, 2000) of certain substances (such as polychlorinated biphenyls, or PCBs) are also prohibited.

The MEPC adopted amendments to Annex VI regarding emissions of sulfur oxide, nitrogen oxide, particulate matter and ozone depleting substances, which entered into force on July 1, 2010. The amended Annex VI seeks to further reduce air pollution by, among other things, implementing a progressive reduction of the amount of sulfur contained in any fuel oil used on board ships. Effective January 1, 2020, there has been a global limit of 0.5% m/m sulfur oxide emissions (reduced from 3.50%). This limitation can be met by using low-sulfur compliant fuel oil, alternative fuels, or certain exhaust gas cleaning systems. Ships are required to obtain bunker delivery notes and International Air Pollution Prevention, or IAPP, Certificates from their flag states that specify sulfur content. Additionally, at MEPC 73, amendments to Annex VI to prohibit the carriage of bunkers above 0.5% sulfur on ships became effective on March 1, 2020. Additional amendments to Annex VI revising, among other terms, the definition of “Sulphur content of fuel oil” and “low-flashpoint fuel” and pertaining to the sampling and testing of onboard fuel oil, became effective in 2022.

MEPC 77 adopted a non-binding resolution which urges Member States and ship operators to voluntarily use distillate or other cleaner alternative fuels or methods of propulsion that are safe for ships and could contribute to the reduction of black carbon emissions from ships when operating in or near the Arctic.

Sulfur content standards are even stricter within certain ECAs. As of January 1, 2015, ships operating within an ECA were not permitted to use fuel with sulfur content in excess of 0.1%. Amended Annex VI establishes procedures for designating new ECAs. Currently, the IMO has designated four ECAs, including specified portions of the Baltic Sea area, North Sea area, North American area and United States Caribbean Sea area. Recently at the MEPC78, the IMO approved a proposal for a new ECA for the Mediterranean Sea as a whole. These amendments entered into force on May 1, 2024, however ships operating in this ECA will be exempted from compliance with the 0.10% m/m sulfur content standard for fuel oil until July 1, 2025. Ocean-going vessels in these areas are subject to stringent emission controls and may cause us to incur additional costs. If other ECAs are approved by the IMO, or other new or more stringent requirements relating to emissions from marine diesel engines or port operations by vessels are adopted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, or EPA, or the states where we operate, compliance with these regulations could entail significant capital expenditures or otherwise increase the costs of our operations.

MEPC 79 adopted amendments to Annex VI on the reporting of mandatory values related to the implementation of the IMO short term GHG reduction measure, including attained EEXI, CII and rating values to the IMO DCS, which became effective May 1, 2024. MEPC 80 adopted the 2023 IMO Strategy on Reduction of GHG Emissions from Ships with enhanced targets to mitigate harmful emissions. The revised IMO GHG Strategy comprises a common ambition to ensure an uptake of alternative zero and near-zero GHG fuels by 2030 and to achieve net-zero emissions from international shipping by 2050. MEPC took place in March 2024 at which MEPC 81 agreed on an illustration of a possible draft outline of an ‘IMO net-zero framework’ for cutting GHG emissions from international shipping, which lists regulations under MARPOL to be adopted or amended to allow a new global pricing mechanism for maritime GHG emissions. This may include economic mechanisms to incentivize the transition to net-zero.

Annex VI also established new tiers of stringent nitrogen oxide emissions standards for marine diesel engines, depending on their date of installation. Now Annex VI provides for a three-tier reduction in NOx emissions from marine diesel engines, with the final tier (or Tier III) to apply to engines installed on vessels constructed on or after January 1, 2016 and which operate in the North American ECA or the U.S. Caribbean Sea ECA as well as ECAs designated in the future by the IMO. At MEPC 70 and MEPC 71, the MEPC approved the North Sea and Baltic Sea as ECAs for nitrogen oxide for ships built after January 1, 2021. The EPA promulgated equivalent (and in some senses stricter) emissions standards in late 2009. Additionally, amendments to Annex II, which strengthen discharge requirements for cargo residues and tank washings in specified sea areas (including Northwest European waters, Baltic Sea area, Western European waters and Norwegian Sea), came into effect in January 2021.

Regulation 22A of MARPOL Annex VI became effective as of March 1, 2018 and requires ships above 5,000 gross tonnage to collect and report annual data on fuel oil consumption to an IMO database, with the first year of data collection commencing on January 1, 2019. The IMO intends to use such data as the first step in its roadmap (through 2023) for developing its strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from ships, as discussed further below. Amendments to Annex VI requiring bunker delivery notes to include a flashpoint of fuel oil or a statement that the flashpoint has been measured at or above 70"C as mandatory information, became effective May 1, 2024. Pursuant to MPC 80, in July 2023, the IMO adopted the 2023 IMO Strategy on Reduction of GHG Emissions from Ships, which identifies a number of levels of ambition, including (1) decreasing the carbon intensity from ships through implementation of further phases of energy efficiency for new ships; (2) reducing carbon dioxide emissions per transport work, as an average across international shipping, by at least 40% by 2030; and (3) pursuing net-zero GHG emissions by or around 2050.

MARPOL mandates certain measures relating to energy efficiency for ships. All ships are now required to develop and implement Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plans, or SEEMPS, and new ships must be designed in compliance with minimum energy efficiency levels per capacity mile as defined by the Energy Efficiency Design Index, or EEDI. Under these measures, by 2025, all new ships built will be 30% more energy efficient than those built in 2014.

We believe that our vessels are currently compliant in all material respects with applicable regulations and has all material permits, licenses, certificates or other authorizations necessary for the conduct of our operations. Such conventions, laws and regulations frequently change and, therefore, we cannot predict the ultimate implementation and compliance cost with these requirements, or the impact of these requirements on our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition, and on the resale value or useful lives of our vessels, which may be material and adverse.

Safety Management System Requirements. The SOLAS Convention was amended to address the safe manning of vessels and emergency training drills. The Convention of Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims, or the LLMC, sets limitations of liability for a loss of life or personal injury claim or a property claim against ship owners.

Under Chapter IX of the SOLAS Convention, or the International Safety Management Code for the Safe Operation of Ships and for Pollution Prevention, or the ISM Code, our operations are also subject to environmental standards and requirements. The ISM Code requires the party with operational control of a vessel to develop an extensive safety management system that includes, among other things, the adoption of a safety and environmental protection policy setting forth instructions and procedures for operating its vessels safely and describing procedures for responding to emergencies. The failure of a vessel owner or bareboat charterer to comply with the ISM Code may

subject such party to increased liability, may decrease available insurance coverage for the affected vessels and may result in a denial of access to, or detention in, certain ports. Amendments to certain SOLAS chapters entered into force on January 1, 2024; these amendments are to complete the work on modernization of the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System.

The ISM Code requires that vessel operators obtain a safety management certificate for each vessel they operate. This certificate evidences compliance by a vessel’s management with the ISM Code requirements for a safety management system. No vessel can obtain a safety management certificate unless its manager has been awarded a document of compliance, issued by each flag state, under the ISM Code.

Amendments to the SOLAS Convention Chapter VII apply to vessels transporting dangerous goods and require those vessels be in compliance with the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code, or IMDG Code. Effective January 1, 2018, the IMDG Code includes (1) updates to the provisions for radioactive material, reflecting the latest provisions from the International Atomic Energy Agency, (2) new marking, packing and classification requirements for dangerous goods, and (3) new mandatory training requirements. Amendments to the IMDG Code relating to segregation requirements for certain substances, and classification and transport of carbon, following incidents involving the spontaneous ignition of charcoal, came into effect in June 2022. Updates to the IMDG Code, in line with the updates to the United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, which set the recommendations for all transport modes, became effective January 1, 2024.

Effective July 1, 2024, new SOLAS Chapter XV, and the associated IP Code, aim to provide minimum safety standards for ships carrying industrial personnel, and address specific risks of maritime operations within the offshore and energy sectors.

In 2013, the IMO’s Marine Environmental Protection Committee, or the MEPC, adopted a resolution amending MARPOL Annex I Condition Assessment Scheme, or CAS. These amendments became effective on October 1, 2014 and require compliance with the 2011 International Code on the Enhanced Program of Inspections during Surveys of Bulk Carriers and Oil Tankers, or ESP Code, which provides for enhanced inspection programs.

The IMO has also adopted the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, or STCW. As of February 2017, all seafarers are required to meet the STCW standards and be in possession of a valid STCW certificate. Flag states that have ratified SOLAS and STCW generally employ the classification societies, which have incorporated SOLAS and STCW requirements into their class rules, to undertake surveys to confirm compliance.

Furthermore, actions by the IMO’s Maritime Safety Committee and United States agencies indicate that cybersecurity regulations for the maritime industry are likely to be further developed in an attempt to combat cybersecurity threats. For example, effective January 2021, cyber-risk management systems were required to be incorporated by shipowners and managers.

We believe that our vessels are currently compliant in all material respects with applicable regulations and has all material permits, licenses, certificates or other authorizations necessary for the conduct of our operations. Such conventions, laws and regulations frequently change and, therefore, we cannot predict the ultimate implementation and compliance cost with these requirements, or the impact of these requirements on our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition, and on the resale value or useful lives of our vessels, which may be material and adverse.

Pollution Control and Liability Requirements. The IMO has negotiated international conventions that impose liability for pollution in international waters and the territorial waters of the signatories to such conventions. For example, the IMO adopted the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments, or the BWM Convention, which entered into force in September 2017. The BWM Convention requires ships to manage their ballast water to remove, render harmless, or avoid the uptake or discharge of new or invasive aquatic organisms and pathogens within ballast water and sediments.

Specifically, ships over 400 gross tons generally must comply with a “D-1 standard,” requiring the exchange of ballast water only in open seas and away from coastal waters. The “D-2 standard” specifies the maximum amount of viable organisms allowed to be discharged, and compliance dates vary depending on the IOPP renewal dates. For most ships, compliance with the D-2 standard will involve installing on-board systems to treat ballast water and eliminate unwanted organisms. BWMs, which include systems that make use of chemical, biocides, organisms or biological mechanisms, or which alter the chemical or physical characteristics of the Ballast Water, must be approved

in accordance with IMO Guidelines (Regulation D-3). Pursuant to the BWM Convention amendments that entered into force in October 2019, BWMS installed on or after October 28, 2020 shall be approved in accordance with BWMS Code, while BWMS installed before October 23, 2020 must be approved taking into account guidelines developed by the IMO or the BWMS Code. Ships sailing in U.S. waters are required to employ a type-approved BWMS which is compliant with USCG regulations. Amendments to the BWM Convention entered into force in June 2022 concerning commissioning testing of BWMS and the form of the International Ballast Water Management Certificate. Additional amendments to the BWM Convention, concerning the form of the Ballast Water Record Book, are expected to enter into force in February 2025. Costs of compliance with these regulations may be substantial. However, many countries already regulate the discharge of ballast water carried by vessels from country to country to prevent the introduction of invasive and harmful species via such discharges. The U.S., for example, requires vessels entering its waters from another country to conduct mid-ocean ballast exchange, or undertake some alternate measure, and to comply with certain reporting requirements.

The IMO also adopted the International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage, or the Bunker Convention, to impose strict liability on ship owners (including the registered owner, bareboat charterer, manager or operator) for pollution damage in jurisdictional waters of ratifying states caused by discharges of bunker fuel. The Bunker Convention requires registered owners of ships over 1,000 gross tons to maintain insurance for pollution damage in an amount equal to the limits of liability under the applicable national or international limitation regime (but not exceeding the amount calculated in accordance with the LLMC). With respect to non-ratifying states, liability for spills or releases of oil carried as fuel in ship’s bunkers typically is determined by the national or other domestic laws in the jurisdiction where the events or damages occur.

Ships are required to maintain a certificate attesting that they maintain adequate insurance to cover an incident. In jurisdictions such as the United States where the Bunker Convention has not been adopted, various legislative schemes or common law govern, and liability is imposed either on the basis of fault or on a strict-liability basis.

We believe that our vessels are currently compliant in all material respects with applicable regulations and has all material permits, licenses, certificates or other authorizations necessary for the conduct of our operations. Such conventions, laws and regulations frequently change and, therefore, we cannot predict the ultimate implementation and compliance cost with these requirements, or the impact of these requirements on our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition, and on the resale value or useful lives of our vessels, which may be material and adverse.

Anti-Fouling Requirements. In 2001, the IMO adopted the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships, or the “Anti-fouling Convention.” The Anti-fouling Convention entered into force in September 2008 and prohibits the use of organotin compound coatings to prevent the attachment of mollusks and other sea life to the hulls of vessels. Vessels of over 400 gross tons engaged in international voyages will also be required to undergo an initial survey before the vessel is put into service or before an International Anti-fouling System Certificate is issued for the first time; and subsequent surveys when the anti-fouling systems are altered or replaced. In 2023, amendments to the Anti-fouling Convention came into effect which include controls on the biocide cybutryne; ships shall not apply or re-apply anti-fouling systems containing cybutryne from January 1, 2023.

We believe that our vessels are currently compliant in all material respects with applicable regulations and has all material permits, licenses, certificates or other authorizations necessary for the conduct of our operations. Such conventions, laws and regulations frequently change and, therefore, we cannot predict the ultimate implementation and compliance cost with these requirements, or the impact of these requirements on our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition, and on the resale value or useful lives of our vessels, which may be material and adverse.

Compliance Enforcement. Noncompliance with the ISM Code or other IMO regulations may subject the ship owner or bareboat charterer to increased liability, may lead to decreases in available insurance coverage for affected vessels and may result in the denial of access to, or detention in, some ports. The USCG and European Union authorities have indicated that vessels not in compliance with the ISM Code by applicable deadlines will be prohibited from trading in U.S. and European Union ports, respectively. As of the date of this prospectus, our vessels are ISM Code certified. However, there can be no assurance that such certificates will be maintained in the future. The IMO continues to review and introduce new regulations. It is impossible to predict what additional regulations, if any, may be passed by the IMO and what effect, if any, such regulations might have on our operations.

The U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990 and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act. The U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990, or OPA, established an extensive regulatory and liability regime for the protection and clean-up of the environment from oil spills. OPA affects all “owners and operators” whose vessels trade or operate within the U.S., its territories and possessions or whose vessels operate in U.S. waters, which includes the U.S.’s territorial sea and its 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone around the U.S. The U.S. has also enacted the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, or CERCLA, which applies to the discharge of hazardous substances other than oil, except in limited circumstances, whether on land or at sea. OPA and CERCLA both define “owner and operator” in the case of a vessel as any person owning, operating or chartering by demise, the vessel. Both OPA and CERCLA impact our operations.

Under OPA, vessel owners and operators are “responsible parties” and are jointly, severally and strictly liable (unless the spill results solely from the act or omission of a third party, an act of God or an act of war) for all containment and clean-up costs and other damages arising from discharges or threatened discharges of oil from their vessels, including bunkers (fuel). OPA defines these other damages broadly to include:

OPA contains statutory caps on liability and damages; such caps do not apply to direct clean-up costs. In March 2023, the USCG adjusted the limits of OPA liability for non-tank vessels, edible oil tank vessels, and any oil spill response vessels, to the greater of $1,300 per gross ton or $1,076,000 (subject to periodic adjustment for inflation). These limits of liability do not apply if an incident was proximately caused by the violation of an applicable U.S. federal safety, construction or operating regulation by a responsible party (or its agent, employee or a person acting pursuant to a contractual relationship), or a responsible party’s gross negligence or willful misconduct. The limitation on liability similarly does not apply if the responsible party fails or refuses to (i) report the incident where the responsible party knows or has reason to know of the incident; (ii) reasonably cooperate and assist as requested in connection with oil removal activities; or (iii) without sufficient cause, comply with an order issued under the Federal Water Pollution Act (Section 311 (c), (e)) or the Intervention on the High Seas Act.

CERCLA contains a similar liability regime whereby owners and operators of vessels are liable for clean-up, removal and remedial costs, as well as damages for injury to, or destruction or loss of, natural resources, including the reasonable costs associated with assessing the same, and health assessments or health effects studies. There is no liability if the discharge of a hazardous substance results solely from the act or omission of a third party, an act of God or an act of war. Liability under CERCLA is limited to the greater of $300 per gross ton or $5.0 million for vessels carrying a hazardous substance as cargo and the greater of $300 per gross ton or $500,000 for any other vessel. These limits do not apply (rendering the responsible person liable for the total cost of response and damages) if the release or threat of release of a hazardous substance resulted from willful misconduct or negligence, or the primary cause of the release was a violation of applicable safety, construction or operating standards or regulations. The limitation on liability also does not apply if the responsible person fails or refused to provide all reasonable cooperation and assistance as requested in connection with response activities where the vessel is subject to OPA.

OPA and CERCLA each preserve the right to recover damages under existing law, including maritime tort law. OPA and CERCLA both require owners and operators of vessels to establish and maintain with the USCG evidence of financial responsibility sufficient to meet the maximum amount of liability to which the particular responsible person may be subject. Vessel owners and operators may satisfy their financial responsibility obligations by providing a proof of insurance, a surety bond, qualification as a self-insurer or a guarantee. We comply and plan to comply going forward with the USCG’s financial responsibility regulations by providing applicable certificates of financial responsibility.

The 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico resulted in additional regulatory initiatives or statutes, including higher liability caps under OPA, new regulations regarding offshore oil and gas drilling, and a pilot inspection program for offshore facilities. However, several of these initiatives and regulations have been or may be revised. For example, the U.S. Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement’s, or BSEE, revised Production Safety Systems Rule, or PSSR, effective December 27, 2018, modified and relaxed certain environmental and safety protections under the 2016 PSSR. Additionally, in August 2023, the BSEE released a final Well Control Rule which strengthens testing and performance requirements, and may affect offshore drilling operations. Compliance with any new requirements of OPA and future legislation or regulations applicable to the operation of our vessels could negatively impact the cost of our operations and adversely affect our business.

OPA specifically permits individual states to impose their own liability regimes with regard to oil pollution incidents occurring within their boundaries, provided they accept, at a minimum, the levels of liability established under OPA and some states have enacted legislation providing for unlimited liability for oil spills. Many U.S. states that border a navigable waterway have enacted environmental pollution laws that impose strict liability on a person for removal costs and damages resulting from a discharge of oil or a release of a hazardous substance. These laws may be more stringent than U.S. federal law. Moreover, some states have enacted legislation providing for unlimited liability for discharge of pollutants within their waters, although in some cases, states which have enacted this type of legislation have not yet issued implementing regulations defining vessel owners’ responsibilities under these laws. The Company intends to comply with all applicable state regulations in the ports where the Company’s vessels call.

We currently maintain pollution liability coverage insurance in the amount of $1 billion per vessel per incident. If the damages from a catastrophic spill were to exceed our insurance coverage, that could have an adverse effect on our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition.

Other United States Environmental Initiatives. The U.S. Clean Air Act of 1970 (including its amendments of 1977 and 1990), or CAA, requires the EPA to promulgate standards applicable to emissions of volatile organic compounds and other air contaminants. The CAA requires states to adopt State Implementation Plans, or SIPs, some of which regulate emissions resulting from vessel loading and unloading operations which may affect our vessels.

The U.S. Clean Water Act, or CWA, prohibits the discharge of oil, hazardous substances and ballast water in U.S. navigable waters unless authorized by a duly issued permit or exemption, and imposes strict liability in the form of penalties for any unauthorized discharges. The CWA also imposes substantial liability for the costs of removal, remediation and damages and complements the remedies available under OPA and CERCLA. In 2015, the EPA expanded the definition of “waters of the United States,” or WOTUS, thereby expanding federal authority under the CWA. On December 30, 2022, the EPA and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers announced the revised WOTUS rule, which was published on January 18, 2023. In August 2023, the EPA and Department of the Army issued a final rule to amend the revised WOTUS definition to conform the definition of WOTUS to the U.S. Supreme Court’s interpretation of the Clean Water Act in its decision dated May 25, 2023. This final rule became effective September 8, 2023 and operates to limit the Clean Water Act.

The EPA and the USCG have also enacted rules relating to ballast water discharge, compliance with which requires the installation of equipment on our vessels to treat ballast water before it is discharged or the implementation of other port facility disposal arrangements or procedures at potentially substantial costs, and/or otherwise restrict our vessels from entering U.S. Waters. The EPA will regulate these ballast water discharges and other discharges incidental to the normal operation of certain vessels within United States waters pursuant to VIDA, which was signed into law on December 4, 2018 and requires that the U.S. Coast Guard develop implementation, compliance, and enforcement regulations regarding ballast water.

On October 26, 2020, the EPA published a Notice of Proposed rulemaking for Vessel Incidental Discharge National Standards of Performance under VIDA, and in November 2020, held virtual public meetings. On October 18, 2023, the EPA published a Supplemental Notice to the Vessel Incidental Discharge National Standards of Performance, which shares new ballast water information that the EPA received from the USCG. On September 20, 2024, the EPA finalized national standards of performance for non-recreational vessels 79-feet in length and longer with respect to incidental discharges and on October 9, 2024, these Vessel Incidental Discharge National Standards of Performance were published. Within two years of publication, the USCG is required to develop corresponding implementing regulations. Until those regulations are final, effective and enforceable, vessels will continue to be subject to the VGP 2013 requirements and USCG ballast water regulations. USCG technology for all vessels equipped with ballast water tanks bound for U.S. ports or entering U.S. waters. Several U.S. states have added

specific requirements to the Vessel General Permit and, in some cases, may require vessels to install ballast water treatment technology to meet biological performance standards. In addition, several U.S. states have added specific requirements to the VGP, including submission of a Notice of Intent, or NOI, or retention of a PARI form and submission of annual reports. Any upcoming rule changes may have a financial impact on our vessels and may result in our vessels being banned from calling in US in case compliance issues arise.

European Union Regulations. In October 2009, the European Union amended a directive to impose criminal sanctions for illicit ship-source discharges of polluting substances, including minor discharges, if committed with intent, recklessly or with serious negligence and the discharges individually or in the aggregate result in deterioration of the quality of water. Aiding and abetting the discharge of a polluting substance may also lead to criminal penalties. The directive applies to all types of vessels, irrespective of their flag, but certain exceptions apply to warships or where human safety or that of the ship is in danger. Criminal liability for pollution may result in substantial penalties or fines and increased civil liability claims. Regulation (EU) 2015/757 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2015 (amended by Regulation (EU) 2016/2071 with respect to methods of calculating, inter alia, emission and consumption) governs the monitoring, reporting and verification of carbon dioxide emissions from maritime transport, and, subject to some exclusions, requires companies with ships over 5,000 gross tonnage to monitor and report carbon dioxide emissions annually, which may cause us to incur additional expenses. As of January 2019, large ships calling at EU ports have been required to collect and publish data on carbon dioxide emissions and other information. The system entered into force on 1 March 2018. July 2020 saw the European Parliament’s Committee on Environment, Public Health and Food Safety vote in favor of the inclusion of vessels of 5,000 gross tons and above in the EU Emissions Trading System (in addition to voting for a revision to the monitoring, reporting and verification of CO2 emissions). In September 2020, the European Parliament adopted the proposal from the European Commission to amend the regulation on monitoring carbon dioxide emissions from maritime transport.

On July 14, 2021, the European Commission published a package of draft proposals as part of its ‘Fit for 55’ environmental legislative agenda and as part of the wider EU Green Deal growth strategy. There are two key initiatives relevant to maritime arising from the Proposals: (a) a bespoke emissions trading scheme for the maritime sector, or ETS, which commenced in 2024 and which applies to all ships above a gross tonnage of 5,000; and (b) a FuelEU regulation which seeks to require all ships above a gross tonnage of 5,000 to carry on board a ‘FuelEU certificate of compliance’ from June 30, 2025 as evidence of compliance with the limits on the greenhouse gas intensity of the energy used on-board by a ship and with the requirements on the use of on-shore power supply (OPS) at berth. ETS was agreed in December 2022 and came into force in 2023. More specifically, ETS is to apply gradually over the period from 2024-2026. 40% of allowances would have to surrender be surrendered in 2025 for the year 2024; 70% of ETS allowances would have to be surrendered in 2026 for the year 2025 100% of allowances would have to be surrendered in 2027 for the year 2026. Compliance is to be on a company wide (rather than per ship) basis and “shipping company” is defined widely to capture both the ship owner and any contractually appointed commercial operator/ship manager/charterer. The cap under the ETS would be set by taking into account EU MRV system emissions data for the years 2018 and 2019, adjusted, from year 2021 and is to capture 100% of the emissions from intra-EU maritime voyages; 100% of emissions from ships at berth in EU ports and 50% of emissions from voyages which start or end at EU ports (but the other destination is outside the EU). Furthermore, the newly passed EU Emissions Trading Directive 2023/959/EC makes clear that all maritime allowances will be auctioned and there will be no free allocation. 78.4 million emissions allowances have been allocated specifically to maritime. From a risk management perspective, new systems, including personnel, data management systems, costs recovery mechanisms, revised service agreement terms and emissions reporting procedures will have to be put in place, at potentially significant cost, to prepare for and manage the administrative aspect of ETS compliance.

FuelEU was passed into law in July 2023 and will apply from January 2025. However, the first compliance deadline thereunder is August 31, 2025, when shipping companies will be required to submit their monitoring plans to verifiers demonstrating what fuels and technologies they plan to use to meet the GHG intensity targets applicable from 2025.

Responsible recycling and scrapping of ships are becoming increasingly important issues for shipowners and charterers alike as the industry strives to replace old ships with cleaner, more energy efficient models. The recognition of the need to impose recycling obligations on the shipping industry is not new. In 2009, the IMO oversaw the creation of the Hong Kong Ship Recycling Convention (the “Hong Kong Convention”), which sets standards for ship recycling. The Convention was recently ratified and is due to enter into force on June 26, 2025., The EU published its own Ship Recycling Regulation 1257/2013 (SRR) in 2013, with a view to facilitating early ratification of the

Hong Kong Convention both within the EU and in other countries outside the EU. The 2013 regulations are vital to responsible ship recycling in the EU. SRR requires that, from 31 December 2020, all existing ships sailing under the flag of EU member states and non-EU flagged ships calling at an EU port or anchorage must carry on-board an Inventory of Hazardous Materials (IHM) with a certificate or statement of compliance, as appropriate. For EU-flagged vessels, a certificate (either an Inventory Certificate or Ready for Recycling Certificate) will be necessary, while non-EU flagged vessels will need a Statement of Compliance. Now that the Hong Kong Convention has been ratified and will enter into force on 26 June 2025, it is expected the EU Ship Recycling Regulation will be reviewed in light of this.

The new EU Waste Shipment Regulation 2024/1157 came into effect on May 20, 2024 and seeks to clarify the legal framework applicable to the recycling of EU-flagged ships. Ships can now be recycled in recycling facilities located outside the OECD, if they meet the requirements of the SRR and are added to the EU list. Furthermore, the new Environmental Crime Directive 2024/1203 also came into effect on May 20, 2024 and makes it an offence punishable by substantial fines for unlawful recycling of ships that fall within the scope of SRR. Member states have two years to implement this Directive.

The European Union has adopted several regulations and directives requiring, among other things, more frequent inspections of high-risk ships, as determined by type, age, and flag as well as the number of times the ship has been detained. The European Union also adopted and extended a ban on substandard ships and enacted a minimum ban period and a definitive ban for repeated offenses. The regulation also provided the European Union with greater authority and control over classification societies, by imposing more requirements on classification societies and providing for fines or penalty payments for organizations that failed to comply. Furthermore, the EU has implemented regulations requiring vessels to use reduced sulfur content fuel for their main and auxiliary engines. Since January 1, 2015, vessels have been required to burn fuel with sulfur content not exceeding 0.1% while within EU member states’ territorial seas, exclusive economic zones and pollution control zones that are included in “SOx Emission Control Areas.” EU Directive (EU) 2016/802 establishes limits on the maximum sulfur content of gas oils and heavy fuel oil and contains fuel-specific requirements for ships calling at EU ports.

EU Directive 2004/35/CE (as amended) regarding the prevention and remedying of environmental damage addresses liability for environmental damage (including damage to water, land, protected species and habitats) on the basis of the “polluter pays” principle. Operators whose activities caused the environmental damage are liable for the damage (subject to certain exceptions). With regard to specified activities causing environmental damage, operators are strictly liable. The directive applies where damage has already occurred and where there is an imminent threat of damage. The directive requires preventative and remedial actions, and that operators report environmental damage or an imminent threat of such damage.

On November 10, 2022, the EU Parliament adopted the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (“CSRD”). EU member states have 18 months to integrate it into national law. The CSRD will create new, detailed sustainability reporting requirements and will significantly expand the number of EU and non-EU companies subject to the EU sustainability reporting framework. The required disclosures will go beyond environmental and climate change reporting to include social and governance matters (for example, respect for employee and human rights, anti-corruption and bribery, corporate governance and diversity and inclusion). In addition, it will require disclosure regarding the due diligence processes implemented by a company in relation to sustainability matters and the actual and potential adverse sustainability impacts of an in-scope company’s operations and value chain. The CSRD will begin to apply for financial years starting in 2024 to large EU and non-EU undertakings subject to certain financial and employee thresholds being met. New systems, personnel, data management systems and reporting procedures will have to be put in place, at significant cost, to prepare for and manage the administrative aspect of CSRD compliance.

A new Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (“CSDDD”) has also been proposed as part of the Fit for 55 package to establish a corporate due diligence duty. Though the European Parliament agreed on its negotiating position on the European Commission’s proposal for CSDDD on June 1, 2023, the same was later rejected. Following numerous postponements and difficulty reaching agreement, the Belgian presidency put forward the “final” compromise text in April 2024, although certain provisions were further altered after receiving pressure from a number of member states. The primary change of the changes proposed and accepted by member states relates to thresholds and scope. The number of employees was raised from 500 to 1,000 and the turnover threshold was raised from €150 million to €450 million, which means that only a third of companies will be covered by the law as compared to what was contemplated in the initial proposal. The aim of CSDDD is to foster sustainable and

responsible corporate behavior and to anchor human rights and environmental considerations in companies’ operations and corporate governance. The new rules will ensure that businesses address adverse impacts of their actions, including in their value chains inside and outside of Europe. CSDDD will also apply to large companies. Companies that do not meet the CSDDD thresholds will still likely be impacted indirectly because their larger customers will require human rights and environmental data to be disclosed to enable their compliance. New systems, including personnel, data management systems, and reporting procedures, will have to be implemented, at significant cost, to prepare for and manage the administrative aspect of CSDDD compliance, which will likely commence in 2025.

International Labor Organization. The International Labor Organization, or the ILO, is a specialized agency of the UN that has adopted the Maritime Labor Convention 2006, or MLC 2006. A Maritime Labor Certificate and a Declaration of Maritime Labor Compliance is required to ensure compliance with the MLC 2006 for all ships above 500 gross tons in international trade. We believe that our vessels are in substantial compliance with and are certified to meet MLC 2006.

Greenhouse Gas Regulation. Currently, the emissions of greenhouse gases from international shipping are not subject to the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (this task having been delegated to the IMO), which entered into force in 2005 and pursuant to which adopting countries have been required to implement national programs to reduce greenhouse gas emissions with targets extended through 2020. In December 2009, more than 27 nations, including the U.S. and China, signed the Copenhagen Accord, which includes a non-binding commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris resulted in the Paris Agreement, which entered into force on November 4, 2016 and does not directly limit greenhouse gas emissions from ships. The United States rejoined the Paris Agreement in February 2021.

At MEPC 70 and MEPC 71, a draft outline of the structure of the initial strategy for developing a comprehensive IMO strategy on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from ships was approved.

At MEPC 80 in July 2023 and pursuant to the new Revised Strategy –Reduction of GHG Emissions from Ships –the IMO adopted the 2023 IMO Strategy on Reduction of GHG Emissions from Ships, which revoked the 2018 initial strategy. The 2023 IMO GHG Strategy identifies a number of levels of ambition, including: (1) decline of carbon intensity through further improvement of the energy efficiency for new ships; (2) decline of carbon intensity of international shipping, to reduce CO2 emissions by at least 40% by 2030, compared to 2008, and by at least 70% by 2040; (3) uptake of zero or near-zero GHG emission technologies, fuels, and/or energy sources, striving to represent 10% of the energy sources used by international shipping by 2030; and (4) to reach net-zero GHG emission by or around 2050. MEPC 81 took place in March 2024 at which MEPC 81 agreed on an illustration of a possible draft outline of an ‘IMO net-zero framework’ for cutting GHG emissions from international shipping, which lists regulations under MARPOL to be adopted or amended to allow a new global pricing mechanism for maritime GHG emissions. This may include economic mechanisms to incentivize the transition to net-zero.

At MEPC 70 in October 2016, a mandatory data collection system (DCS) was adopted which requires ships above 5,000 gross tons to report consumption data for fuel oil, hours under way and distance travelled. Unlike the EU MRV (see below), the IMO DCS covers any maritime activity carried out by ships, including dredging, pipeline laying, ice-breaking, fish-catching and off-shore installations. The SEEMPs of all ships covered by the IMO DCS must include a description of the methodology for data collection and reporting. After each calendar year, the aggregated data are reported to the flag state. If the data have been reported in accordance with the requirements, the flag state issues a statement of compliance to the ship. Flag states subsequently transfer this data to an IMO ship fuel oil consumption database, which is part of the Global Integrated Shipping Information System (GISIS) platform. IMO will then produce annual reports, summarizing the data collected. Thus, currently, data related to the GHG emissions of ships above 5,000 gross tons calling at ports in the European Economic Area (EEA) must be reported in two separate, but largely overlapping, systems: the EU MRV – which applies since 2018 – and the IMO DCS – which applies since 2019. The proposed revision of Regulation (EU) 2015/757 adopted on 4 February 2019 aims to align and facilitate the simultaneous implementation of the two systems however it is still not clear when the proposal will be adopted.

IMO’s MEPC 76 adopted amendments to MAPROL Annex VI that will require ships to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. Effective from January 1, 2023, the Revised MARPOL Annex VI includes carbon intensity measures (requirements for ships to calculate their EEXI following technical means to improve their energy efficiency and to

establish their annual operational carbon intensity indicator and rating). MEPC 76 also adopted guidelines to support implementation of the amendments. MEPC 79 adopted additional amendments to Annex VI to revise the DCS and reporting requirements in connection with the implementation of the EEXI and the CII framework; these amendments became effective on May 1, 2024.

In 2021, the EU adopted a European Climate Law (Regulation (EU) 2021/1119), establishing the aim of reaching net zero greenhouse gas emissions in the EU by 2050, with an intermediate target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030, compared to 1990 levels. In July 2021, the European Commission launched the “Fit for 55” (described above) to support the climate policy agenda. As of January 2019, large ships calling at EU ports have been required to collect and publish data on carbon dioxide emissions and other information.

In the United States, the EPA issued a finding that greenhouse gases endanger the public health and safety, adopted regulations to limit greenhouse gas emissions from certain mobile sources, and proposed regulations to limit greenhouse gas emissions from large stationary sources. The EPA or individual U.S. states could enact environmental regulations that could negatively affect our operations. On November 2, 2021, the EPA issued a proposed rule under the CAA designed to reduce methane emissions from oil and gas sources. In November 2022, the EPA issued a supplemental proposal that would achieve more comprehensive emissions reductions and add proposed requirements for sources not previously covered. The EPA held a public hearing in January 2023 and, in December 2023, issued a final rule to sharply reduce emissions of methane and other air pollution from oil and natural gas operations, including storage vessels.

Any passage of climate control legislation or other regulatory initiatives by the IMO, the EU, the U.S. or other countries where we operate, or any treaty adopted at the international level to succeed the Kyoto Protocol or Paris Agreement, that restricts emissions of greenhouse gases could require us to make significant expenditures which we cannot predict with certainty at this time. Even in the absence of climate control legislation, our business may be indirectly affected to the extent that climate change may result in sea level changes or certain weather events.

Vessel Security Regulations. Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 in the United States, there have been a variety of initiatives intended to enhance vessel security such as the MTSA. To implement certain portions of the MTSA, the USCG issued regulations requiring the implementation of certain security requirements aboard vessels operating in waters subject to the jurisdiction of the United States and at certain ports and facilities, some of which are regulated by the EPA.

Similarly, Chapter XI-2 of the SOLAS Convention imposes detailed security obligations on vessels and port authorities and mandates compliance with the International Ship and Port Facilities Security Code, or the ISPS Code. The ISPS Code is designed to enhance the security of ports and ships against terrorism. To trade internationally, a vessel must attain an International Ship Security Certificate, or ISSC, from a recognized security organization approved by the vessel’s flag state. Ships operating without a valid certificate may be detained, expelled from, or refused entry at port until they obtain an ISSC. The various requirements, some of which are found in the SOLAS Convention, include, for example, on-board installation of automatic identification systems to provide a means for the automatic transmission of safety-related information from among similarly equipped ships and shore stations, including information on a ship’s identity, position, course, speed and navigational status; on-board installation of ship security alert systems, which do not sound on the vessel but only alert the authorities on shore; the development of vessel security plans; ship identification number to be permanently marked on a vessel’s hull; a continuous synopsis record kept onboard showing a vessel’s history including the name of the ship, the state whose flag the ship is entitled to fly, the date on which the ship was registered with that state, the ship’s identification number, the port at which the ship is registered and the name of the registered owner(s) and their registered address; and compliance with flag state security certification requirements.

The USCG regulations, intended to align with international maritime security standards, exempt non-U.S. vessels from MTSA vessel security measures, provided such vessels have on board a valid ISSC that attests to the vessel’s compliance with the SOLAS Convention security requirements and the ISPS Code. Future security measures could have a significant negative financial impact on us. We intend to comply with the various security measures addressed by MTSA, the SOLAS Convention and the ISPS Code.

The cost of vessel security measures has also been affected by the escalation in the frequency of acts of piracy against ships, notably off the coast of Somalia, including the Gulf of Aden, the Red Sea and Arabian Sea areas.

Substantial loss of revenue and other costs may be incurred as a result of detention of a vessel or additional security measures, and the risk of uninsured losses could significantly and negatively affect our business. Costs may be incurred in taking additional security measures in accordance with Best Management Practices to Deter Piracy, notably those contained in the BMP5 industry standard.

Inspection by Classification Societies. The hull and machinery of every commercial vessel must be classed by a classification society authorized by its country of registry. The classification society certifies that a vessel is safe and seaworthy in accordance with the applicable rules and regulations of the country of registry of the vessel and SOLAS. Most insurance underwriters make it a condition for insurance coverage and lending that a vessel be certified “in class” by a classification society which is a member of the International Association of Classification Societies, the IACS. The IACS has adopted harmonized Common Structural Rules, or the Rules, which apply to oil tankers and bulk carriers constructed on or after July 1, 2015. The Rules attempt to create a level of consistency between IACS Societies. Our vessels are certified as being “in class” by Bureau Veritas.

A vessel must undergo annual surveys, intermediate surveys, and special surveys. Every vessel is also required to undergo inspection of her underwater parts every 30 to 36 months that, either requires drydocking, or is deemed satisfied by the classification society through a diving survey, propeller inspection, tails shaft bearing clearance and overall hull condition, all of which are verified in the presence of a class surveyor. In any case, every vessel has to be drydocked at least once every 60 months. If any vessel does not maintain her class and/or fails a survey, the vessel will be unable to carry cargo between ports and will be unemployable and uninsurable which will have a material adverse impact on our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition.

Risk of Loss and Liability Insurance. The operation of any cargo vessel includes risks such as mechanical failure, physical damage, collision, property loss, cargo loss or damage and business interruption due to political circumstances in foreign countries, piracy incidents, hostilities and labor strikes. In addition, there is always an inherent possibility of marine disaster, including oil spills and other environmental mishaps, and the liabilities arising from owning and operating vessels in international trade. OPA, which imposes virtually unlimited liability upon shipowners, operators and bareboat charterers of any vessel trading in the exclusive economic zone of the United States for certain oil pollution accidents in the United States, has made liability insurance more expensive for shipowners and operators trading in the United States market. We carry insurance coverage as customary in the shipping industry. However, not all risks can be insured, specific claims may be rejected and we might not be always able to obtain adequate insurance coverage at reasonable rates.

Hull & Machinery and War Risks Insurances. We maintain marine hull and machinery and war risks insurances, which include the risk of actual or constructive total loss, for our vessels. Our vessels are covered up to at least its fair market value with a deductible of $125,000 per incident. We also maintain increased value coverage for our vessels. Under this increased value coverage, in the event of total loss of a vessel, we will be able to recover the sum insured under the increased value policy in addition to the sum insured under the hull and machinery policy. Increased value insurance also covers excess liabilities which are not recoverable under our hull and machinery policy by reason of under insurance.

Protection and Indemnity Insurance. Protection and indemnity insurance, provided by mutual protection and indemnity associations, or P&I Associations, covers our third-party liabilities in connection with our shipping activities. This includes related expenses of injury, illness or death of crew, passengers and other third parties, loss or damage to cargo, claims arising from collisions with other vessels, damage to other third-party property such as fixed and floating objects, pollution arising from oil or other substances, salvage, towing and other related costs, including wreck removal. Protection and indemnity insurance is a form of mutual indemnity insurance, extended by protection and indemnity mutual associations, or “clubs.”

Our coverage limit is as per the rules of the International Group of P&I Clubs, or the International Group, where there are standard sub-limits. The 12 P&I Associations that comprise the International Group insure approximately 90% of the world’s ocean-going tonnage and have entered into a pooling agreement to reinsure each association’s liabilities in excess of each association’s own retention of $10.0 million up to, currently, approximately $8.9 billion. As a member of P&I Associations, which are a member of the International Group, we are subject to calls payable to the associations based on our claim records as well as the claim records of all other members of the individual associations and members of the shipping pool of P&I Associations comprising the International Group.

Our Board of Directors and executive officers oversees and supervises our operations. Our Board of Directors is elected annually on a staggered basis, and each director will hold office for a three-year term or until his or her successor shall have been duly elected and qualified, except in the event of his or her death, resignation, removal or the earlier termination of his or her term of office. The initial term of office of each director is as follows: our Class I directors will serve for a term expiring at the 2025 annual meeting of shareholders, our Class II directors will serve for a term expiring at the 2026 annual meeting of shareholders, and our Class III directors will serve for a term expiring at the 2027 annual meeting of shareholders. Officers are elected from time to time by vote of our Board of Directors and hold office until a successor is elected.

The following provides information about each of our directors and executive management. The business address for each director and executive officer is the address of our principal executive office which is located at c/o Pavimar Shipping Co., 17^th km National Road Athens-Lamia & Foinikos Str. 14564, Nea Kifissia, Athens, Greece.

Biographical information with respect to each of our directors and executive officers is set forth below.

Ismini Panagiotidi.Mrs. Ismini Panagiotidi has served as our Chairwoman and Chief Executive Officer since our inception in August 2023. Mrs. Panagiotidi has been involved in investing, owning, and managing vessels since 2006 and has developed a deep understanding of our industry by working in shipping business development since a very young age. In 2014, Mrs. Panagiotidi founded Pavimar S.A. and led the evolution of the company to a reputable, integrated, commercial and technical vessel manager that has over the years successfully managed more than 50 vessels across the dry bulk, tanker and container sectors. Previously, she served as the Business Development Officer of the former NYSE listed Excel Maritime Carriers Ltd for eight years. She is a member of the Board of the London P&I Club, member of the DNV Greek National Committee, and engages in numerous social and philanthropic initiatives, including being a founding member of Hope Genesis’ International Committee and a member of Elpida Youth’s Founding Committee. Mrs. Panagiotidi holds a master’s degree in Shipping Trade and Finance from the Bayes Business School, City University of London, and a bachelor’s degree in Business from the Questrom School of Business, Boston University.

Dennis Psachos.Mr. Dennis Psachos has served as our Chief Financial Officer since October 2023. Mr. Psachos is a seasoned professional with extensive background in finance, audit, and accounting roles in the shipping industry since 2009. Mr. Psachos has enjoyed an international and diverse career by working in Athens, Oslo and London, and has successfully led numerous debt financings, mezzanine facilities, restructurings, bonds, joint ventures and corporate M&A transactions. He commenced his career as an auditor and before joining us, he served as Chief Financial Officer of Lomar, an international shipping group controlling a fleet of containerships, dry bulk carriers and tankers. Prior to that, he held the same position at Prime Marine, a product tanker and gas carrier management company. Mr. Psachos is a chartered certified accountant and holds a master’s degree in Shipping from the University of Piraeus, and a bachelor’s degree in Economics from the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens.

Spiros Vellas. Mr. Spiros Vellas has served as a director since our initial public offering in July 2024. Mr. Vellas has over two decades of experience in corporate finance and investment banking. Since 2015 he has been focused on maritime finance and advisory from his capacity as Head of Corporate Finance of Eurofin Group, a global maritime finance specialist, gaining exposure across international shipping markets and sectors. Mr. Vellas started his career in project finance working for a project management company and moved to the corporate side, involved in the IPO and investor relations of a company in the TMT sector. Mr. Vellas has worked for Greek lender Eurobank, on various risk management projects and loan securitization projects for business loans and in investment banking and private equity within Lead Finance, a corporate finance advisory and PE firm based out of Athens and New York, active in buy-side and sell-side M&A, capital placement and turnaround investments. Prior to his current position,

he was employed by Clayton, a credit analytics and consulting firm based out of the UK. His role was focused on managing projects for international financial institutions and funds for transactions related to performing and nonperforming loans. Mr. Vellas holds a master’s degree in Finance & Economics from London School of Economics (LSE), and a bachelor’s degree in Economics from LSE.

Evangelos Macris. Mr. Evangelos Macris has served as a director since our initial public offering in July 2024. Mr. Macris has a professional track record spanning over four decades, specializing in shipping law, corporate law, banking, finance, and energy related matters. Mr. Macris has practiced law since 1978 and is the founding partner of Evangelos S. Macris Law Office, a Piraeus-based reputable law firm focusing on shipping. Throughout his career, he has served as member of the board, offered his counsel, and advised a number of esteemed companies. Mr. Macris is a member of the Bar Association of Athens, holds a bachelor’s degree in Economics and Political Science from the Panteion University of Athens, a Law Degree from the University of Athens, and a post graduate degree in Shipping Law from the University College, University of London.

Kalliopi Kyriakakou. Mrs. Kalliopi Kyriakakou has served as our secretary since our initial public offering in July 2024. Mrs. Kyriakakou is a skilled shipping lawyer with over a decade of experience, adept at navigating the intricacies of corporate governance and regulatory compliance. In 2023, Mrs. Kyriakakou joined Pavimar S.A. as in-house legal counsel, practicing shipping law and managing the company’s legal affairs. Before that, she served for more than ten years as legal, insurance and claims manager of Goldenport, a highly regarded shipowning and shipmanagement group, where she successfully handled a wide range of legal and corporate matters, insurance placements, vessel sale and purchase transactions, and was appointed as company secretary in the group’s LSE-listed arm. Earlier in her career, Mrs. Kyriakakou engaged in maritime law by working for other shipping companies and legal firms. She is a member of the Piraeus Bar Association, holds a PgCert in construction law and arbitration from Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen Business School UK, a bachelor’s degree in law from Democretus University, Greece, and an LLB and LLM in international trade law from University of Northumbria, Newcastle UK.

Aggregate executive compensation amounted to $12,000 for each of the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, relating to amounts allocated as compensation for executive services provided to Maui and Positano. Commencing October 1, 2023, the services of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer were provided by Pavimar S.A. pursuant to the Services Agreement, which was novated to Pavimar on January 18, 2024, on the same terms. The executive compensation payable under the Services Agreement is $12,000 per annum (which, for 2023, was pro-rated). Aggregate executive compensation for each of the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, amounted to $9,000.

Our Chief Executive Officer who also serves as a director will not receive additional compensation for her service as director. We anticipate that each non-management director will receive compensation for attending meetings of our Board of Directors, as well as committee meetings. Each of our non-employee directors will receive annual cash compensation in the aggregate amount of $20,000, plus reimbursements for out-of-pocket expenses incurred while acting in their capacity as a director. Each director will be fully indemnified by us for actions associated with being a director to the extent permitted under Marshall Islands law.

As of September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, we had no direct employees. Pavimar provides us with the services of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer. Please see “—Executive Compensation” above.

Our directors do not have service contracts and do not receive any benefits upon termination of their directorships.

Audit Committee. Our audit committee consists of Mr. Vellas and Mr. Macris. Our Board of Directors has determined that Mr. Vellas is an “Audit Committee Financial Expert” according to Commission rules and that the members of the audit committee meet the applicable independence requirements of the Commission and the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules. The audit committee has powers and performs the functions customarily performed by such a committee (including those required of such a committee by Nasdaq and the Commission). The audit committee is responsible for selecting and meeting with our independent registered public accounting firm regarding, among other matters, audits and the adequacy of our accounting and control systems.

Compensation Committee. Our compensation committee consists of Mr. Vellas and Mr. Macris each of whom is an independent director. The compensation committee reviews and makes recommendations to the Board on the compensation of our directors and executive officers.

Nominating Committee. Our nominating committee consists of Mr. Vellas and Mr. Macris, each of whom is an independent director. The nominating committee is responsible for overseeing the selection of persons to be nominated to serve on our Board of Directors.

The shares owned by our directors and executive officers are disclosed below in “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management.”

We have entered, or may enter in the future, into significant contractual agreements and transactions with related parties. Related party transactions are subject to review and approval of the independent members of our Board. The information in this section includes, were applicable, a summary of the terms of the agreements entered into with related parties. This summary does not purport to be complete and is subject to, and qualified in its entirety by reference to, the relevant agreements filed as exhibits hereto.

In addition to the information contained in this section, you should carefully review the notes to our financial statements included in this prospectus for additional information about our related party transactions, including outstanding balances with and amounts paid to such entities during the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, and the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

The Company’s Board of Directors has organized the provision of management services through Pavimar, a ship management company incorporated in the Republic of the Marshall Islands, with a branch office in Greece established under the provisions of Law 27 of 1975. Pavimar is controlled by the Company’s Chairwoman and Chief Executive Officer, Mrs. Ismini Panagiotidi. Pursuant to the New Management Agreement, which became effective on January 18, 2024, Pavimar provides us with vessel commercial and technical management services, including, but not limited to, securing employment, post-fixture support, handling vessel sale and purchases, arranging and supervising crew, repairs and maintenance, insurance, provisions, bunkering, day to day vessel operations, and ancillary services. In exchange for these services, for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024, total management fees charged by Pavimar amounted to $0.4 million.

Pavimar is generally not liable to us for any loss, damage, delay or expense incurred during the provision of the foregoing services, except insofar as such events arise from gross negligence or willful default of Pavimar, Pavimar’s employees, agents or subcontractors, subject to certain contractual limitations. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Pavimar is in no circumstances responsible for the actions of the crews on our vessels. We have also agreed to indemnify Pavimar in certain circumstances.

Prior to the effectiveness of our New Management Agreement, similar management services were provided to us by Pavimar S.A., a ship management company incorporated in the Republic of the Marshall Islands, with a branch office in Greece established under the provisions of Law 27 of 1975. Pavimar S.A. is controlled by the Company’s Chairwoman and Chief Executive Officer. In exchange for these services, for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, total management fees charged by Pavimar S.A. amounted to $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively. For each of the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, total management fees charged by Pavimar S.A. amounted to $0.3 million.

Commencing October 1, 2023, the services of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer were provided by Pavimar S.A. pursuant to the Services Agreement. The compensation payable under the Services Agreement was originally $12,000 per annum. The Services Agreement was novated to Pavimar on January 18, 2024, on the same terms, and was amended and restated on April 1, 2024, to include the provision of the services of our corporate secretary for an additional fee of $2,000 per annum, commencing July 11, 2024. The related fees for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024, amounted to $567 to Pavimar S.A. and $8,878 to Pavimar. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the related fees amounted to $3,000 to Pavimar S.A.

On June 11, 2024, we acquired all of the outstanding share capital of Maui, the entity that wholly owns Positano, which in turn owns M/V Alfa, from our Chairwoman and Chief Executive Officer, Mrs. Panagiotidi, in exchange for 15,000 Series A Preferred Shares, 1,500,000 Series B Preferred Shares, and 200,000 of our Common Shares, pursuant to the Exchange Agreement dated June 11, 2024. As part of the exchange, Mrs. Panagiotidi, forfeited the 1,000 Common Shares beneficially owned by her immediately prior to the exchange.

Mrs. Panagiotidi is the sole holder of our Series A Preferred Shares and Series B Preferred Shares. Our Series A Preferred Shares have no voting rights, subject to limited exceptions, however each Series A Preferred Share has a stated amount of $1,000 per share, and each holder of Series A Preferred Shares has the right, subject to certain

conditions, at any time commencing on July 16, 2025 and until July 15, 2032, to convert all (but not a portion) of the Series A Preferred Shares beneficially held by such holder into our Common Shares at the applicable conversion price then in effect. The issuance of additional Common Shares upon the potential conversion of our Series A Preferred Shares could dilute the interests of our common shareholders and affect the trading price for our Common Shares. Each Series B Preferred Share has the voting power of 1,000 Common Shares and counts for 1,000 votes for purposes of determining quorum at a meeting of shareholders, subject to certain adjustments to maintain a substantially identical voting interest in us following the occurrence of certain events. Except as otherwise required by law or provided by our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation and Statement of Designation for our Series B Preferred Shares, holders of our Series B Preferred Shares and holders of our Common Shares shall vote together as one class on all matters submitted to a vote of our shareholders. Mrs. Ismini Panagiotidi is the sole holder of our Series A Preferred Shares and Series B Preferred Shares. The Series B Preferred Shares held by Mrs. Panagiotidi represent 99.9% of the aggregate voting power of our total issued and outstanding share capital. Because Mrs. Panagiotidi beneficially owns the majority of our voting power, she has the ability to control us and our affairs, including, among other matters, the election of our board of directors, and has the ability to exert significant influence on corporate decisions, including with respect to, among other things, our business direction, capital structure, and dividend policy, and, as a result, the ability of our common shareholders to influence our corporate matters is limited.

Please see the section of this prospectus entitled “Description of Capital Stock” for further information regarding our capital structure, and the rights, including the voting rights, privileges, and preferences of our shareholders.

From time to time, we use the commercial services of Alexandria Enterprises S.A., (“Alexandria”) an entity incorporated in the Republic of the Marshall Islands, specializing in shipbroking. Alexandria is controlled by family members of our Chairwoman and Chief Executive Officer. Alexandria charges us a commission on gross revenue generated from contracts brokered by Alexandria. Total commissions charged by Alexandria during the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, were $nil and $0.1 million, respectively. Total commissions charged by Alexandria during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, were $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively.

The following table sets forth information regarding the beneficial ownership of our capital stock as of December 31, 2024, and upon completion of this offering (assuming the sale of all of the Units offered hereby, no sale of any Units containing a Pre-funded Warrant, no exercise of the Warrants, the First Representative’s Warrant and the Placement Agent’s Warrants, and no resulting adjustment to the conversion rate of the Series A Preferred Shares), held by beneficial owners of 5% or more of our voting stock and by our directors and officers as a group. All of our common shareholders, including the shareholders listed in the table below, are entitled to one vote for each Common Share held.

The following is a description of the material terms of our amended and restated articles of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws. Please see our amended and restated articles of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws, copies of which have been filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.

Our purpose, as stated in our amended and restated articles of incorporation, is to engage in any lawful act or activity for which corporations may now or hereafter be organized under the BCA. Our amended and restated articles of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws do not impose any limitations on the ownership rights of our shareholders.

Under our amended and restated articles of incorporation, our authorized share capital stock consists of:

Description of Common Shares. Each outstanding Common Share entitles the holder to one vote on all matters submitted to a vote of shareholders. Subject to preferences that may be applicable to any outstanding preferred shares, holders of Common Shares are entitled to receive ratably all dividends, if any, declared by our Board of Directors out of funds legally available for dividends. Upon our dissolution or liquidation or the sale of all or substantially all of our assets, after payment in full of all amounts required to be paid to creditors and to the holders of preferred stock having liquidation preferences, if any, the holders of our Common Shares are entitled to receive pro rata our remaining assets available for distribution. Holders of Common Shares do not have conversion, redemption, or pre-emptive rights to subscribe to any of our securities. The rights, preferences, and privileges of holders of Common Shares are subject to the rights of the holders of any preferred shares, which we may issue in the future.

Preferred Shares. Our amended and restated articles of incorporation authorize our Board of Directors to establish one or more series of preferred stock and to determine, with respect to any series of preferred stock, the terms and rights of that series, including the designation of the series; the number of shares of the series; the preferences and relative, participating, optional, or other special rights, if any, and any qualifications, limitations, or restrictions of such series; and the voting rights, if any, of the holders of the series.

Description of 9.00% Series A Cumulative Convertible Perpetual Preferred Shares. The following description of the characteristics of the 9.00% Series A Cumulative Convertible Perpetual Preferred Shares (the “Series A Preferred Shares”) is a summary and does not purport to be complete and is qualified by reference to the Statement of Designation, as amended and restated, in respect of the Series A Preferred Shares which is filed as an exhibit hereto and is incorporated herein by reference. Capitalized terms that are not defined below shall have the meaning ascribed to such terms in the Statement of Designation, as amended and restated, in respect of the Series A Preferred Shares.

On June 11, 2024, we issued 15,000 Series A Preferred Shares, par value $0.001 per share, each with a stated amount of $1,000 per share, representing all of the Series A Preferred Shares that are issued and outstanding as of the date hereof. Such shares have the following characteristics:

Description of Series B Perpetual Preferred Shares. The following description of the characteristics of the Series B Perpetual Preferred Shares (the “Series B Preferred Shares”) is a summary and does not purport to be complete and is qualified by reference to the Statement of Designation in respect of the Series B Preferred Shares, which is filed as an exhibit hereto and is incorporated herein by reference.

On June 11, 2024, we issued 1,500,000 Series B Preferred Shares, par value $0.001 per share, representing all of the Series B Preferred Shares that are issued and outstanding as of the date hereof. Such shares have the following characteristics:

Description of Series C Participating Preferred Shares. The following description of the characteristics of the Series C Participating Preferred Shares is a summary and does not purport to be complete and is qualified by reference to the Statement of Designation in respect of the Series C Participating Preferred Shares which is filed as an exhibit hereto and is incorporated herein by reference.

As of the date of this prospectus, no Series C Participating Preferred Shares are issued and outstanding in connection with our Rights Agreement (as defined below). See “—Shareholders’ Rights Agreement.”

When issued, each one one-thousandth of a Series C Participating Preferred Share will, among other things:

The value of one one-thousandth of a Series C Participating Preferred Share issued in connection with the Rights Agreement should approximate the value of one Common Share.

The following description of the characteristics of the First Representative’s Warrant is a summary and does not purport to be complete and is qualified by reference to the First Representative’s Warrant, which is filed as an exhibit hereto and is incorporated herein by reference.

On July 15, 2024, in connection to our initial public offering, we issued to Maxim Group LLC, who acted as sole book-running manager, a warrant to purchase up to 80,000 Common Shares, in whole or in parts, at an exercise price of $4.40 per Common Share, subject to certain anti-dilution adjustments.

The First Representative’s Warrant is exercisable on or after January 11, 2025, and expires on July 11, 2027, and does not entitle its holder to any voting rights, dividends or other rights as a shareholder of the Company prior to its exercise.

If at the time of exercise of the First Representative’s Warrant there is no effective registration statement registering, or the prospectus contained therein is not available for the issuance of, the Common Shares issuable upon such exercise, then the First Representative’s Warrant may only be exercised, in whole or in part, by means of a cashless exercise in which case, the holder shall be entitled to receive a number of Common Shares equal to the difference between the applicable spot price per Common Share of the Company (as determined in the First Representative’s Warrant) and the exercise price then in effect, multiplied by the number of Common Shares that would be issuable upon a cash exercise, divided by the applicable spot price per Common Share of the Company (as determined in the First Representative’s Warrant).

The following description of the characteristics of the Placement Agent’s Warrants is a summary and does not purport to be complete and is qualified by reference to the form of the Placement Agent’s Warrant, which is filed as an exhibit hereto and is incorporated herein by reference.

We have agreed that the Placement Agent will receive the Placement Agent’s Warrants covering a number of Common Shares equal to 5.0% of the total number of Units being sold in this offering. The Placement Agent’s Warrants will be non-exercisable for six months after the effective date of the registration statement and will expire three (3) years after such date. The Placement Agent’s Warrants will be exercisable at a price equal to 110% of the public offering price of each Unit in this offering, subject to certain anti-dilution adjustments. The Placement Agent’s Warrants shall not be redeemable.

The Placement Agent Warrants may not be transferred, assigned or hypothecated for a period of six months following the closing, except that they may be assigned, in whole or in part, to any successor, officer, manager or member of the Placement Agent (or to officers, managers or members of any such successor or member), and to members of the Placement Agent syndicate or selling group. The Placement Agent’s Warrants may be exercised as to all or a lesser number of Common Shares, will provide for cashless exercise and will contain provisions for one demand registration of the sale of the underlying Common Shares at our expense, an additional demand registration at the warrant holders’ expense, and unlimited “piggyback” registration rights for a period of three years after the closing at our expense.

Our directors are elected by a plurality of the votes cast by shareholders entitled to vote. Cumulative voting is prohibited.

Our amended and restated articles of incorporation require our Board of Directors to consist of at least one member. Our Board of Directors currently consists of three members.

Our Board of Directors will be elected annually on a staggered basis, and each director will hold office for a three-year term or until his or her successor shall have been duly elected and qualified, except in the event of his or her death, resignation, removal or the earlier termination of his or her term of office. The initial term of office of each director will be as follows: our Class I directors will serve for a term expiring at the 2025 annual meeting of shareholders, our Class II directors will serve for a term expiring at the 2026 annual meeting of shareholders, and our Class III directors will serve for a term expiring at the 2027 annual meeting of shareholders.

Our Board of Directors has the authority to fix the amounts which shall be payable to the members of the Board of Directors for attendance at any meeting or for services as a director rendered to us.

Under our amended and restated bylaws, annual meetings of shareholders will be held at a time and place selected by our Board. The meetings may be held in or outside of the Marshall Islands. Special meetings may be called at any time by the Chairperson, Chief Executive Officer or President of the Company or a majority of our Board, or by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least one-third of the voting power of the aggregate outstanding voting shares of the Company. Our Board may set a record date between 15 and 60 days before the date of any

meeting to determine the shareholders that will be eligible to receive notice and vote at the meeting. One or more shareholders representing at least one-third of the total number of votes eligible to be cast by holders of shares issued and outstanding and entitled to vote at such meetings shall constitute a quorum for the purposes of the meeting.

Under the BCA, our shareholders have the right to dissent from various corporate actions and receive payment of the fair value of their shares. In the event of any further amendment of our amended and restated articles of incorporation, a shareholder also has the right to dissent and receive payment for his or her shares if the amendment alters certain rights in respect of those shares. The dissenting shareholder must follow the procedures set forth in the BCA to receive payment. In the event that we and any dissenting shareholder fail to agree on a price for the shares, the BCA procedures involve, among other things, the institution of proceedings in the high court of the Republic of the Marshall Islands or in any appropriate court in any jurisdiction in which our shares are primarily traded on a local or national securities exchange.

Under the BCA, any of our shareholders may bring an action in our name to procure a judgment in our favor, also known as a derivative action, provided that the shareholder bringing the action is a holder of Common Shares both at the time the derivative action is commenced and at the time of the transaction to which the action relates.

Our amended and restated articles of incorporation provide that, (A) unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, to the fullest extent permitted by law, the High Court of the Republic of Marshall Islands shall be the sole and exclusive forum for any internal corporate claim, intra-corporate claim, or claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine, including (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of the Company, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer, employee or shareholder of the Company to the Company or the Company’s shareholders, and (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the BCA or our articles of incorporation or bylaws and (B) the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (or, if such court does not have jurisdiction over such claim, any other federal district court of the United States) shall be the sole and exclusive forum for all claims arising under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, and any rule or regulation promulgated thereunder, to the extent such claims would be subject to federal or state jurisdiction pursuant to the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, as applicable, after giving effect to clause (A) above. Therefore, to the fullest extent permitted by law, we have selected the High Court of the Republic of the Marshall Islands as the exclusive forum for any derivative action alleging a violation of the Securities Act or Exchange Act. The enforceability of similar forum selection provisions in other companies’ governing documents has been challenged in legal proceedings, and it is possible that in connection with any action a court could find the forum selection provisions contained in our amended and restated articles of incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in such action. For example, with respect to derivative actions arising under the Exchange Act, there is currently disagreement among federal Courts of Appeals in the United States (a circuit split between the Courts of Appeals for the Seventh and Ninth Circuits) as to whether a forum selection clause which requires that derivative actions be brought in a specified forum other than the federal courts would contravene Section 27 of the Exchange Act under certain circumstances. The circuit split follows a line of cases that analyze the enforceability of forum selection provisions in the context of derivative Securities Act and Exchange Act claims.

Accordingly, the applicability of the provisions of our amended and restated articles of incorporation selecting a Marshall Islands forum for certain types of claims may be limited with respect to such claims arising under the Securities Act or Exchange Act and, as a result, under certain such circumstances, the effect of our forum selection provisions may be uncertain. It is possible that a court could find our forum selection provisions to be inapplicable or unenforceable for these or other reasons. As a result, we could be required to litigate claims in multiple jurisdictions, incur additional costs, or otherwise not receive the benefits that we expect our forum selection provisions to provide.

Any person or entity holding, owning, or otherwise acquiring any shares of capital stock of us shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to the forum selection provisions in our amended and restated articles of incorporation. Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act and the rules and regulations thereunder and

Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations thereunder. Although our forum selection provisions shall not relieve us of our statutory duties to comply with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder, and our shareholders are not deemed to have waived our compliance with these laws, rules, and regulations, as applicable, our forum selection provisions may limit a shareholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits with respect to such claims. For more information regarding the risks connected to the forum selection provisions in our amended and restated articles of incorporation, see “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to our Common Shares and this Offering—We may not achieve the intended benefits of having forum selection provisions if they are found to be unenforceable.”

The BCA authorizes corporations to limit or eliminate the personal liability of directors and officers to corporations and their shareholders for monetary damages for breaches of directors' fiduciary duties. Our amended and restated articles of incorporation include a provision that eliminates the personal liability of directors for monetary damages for actions taken as a director to the fullest extent permitted by law.

Our amended and restated articles of incorporation provide that we must indemnify and hold harmless our directors and officers to the fullest extent permitted by the BCA. We are also required to advance certain expenses to our directors and officers incurred while defending a civil or criminal proceeding, provided that the director or officer will repay the amount if it shall ultimately be determined by final judicial decision from which there is no further right to appeal that he or she is not entitled to indemnification under the relevant section of our amended and restated articles of incorporation. We may carry directors' and officers' insurance providing indemnification for our directors and officers for some liabilities. We believe that these indemnification provisions and this insurance are useful to attract and retain qualified directors and officers.

The limitation of liability and indemnification provisions in our amended and restated articles of incorporation may discourage shareholders from bringing a lawsuit against directors for breach of their fiduciary duty. These provisions may also have the effect of reducing the likelihood of derivative litigation against directors and officers, even though such an action, if successful, might otherwise benefit us and our shareholders. In addition, your investment may be adversely affected to the extent we pay the costs of settlement and damage awards against directors and officers pursuant to these indemnification provisions.

There is currently no pending material litigation or proceeding involving any of our directors, officers or employees for which indemnification is sought.

Several provisions of our amended and restated articles of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws, which are summarized below, may have anti-takeover effects. These provisions are intended to avoid costly takeover battles, lessen our vulnerability to a hostile change of control, and enhance the ability of our Board of Directors to maximize shareholder value in connection with any unsolicited offer to acquire us. However, these anti-takeover provisions, which are summarized below, could also discourage, delay, or prevent (i) the merger or acquisition of us by means of a tender offer, a proxy contest, or otherwise that a shareholder may consider in its best interest and (ii) the removal of incumbent officers and directors.

Blank check preferred stock. Under the terms of our amended and restated articles of incorporation, our Board of Directors has authority, without any further vote or action by our shareholders, to issue up to two hundred fifty million (250,000,000) shares of blank check preferred stock. Our Board of Directors may issue shares of preferred stock on terms calculated to discourage, delay, or prevent a change of control of us or the removal of our management.

Election and removal of directors. Our amended and restated articles of incorporation prohibit cumulative voting in the election of directors. Our amended and restated bylaws require parties other than the Board to give advance written notice of nominations for the election of directors. Our amended and restated articles of incorporation also provide that our directors may only be removed for cause upon the affirmative vote of not less than two-thirds of the outstanding shares of our capital stock entitled to vote for those directors. These provisions may discourage, delay or prevent the removal of incumbent directors.

Limited actions by shareholders. Our amended and restated articles of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws provide that any action required or permitted to be taken by our shareholders must be effected at an annual or special meeting of shareholders. Our amended and restated articles of incorporation provide that, unless otherwise prescribed by law, special meetings of our shareholders may only be called by our Chairperson, Chief Executive Officer or President, or a majority of our Board, or by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least one-third of the voting power of the aggregate outstanding voting shares of us, and the business transacted at the special meeting is limited to the purposes stated in the notice.

Advance notice requirements for shareholder proposals and director nominations. Our amended and restated bylaws provide that shareholders seeking to nominate candidates for election as directors or to bring business before an annual meeting of shareholders must provide timely notice of their proposal in writing to the corporate secretary. Generally, to be timely, a shareholder's notice must be received at our principal executive offices not less than 150 days nor more than 180 days prior to the one-year anniversary of the immediately preceding annual meeting of shareholders. Our amended and restated bylaws also specify requirements as to the form and content of a shareholder's notice. These provisions may impede shareholders' ability to bring matters before an annual meeting of shareholders or make nominations for directors at an annual meeting of shareholders. These provisions may impede shareholders’ ability to bring matters before an annual meeting of shareholders or make nominations for directors at an annual meeting of shareholders.

Classified Board of Directors. As described above, our amended and restated articles of incorporation provide for the division of our Board into three classes of directors, with each class as nearly equal in number as possible, serving staggered three-year terms beginning on the expiration of the initial term for each class. Accordingly, approximately one-third of our Board will be elected each year. This classified board provision could discourage a third party from making a tender offer for our shares or attempting to obtain control of us. It could also delay shareholders who do not agree with the policies of our Board from removing a majority of our Board for two years.

Business Combinations with Interested Shareholders. Our amended and restated articles of incorporation also prohibit any Interested Shareholder from engaging in a Business Combination (as defined in our amended and restated articles of incorporation) with us within three years after the owner acquired such ownership, except where:

The foregoing restrictions shall not apply if:

For purposes of the foregoing: