Form 6-K - Report of foreign issuer [Rules 13a-16 and 15d-16]

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 6-K

REPORT OF FOREIGN PRIVATE ISSUER

PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-16 OR 15d-16

UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the month of November 2024

Commission File No. 001-40387

THE LION ELECTRIC COMPANY

(Translation of registrant’s name into English)

921 chemin de la Rivière-du-Nord

Saint-Jérôme (Québec) J7Y 5G2

(Address of principal executive office)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant files or will file annual reports under cover of Form 20-F or Form 40-F.

Form 20-F ☐ Form 40-F ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is submitting the Form 6-K in paper as permitted by Regulation S-T Rule 101(b)(1): ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is submitting the Form 6-K in paper as permitted by Regulation S-T Rule 101(b)(7): ☐

EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibits 99.1, 99.2 and 99.3 included with this report are hereby incorporated by reference to the registrant’s Registration Statement on Form F-10 (File No. 333-265627), as amended and supplemented, to be a part thereof from the date on which this report is submitted, to the extent not superseded by documents or reports subsequently filed or furnished.


Exhibit Number						Description of Exhibit

99.1						Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024
99.2						Condensed Interim Consolidated Financial Statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024
99.3						Third Quarter Earnings Release Dated November 6, 2024
99.4						Certification of Interim Filing — CEO
99.5						Certification of Interim Filing — CFO

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Exchange Act, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.


	THE LION ELECTRIC COMPANY
Date: November 6, 2024	By:	/s/ Dominique Perron
	Name:	Dominique Perron
	Title:	Chief Legal Officer and Corporate Secretary

Table of Contents


1.0 Preface			2
2.0 Basis of Presentation			2
3.0 Caution Regarding Forward-Looking Statements			3
4.0 Non-IFRS Measures and Other Performance Metrics			5
5.0 Company Overview			6
6.0 Research and Development			7
7.0 Financial Highlights			8
8.0 Operational Highlights			9

9.0 Order Book			11
10.0 Key Factors Affecting Lion's Performance			17
1 1 .0 Components of Results of Operations			21
1 2 .0 Results of Operations			24
1 3 .0 Financial Position			30
1 4 .0 Cash Flows			31
1 5 .0 Liquidity and Capital Resources			32

1 6 .0 Financial Risk Management			41
17.0 Accounting Policies, Accounting Estimates and Judgments, and New Accounting Standards Not Yet Applied			42
18.0 Emerging Growth Company Status			44
19.0 Internal Controls Over Financial Reporting			44
20.0 Foreign Private Issuer Status			45

1.0Preface

The following management’s discussion and analysis (“MD&A”) provides information concerning the financial condition and results of operations of The Lion Electric Company, (together with its subsidiaries, the “Company” or “Lion”) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024. This MD&A should be read in conjunction with the unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, as well as the audited annual consolidated financial statements of the Company and the related notes for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. Some of the information contained in this MD&A contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Actual results may differ materially from underlying forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those described in section 3.0 of this MD&A entitled “Caution Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and in section 23.0 entitled “Risk Factors” of the Company’s MD&A for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. The unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements and this MD&A were reviewed by Lion's Audit Committee, and were approved and authorized for issuance by Lion's Board of Directors on November 6, 2024.

2.0Basis of Presentation

The Company’s fiscal year is the twelve-month period ending December 31 of each year. This MD&A is based on the Company’s unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes thereto for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, which have been prepared in accordance with International Accounting Standard (“IAS”) 34—Interim Financial Reporting.

All amounts presented are in United States dollars unless otherwise indicated.

Lion has one reportable operating segment, the manufacturing and sale of electric vehicles in Canada and in the United States.

Certain figures, such as interest rates and other percentages included in this MD&A, have been rounded for ease of presentation. Percentage figures included in this MD&A have not in all cases been calculated on the basis of such rounded figures but on the basis of such amounts prior to rounding. For this reason, percentage amounts in this MD&A may vary slightly from those obtained by performing the same calculations using the figures in Lion’s unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements or in the associated text. Certain other amounts that appear in this MD&A may similarly not sum due to rounding.

All references to “fiscal 2024” are to the Company’s fiscal year ending December 31, 2024 and to “fiscal 2023” are to the Company’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

Refer to note 2 of the Company’s unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 which also indicates the existence of material uncertainty that may cast significant doubt on the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Based on the current assessment of management, it is not certain that cash and forecasted cash flows from operations will be sufficient to meet the Company’s obligations coming due over the next twelve months, and, as a result, the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern is dependent on, among other things, its ability to raise additional funds in order to meet its capital requirements and satisfy its obligations as they become due (such as upcoming interest payment obligations under, and repayment at maturity of, certain of its debt instruments), including in connection with the expiration of the covenant

relief period (as defined below) on November 15, 2024 and/or the maturity of the Finalta-CDPQ Loan Agreement (as defined below) on November 30, 2024. The Company expects that it will need to negotiate further amendments or concessions or waivers to agreements with the holders of its debt instruments in connection with the expiry of the covenant relief period and upcoming maturity of the Finalta-CDPQ Loan Agreement. See section 15.0 of this MD&A entitled “Liquidity and Capital Resources” for additional information.

3.0Caution Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This MD&A contains "forward-looking information" and "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of applicable securities laws and within the meaning of the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (collectively, "forward-looking statements"). Any statements contained in this MD&A that are not statements of historical fact, including statements about Lion’s beliefs and expectations, are forward-looking statements and should be evaluated as such.

Forward-looking statements may be identified by the use of words such as “believe,” “may,” “will,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “expect,” “should,” “would,” “could,” “plan,” “project,” “potential,” “seem,” “seek,” “future,” “target” or other similar expressions and any other statements that predict or indicate future events or trends or that are not statements of historical matters, although not all forward-looking statements may contain such identifying words.

These forward-looking statements include statements regarding the Company’s liquidity and capital requirements and management’s forecasts related thereto, the Company's ability to continue as a going concern, the implementation by the Company of measures and initiatives aimed at reducing its cost structure, managing its liquidity and optimizing its balance sheet (including the July 2024 Action Plan (as defined below)) and the expected impact thereof, the end of the covenant relief period and the upcoming maturity of certain of the Company's debt instruments, the implementation by the Company of measures to reduce its vehicle and battery development costs and its inventory levels (including the Company’s fiscal 2024 objectives related thereto), the Company’s order book and the Company's ability to convert it into actual sales, the expected production capacity of the Company’s manufacturing facilities in Saint-Jerome and the United States and the Company’s battery manufacturing plant (the "Battery Plant") and innovation center in Quebec (the "Innovation Center" and collectively with the Battery Plant, the "Lion Campus"), the sourcing of lithium-ion battery cells, the Company's future growth and long-term strategy, the Company’s expected product pipeline, and the development and timing of commercial production of certain platforms and models. Such forward-looking statements are based on a number of estimates and assumptions that Lion believes are reasonable when made, including that Lion will be able to retain and hire key personnel and maintain relationships with customers, suppliers and other business partners, that Lion will be able to continue to operate its business in the normal course, that Lion will be able to implement its growth strategy, that Lion will be able to successfully and timely ramp-up manufacturing capacity at its Saint-Jerome facility, its U.S. manufacturing facility and at the Battery Plant and Innovation Center as required in the future, that Lion will not suffer any supply chain challenges or any material disruption in the supply of raw materials on competitive terms, that Lion will be able to maintain its competitive position, that Lion will continue to improve its operational, financial and other internal controls and systems to manage its growth and size, that Lion will be able to benefit, either directly or indirectly (including through applications made by the Company and/or its clients), on a timely basis, from governmental programs, subsidies and incentives, that Lion will not incur any material obligations with respect to product warranty claims or product recalls, and that Lion will be able to secure additional funding through equity or debt financing on terms acceptable to Lion and in the amounts needed when required in the future. Such estimates and assumptions are made by Lion in light of the experience of management and their perception of historical trends, current conditions and expected future developments, as well as other factors believed to be appropriate and reasonable in the circumstances. However, there can be no assurance that such estimates and assumptions will prove to be correct.

By their nature, forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties because they relate to events and depend on circumstances that may or may not occur in the future. Lion believes that these risks and uncertainties include the following:

•the Company's ability to continue as a going concern, which will be dependent upon, among other things, the Company's ability to raise additional funds and/or negotiate further amendments or concessions or waivers with the holders of its debt instruments (including in each case in connection with the expiry of the covenant relief period and upcoming maturity of the Finalta-CDPQ Loan Agreement);

•any inability to generate sufficient cash flows and/or raise additional funds to meet its capital requirements and meet its obligations as they become due (including upcoming interest payment obligations under, and repayment at maturity of, certain of its debt instruments), in each case when due and in the amounts needed;

•any inability to remain in compliance with financial ratios under, and the terms and conditions of, its debt instruments (including during or after the covenant relief period);

•any inability to negotiate further amendments or concessions or waivers to agreements with the holders of its debt instruments when needed in the future;

•any inability to generate sufficient cash flows and/or raise additional funds to pursue its growth strategy, when and in the amounts needed;

•any adverse changes in U.S. or Canadian general economic, business, market, financial, political or legal conditions, including as a consequence of the ongoing uncertainties relating to inflation and interest rates;

•the increased risks relating to the Company's order book resulting from the uncertainty relating to the Company's financial position and cash flows;

•any unavailability, reduction, discriminatory application, delay in processing or elimination of governmental programs, subsidies or incentives due to policy changes, government regulations or decisions or otherwise;

•any inability to ramp-up the production of Lion's products;

•any inability to meet the expectations of the Company's customers in terms of products, specifications, and services;

•any inability to successfully and economically manufacture and distribute its vehicles at scale;

•any inability to execute the Company's growth strategy;

•any escalation, deterioration and adverse effects of current military conflicts, which may affect economic and global financial markets and exacerbate ongoing economic challenges;

•any unfavorable fluctuations and volatility in the availability or price of raw materials included in components used to manufacture the Company's products, including battery cells, modules and packs;

•the reliance on key suppliers and any inability to maintain an uninterrupted supply of raw materials;

•any inability to reduce total cost of ownership of electric vehicles sold by the Company over time;

•the reliance on key management and any inability to attract and/or retain key personnel;

•labor shortages (including as a result of employee departures, turnover, demands for higher wages and unionization of employees) which may force the Company to operate at reduced capacity, to lower its production and delivery rates or lower its growth plans, and could pose additional challenges related to employee compensation;

•any inability to maintain the Company's competitive position;

•any inability to reduce the Company's costs of supply over time;

•any inability to maintain and enhance the Company's reputation and brand;

•any significant product repair and/or replacement due to product warranty claims or product recalls;

•any failure of information technology systems or any cybersecurity and data privacy breaches or incidents;

•any inability to secure adequate insurance coverage or a potential increase in insurance costs;

•natural disasters, epidemic or pandemic outbreaks, boycotts and geo-political events such as civil unrest, acts of terrorism, the current ongoing military conflicts or similar disruptions;

•the outcome of any legal proceedings in which the Company is or may be involved from time to time; and

•any event or circumstance, including the materialization of any of the foregoing risks and uncertainties, resulting in the Company's inability to convert its order book into actual sales.

These and other risks and uncertainties related to the business of Lion are described in greater detail in section 23.0 entitled “Risk Factors” of the Company’s MD&A for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. Many of these risks are beyond Lion’s management’s ability to control or predict. All forward-looking statements attributable to Lion or persons acting on its behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained and risk factors identified in this MD&A and in other documents filed with the applicable Canadian regulatory securities authorities and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC'').

Because of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, readers should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Furthermore, forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made. This MD&A reflects information available to the Company as of November 6, 2024, the date of this MD&A. Except as required under applicable securities laws, Lion undertakes no obligation, and expressly disclaims any duty, to update, revise or review any forward-looking information, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

See section 2.0 of this MD&A entitled "Basis of Presentation," section 15.0 of this MD&A entitled “Liquidity and Capital Resources,” and note 2 of the Company's unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 which indicate the existence of material uncertainty that may cast significant doubt on the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

4.0Non-IFRS Measures and Other Performance Metrics

This MD&A makes reference to Adjusted EBITDA, which is a non-IFRS financial measure, as well as other performance metrics, including the Company’s order book, which are defined below. These measures are neither required nor recognized measures under IFRS, and, as a result, do not have a standardized meaning prescribed by IFRS and are therefore unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. Rather, these measures are provided as additional information to complement those IFRS measures by providing further understanding of the Company’s results of operations from management’s perspective. Accordingly, they should not be considered in isolation nor as a substitute for analysis of the Company’s financial information reported under IFRS. Lion compensates for these limitations by relying primarily on Lion's IFRS results and using Adjusted EBITDA and order book on a supplemental basis. Readers should not rely on any single financial measure to evaluate Lion's business.

Adjusted EBITDA

“Adjusted EBITDA” is defined as net earnings (loss) before finance costs, income tax expense or benefit, and depreciation and amortization, adjusted to exclude restructuring costs, share-based compensation, change in fair value of conversion options on convertible debt instruments, change in fair value of share warrant obligations, foreign exchange (gain) loss and transaction and other non-recurring expenses. Lion uses adjusted EBITDA to facilitate a comparison of the profitability of its business on a consistent basis from period-to-period and to provide a further understanding of factors and trends affecting its business. The Company also believes this measure is useful for investors to assess the Company's profitability, its cost structure and its ability to service debt and to meet other payment obligations. However, readers should be aware that when evaluating Adjusted EBITDA, Lion may incur future expenses similar to those excluded when calculating Adjusted EBITDA. In addition, Lion’s presentation of these measures should not be construed as an inference that Lion’s future results will be unaffected by unusual or non-recurring items. Readers should review the reconciliation of net earnings

(loss), the most directly comparable IFRS financial measure, to Adjusted EBITDA presented by the Company under section 12.0 of this MD&A entitled "Results of Operations - Reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA."

Order Book

This MD&A also makes reference to the Company’s "order book" with respect to vehicles (trucks and buses) as well as charging stations. The Company’s vehicles and charging stations order book is determined by management based on purchase orders that have been signed, orders that have been formally confirmed by clients, or products in respect of which formal joint applications for governmental programs, subsidies or incentives have been made by the applicable clients and the Company. The order book is expressed as a number of units or a total dollar value, which dollar value is determined based on the pricing of each unit included in the order book as further explained under “Pricing” in section 9.0 of this MD&A entitled “Order Book”. The vehicles included in the vehicle order book as of November 6, 2024 provided for a delivery period ranging from a few months to the end of the year ending December 31, 2028, with substantially all of such vehicles currently providing for deliveries before the end of the year ending December 31, 2025, which corresponds to the latest date by which claims are required to be made according to the current eligibility criteria of the Federal Infrastructure Canada’s Zero Emission Transit Fund "ZETF" program, unless otherwise agreed by Infrastructure Canada. In addition, substantially all deliveries are subject to the granting of subsidies and incentives with processing times that are subject to important variations. There has been in the past and the Company expects there will continue to be variances between the expected delivery periods of orders and the actual delivery times, and certain delays could be significant. Also, there has been in the past and the Company expects there will continue to be variances in the eligibility criteria of the various programs, subsidies and incentives introduced by governmental authorities, including in their interpretation and application. Such variances or delays could result in the loss of a subsidy or incentive and/or in the cancellation of certain orders, in whole or in part. In addition, the Company's current financial position as well as the material uncertainty as to its ability to continue as a going concern is likely to increase some or all of the risks relating to the Company's order book. See "Increased Risks relating to Order Book" under section 9.0 of this MD&A entitled "Order Book."

The Company’s presentation of the order book should not be construed as a representation by the Company that the vehicles and charging stations included in its order book will translate into actual sales. See section 9.0 of this MD&A entitled "Order Book" for a full description of the methodology used by the Company in connection with the order book and certain important risks and uncertainties relating to such methodology and the presentation of the order book.

5.0 Company Overview

Lion's business focuses on the design, development, manufacturing and distribution of all-electric medium- and heavy-duty urban vehicles (“EV”). Each Lion vehicle is purpose-built for electric and entirely designed and assembled in-house, with its own chassis, truck cabin or bus body, proprietary battery technology with modular energy capacity and Lion software integration. Lion’s vehicles are assembled without relying on traditional combustion-engine vehicle retrofitting or third-party integrators. For certain specialized truck applications, Lion has also established partnerships and other relationships with third-party suppliers to enable it to offer to its clients a variety of vehicle configurations, upfit equipment options and applications which range from classic boxes for box trucks to other specialized applications such as all-electric ambulances and utility trucks.

Lion has more than 14 years of focused all-electric vehicle research and development (“R&D”), manufacturing and commercialization experience. Lion’s vehicles and technology benefit from over 32 million miles (over 52 million kilometers) driven by more than 2,200 of its purpose-built all-electric vehicles that are on the road today, in real-life operating conditions.

Lion’s medium and heavy-duty EVs are specifically designed to address the needs of the sub-250 mile (or 400 km) mid-range urban market, which is generally viewed as well suited for electrification given

vehicles are typically driven over a relatively modest distance and return to base at the end of every workday.

Lion’s current line-up of purpose-built all-electric trucks can be divided into three main platforms based on gross vehicle weight rating ("GVWR"), namely the Lion5, the Lion6, and the Lion8 (used for the Lion8 (straight) and the Lion 8 Tractor truck (for which commercial production is now expected to commence in 2025 as opposed to 2024, as a result of the Company's headcount reductions in 2024 and its priority to preserve its liquidity and thus allocate its resources to producing and delivering existing platforms)), and its current line-up of all-electric buses can be divided into two main platforms, namely the LionC and LionD buses, all of which are offered in several range and configuration options with a view to meet customers' needs and route planning. Lion complements its product offering with various services, including sales support, full-service training, charging infrastructure assistance and maintenance support, all of which are available on-site at Lion’s Experience Centers, as well as financing, and identification and seeking of any applicable governmental grants.

Lion has a vehicle manufacturing facility in Canada located in Saint-Jerome, Quebec, which is approximately 25 miles (or 40 km) north of Montreal, Quebec, and a manufacturing facility in the United States located in Joliet, Illinois (the "Joliet Facility"), which supports the Company in addressing the increasing demand in the marketplace for “Made in America” zero-emission vehicles. Lion also has the Battery Plant and Innovation Center in Canada which is located at the YMX International Aerocity of Mirabel, Quebec. Except for the Innovation Center building forming part of the Lion Campus, all of such properties are leased by Lion and Lion does not own any real property.

The Joliet Facility is the Company's biggest footprint in the U.S. The Joliet Facility currently has the necessary infrastructure in place, including the production line and equipment, to achieve a production capacity of up to 2,500 buses on an annual basis. While the Company initially planned that, at full scale, the production capacity of the Joliet Facility would be principally focused on the production of trucks, as previously disclosed, the Company currently expects to rely on the truck manufacturing capacity available at its Saint-Jerome manufacturing facility to address current customer demand. As a result, the Company does not expect to incur any material capital expenditures related to the Joliet Facility in the short-term. Furthermore, given the current production capacity at the Joliet Facility is sufficient to meet the Company's actual production needs and given the Company's recurring operating losses and negative cash flows and current financial position, the Company is evaluating various alternatives with respect to excess manufacturing space at the facility with a view to reduce operating expenses and improve its financial position. In connection thereto, the Company has engaged an advisor to assist it in pursuing subleasing opportunities with respect to a significant portion of the Joliet Facility.

The Lion Campus, which is located at the YMX International Aerocity of Mirabel, Quebec, consists of

the Company’s Battery Plant and Innovation Center. The Battery Plant currently has the infrastructure in place, including the production line and equipment, to achieve a production capacity of up to 1.7 GWh (equivalent to approximately 5,000 vehicles, depending on the mix between school buses and trucks) on an annual basis. As previously disclosed, the Company does not expect to incur any material capital expenditures related to the Lion Campus in the short-term. In order to leverage space available and optimize operational efficiency, the Innovation Center building is currently being used for various purposes, including as a testing and certification center for vehicles and batteries, a predelivery inspection site, a showroom and delivery center, and as warehousing space. Furthermore, given the Company's recurring operating losses and negative cash flows and current financial position, the Company is evaluating various alternatives with respect to excess space at the Innovation Center with a view to reduce operating expenses and improve its financial position.

6.0Research and Development

Lion’s team of engineers and other R&D professionals conducts development activities from its three R&D centers in Mirabel, Quebec, Saint-Jerome, Quebec, and Montreal, Quebec.

Lion’s R&D is currently focused on enhancing existing vehicles and features and continuing the development of proprietary battery systems and specialized applications that can be integrated into Lion’s vehicles. Lion’s main R&D costs consist of expenditures towards assembly of prototype vehicles, the design, establishment, purchase, and implementation of equipment, as well as costs relating to its R&D professionals performing development activities.

7.0Financial Highlights

For the three months ended September 30, 2024 (Q3 2024), the Company's financial performance was the following when compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023 (Q3 2023):

•Revenue of $30.6 million, down $49.7 million, as compared to $80.3 million in Q3 2023.

•Delivery of 89 vehicles, a decrease of 156 vehicles, as compared to the 245 delivered in Q3 2023.

•Gross loss of $16.0 million, as compared to gross profit of $5.4 million in Q3 2023.

•Net loss of $33.9 million, as compared to net loss of $19.9 million in Q3 2023.

•Adjusted EBITDA1 of negative $19.5 million, as compared to negative $3.9 million in Q3 2023.

•Additions to property, plant and equipment of $0.4 million, down $15.8 million, as compared to $16.2 million in Q3 2023.

•Additions to intangible assets, which mainly consist of vehicle and battery development activities, amounted to $6.0 million, down $9.0 million as compared to $15.0 million in Q3 2023.

On July 2, 2024, the Company announced the entering into of amendments to certain of its senior credit instruments, namely (i) its senior revolving credit agreement (the "Revolving Credit Agreement") entered into with a syndicate of lenders represented by National Bank of Canada, as administrative agent and collateral agent, and including Bank of Montreal and Federation des Caisses Desjardins du Quebec, (ii) its loan agreement entered into with Finalta Capital and Caisse de dépôt et placement du Quebec (the "Finalta-CDPQ Loan Agreement"), and (iii) its non-convertible debentures issued in July 2023 to a group of investors led by Mach Group and the Mirella & Lino Saputo Foundation. On the same day, the Company also announced the entering into of a new agreement with Investissement Quebec providing for a loan under the ESSOR program in the amount of C$5,000,000, which loan may, under certain conditions, be drawn up to C$7,500,000 (the "ESSOR loan"). On July 30, 2024, the Company and the lenders under the Revolving Credit Agreement agreed to certain accommodations relating to the temporary inclusion of additional assets in the borrowing base until August 16, 2024. On September 30, 2024, the Company entered into additional amendments to the Revolving Credit Agreement and to the Finalta-CDPQ Loan Agreement providing for, among other things, the extension of the covenant relief period introduced as part of the amendments announced on July 2, 2024 to November 15, 2024. See section 15.0 of this MD&A entitled “Liquidity and Capital Resources” for additional information.

However, despite the Company's continued efforts to manage its liquidity and the amendments described above, the current financial position of the Company (including the upcoming expiry of the covenant relief period on November 15, 2024 and upcoming maturity of the Finalta-CDPQ Loan on November 30, 2024) creates material uncertainty as to the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. See section 2.0 of this MD&A entitled “Basis of Presentation,” section 15.0 of this MD&A entitled "Liquidity and Capital Resources," and note 2 of the Company's unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024.

1 Adjusted EBITDA is a non-IFRS financial measure. See section 4.0 of this MD&A entitled “Non-IFRS Measures and Other Performance Metrics,” and section 12.0 of this MD&A entitled "Results of Operations - Reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA" for a reconciliation of net loss, the most directly comparable IFRS financial measure, to Adjusted EBITDA.

8.0Operational Highlights

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Clean School Bus Program (the "EPA Program") Update

Since May 2022, the EPA has announced approximately $3.5 billion in funding under the EPA Program:

•In May 2022, the EPA announced the availability of $500 million under the first round of funding of the EPA Program (the "2022 rebate round"), which amount was subsequently increased to $945 million. Under the 2022 rebate round, Lion all-electric school buses were eligible for up to $375,000 per bus for priority districts ($250,000 for other eligible districts). In addition, subsidies of up to $20,000 were available for charging infrastructure under the 2022 rebate round.

•In April 2023, the EPA announced the availability of an additional $400 million of grants through a new 2023 grant funding round (the "2023 grant round") under the EPA Program which was more than doubled in January 2024. Under the 2023 grant round, an aggregate total of $395,000 in funding is available for priority districts (other eligible districts can receive an aggregate total of $250,000) for all-electric buses and charging infrastructure.

•In September 2023, the EPA announced additional funding of up to $500 million through a rebate round (the "2023 rebate round"), under the EPA Program which was increased to approximately $900 million in May 2024. Under the 2023 rebate round, an aggregate total of $345,000 in funding is available for priority districts (other eligible districts can receive an aggregate total of $200,000) for all-electric buses and charging infrastructure.

•In September 2024, the EPA announced additional funding up to $965 million through a rebate round (the "2024 rebate round"). Under the 2024 rebate round, an aggregate total of $325,000 in funding is available for priority districts (other eligible districts can receive an aggregate total of $170,000) for all-electric buses and charging infrastructure. Applications are expected to be submitted by January 9, 2025 with selectees notified in May 2025.

•Stacking with certain other state programs and federal tax credits is permitted in certain circumstances.

Please refer to the EPA's website for additional information on the EPA Program: https://www.epa.gov/cleanschoolbus. Lion all-electric school buses are eligible under all of the foregoing rounds of the EPA Program.

In order to benefit from vouchers granted under the EPA Program, applicants which are selected are granted vouchers and must submit a payment request once a purchase order for all-electric school buses has been signed. As the EPA may issue initial upfront payments (for the rebate rounds) before the actual delivery of the applicable school buses, any upfront payment received by Lion remains subject to delivery of the applicable school buses by Lion in accordance with the terms and conditions of the EPA Program and the applicable purchase orders. In the event that a given order is not ultimately fulfilled and that the delivery of any applicable school buses is not ultimately completed, any initial upfront payment received is required to be repaid to the EPA. The Company received initial upfront payments from the EPA of approximately $80 million under the 2022 rebate round (all in fiscal 2023), of which approximately $8.9 million was recorded as deferred revenue and other deferred liabilities as at September 30, 2024, as the related vehicles had not yet been delivered, mainly due to customer timing and the timing of development of the Company's platform configurations. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, approximately $2.4 million of initial upfront payments from the 2022 rebate round were repaid by Lion. See section 3.0 of this MD&A entitled “Caution Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.” Also see section 9.0 of this MD&A entitled “Order Book” for additional information with respect to purchase orders obtained and payment requests submitted by the Company with respect to school buses subject to awards under the 2022 rebate round, as well as a full description of the methodology used by the Company in connection with the order book and certain important risks and uncertainties relating to such methodology and the presentation of the order book.

As part of the 2023 grant round, Lion and its customers were awarded grants for 97 school buses and related charging infrastructure, representing a total of $38 million. Lion’s applications submitted in connection with this 2023 grant round were prepared in collaboration with selected school districts. In mid-July 2024, Lion finalized an agreement with the EPA allowing Lion and its customers to begin the process to obtain formal purchase orders and submit expense reimbursements requests for such grants. During the third quarter of fiscal 2024, the Company received payments (in the form of expense reimbursements) under the 2023 grant round in accordance with the established parameters of the EPA in the amount of $37.2 million, $30.1 million of which was recorded as deferred revenue and other deferred liabilities as at September 30, 2024, as the related vehicles and infrastructure had not yet been delivered. From the expenses reimbursements received, the Company was required to reimburse an amount of $7.1 million to the EPA in October 2024, in accordance with the EPA's direction as to timing of reimbursements. In addition to the grants awarded to Lion directly under the 2023 grant round, Lion is also monitoring other grants awarded to school districts and third party operators as these could represent additional opportunities for the Company. Lion will continue to work actively with the applicable school districts in order to complete the milestones required under the program and execute purchase orders with such school districts.

As part of the 2023 rebate round, Lion and its customers were awarded rebates for 127 school buses and related charging infrastructure, representing a total of $39 million. Lion’s applications submitted in connection with this 2023 rebate round were prepared in collaboration with selected school districts, and Lion is currently working with its customers to obtain formal purchase orders and satisfy the other requirements of the EPA prior to submitting payments requests to the EPA. As of the date of this MD&A, payment requests have been submitted to the EPA, approximately $6 million of which is in respect of vehicles already delivered to customers. Lion is also monitoring other rebates awarded to school districts and third party operators as those could represent additional opportunities for the Company. Lion will continue to work actively with the applicable school districts in order to complete the milestones required under the program and execute purchase orders with such school districts.

See section 9.0 of this MD&A entitled “Order Book,” “Regulatory Landscape and Government and Economic Incentives” under section 10.0 of this MD&A entitled “Key Factors Affecting Lion's Performance” and section 23.0 of the Company’s MD&A for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 entitled “Risk Factors.”

EPA 2024 Clean Heavy-Duty Vehicles Grant Program ("EPA 2024 Clean Heavy-Duty Program")

In April 2024, the EPA launched its new 2024 Clean Heavy-Duty Vehicles Grant Program ("the EPA 2024 Clean Heavy-Duty Program"), designed to help transition heavy-duty vehicles, including school buses and trucks, to zero-emission models. The EPA 2024 Clean Heavy-Duty Vehicles Program provides $932 million in funding available to help municipalities, states, territories, tribes, school districts and nonprofit school transportation associations replace existing heavy-duty vehicles with zero-emission vehicles, deploy zero-emission vehicle infrastructure, and train and develop workers. The EPA expects that approximately 70% of the total funding will support school bus-related projects, with approximately 30% of funding for vocational vehicles. Grant applications were due July 25, 2024, and awards are expected to be announced by February 2025. Lion all-electric school buses and its all-electric Lion6 trucks are eligible under EPA 2024 Clean Heavy-Duty Program. For all-electric buses, up to 75% of the total aggregate costs of all-electric buses and charging infrastructure will be available for funding, up to an aggregate maximum of $280,000. For all-electric trucks, up to 65% of the total aggregate costs of all-electric trucks and charging infrastructure will be available for funding, up to an aggregate maximum of $355,000. Stacking with certain other state programs and tax credits will be permitted. Please refer to the EPA's website for additional information on the EPA 2024 Clean Heavy-Duty Program: https://www.epa.gov/clean-heavy-duty-vehicles-program.

and section 23.0 of the Company’s MD&A for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 entitled “Risk Factors.”

Workforce Reduction and July 2024 Action Plan Update

In July 2024, the Company announced an action plan (the “July 2024 Action Plan”) intended to streamline its operations, further align its cost structure with current demand and improve its liquidity position and ability to reach its profitability goals. The July 2024 Action Plan included, among other things, a reduction of the Company’s workforce representing approximately 350 employees (compared to the approximately 300 employees initially planned) across Canada and the United States, adjustments to the Company’s truck manufacturing operations in light of a lower market demand than initially anticipated for all-electric trucks, (including by introducing a batch-size manufacturing approach for trucks directly aligned with the Company’s order book), the creation of a new product line through which the Company will sell its battery packs to third parties, and the implementation of an overall efficiency improvement plan to further reduce other operational expenses, such as third-party logistics costs, consultant costs, and other selling and administrative expenditures.

The July 2024 Action Plan was in furtherance to the workforce reduction (approximately 120 employees in production overhead and product development functions) and other cost reduction measures implemented by the Company in April 2024. The July 2024 Action Plan and April 2024 cost reduction measures were aimed at further reducing the Company's operating expenses and aligning its cost structure to current market dynamics, notably delays experienced with the ZETF, which continue to adversely impact the Company's school bus deliveries. The workforce reduction and cost cutting measures announced in April and July, 2024, combined with the measures announced in November 2023 and February 2024, are expected to result in annualized costs savings for the Company of approximately $65 million.

During the three months ended September 30, 2024, the Company incurred expenses related to employee transition costs, severance payments and employee benefits of approximately $0.8 million in the aggregate in connection with workforce reductions undertaken in 2024.

The Company continues to review and assess potential measures to reduce its operating expenses, improve its liquidity position and align its cost structure to its current financial position and current market dynamics. See section 15.0 of this MD&A entitled “Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

Union Activity Update

In April 2024, the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers, District 11 (“IAM”) filed a petition for certification with the Tribunal administrative du travail du Quebec (“TAT”) to represent the Company’s employees at its Saint-Jerome facility, except for employees automatically excluded by law and office employees. On June 27, 2024, the TAT rendered its decision concluding that the IAM had the representative character required by law. The Company expects to start sessions relating to the negotiations of a collective bargaining agreement with IAM representatives during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2024. On September 13, 2024, the Association des travailleurs de Lion Électrique – Mirabel (“ATLEM”) withdrew its July 18, 2024 filed petition for certification with the TAT to represent the Company’s employees at its Innovation Center.

9.0Order Book2

As at November 6, 2024, Lion’s vehicle order book stood at 1,590 all-electric medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, consisting of 135 trucks and 1,455 buses, representing a combined total order value of approximately $420 million as calculated per management's methodology further described below. Additionally, LionEnergy, Lion’s division that generates revenues through the resale of charging stations from global charging infrastructure manufacturers, had an order book of 366 charging stations, representing a combined total order value of approximately $8 million, as at November 6, 2024 as

2 See section 4.0 of this MD&A entitled “Non-IFRS Measures and Other Performance Metrics”.

calculated per management's methodology further described below. See "Increased Risks relating to Order Book" below in this section 9.0.

The decrease in the vehicle order book of 404 vehicles as compared to the vehicle order book of 1,994 vehicles representing a combined total order value of approximately $475 million, as previously disclosed on July 30, 2024 is mainly due to management's decision to withdraw 515 buses orders related to the ZETF program, given the uncertainty related to delays in the process of ZETF applications and the current timeline for deliveries under the program, the removal of 49 trucks related to the delays in the launch of commercial production of the Lion 8 Tractor truck as described in section 5.0 of this MD&A entitled "Company Overview", as well as deliveries made since July 30, 2024, partially offset by new purchase orders, primarily obtained through the EPA Program. See section 23.0 entitled “Risk Factors” of the Company’s MD&A for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Increased Risks relating to Order Book

The Company’s computation of its order book is subject to specific methodology described below and involves certain judgments and assumptions from management. Management's review of the composition of the order book as presented in this MD&A has been made assuming a going concern basis. However, the Company's current financial position as well as the material uncertainty as to its ability to continue as a going concern is likely to increase some or all of the risks relating to the Company's order book described in this section 9.0 entitled "Order Book.”

As further described below under the sections entitled “Delivery Periods” and “Ongoing Evaluation; Risk Factors,” substantially all of the vehicle orders included in the order book are subject to conditions relating to the granting of governmental subsidies or incentives and/or a specified timing for the delivery of the vehicle. The workforce reduction and other cost-cutting measures implemented by the Company aimed at managing liquidity have negatively impacted production cadence and vehicle deliveries, and the Company expects that its current financial position and results of operations will continue to impact production cadence and vehicle deliveries as it continues to focus on managing its liquidity in order to meet its capital requirements and satisfy its obligations as they become due. As a result, there is increased risk that the Company may not be able to manufacture and deliver in a timely manner all of the vehicles in the order book in accordance with the specified timing for the delivery provided in purchase orders (including vehicles providing for deliveries before the end of the year ending December 31, 2025), which could result in the cancellation of certain orders, in whole or in part. Furthermore, on September 6, 2024, the Quebec government announced the temporary suspension of its Ecocamionnage Program, which is the province's subsidy program for the purchase of all-electric trucks. Lion's Lion5, Lion6, and Lion8 vehicles qualify for this program which is part of the Quebec government’s 2030 Plan for a Green Economy (the “Quebec Green Economy Plan”).

In addition, the Company's current financial position and the uncertainty related thereto may negatively impact governmental authorities' perception of the Company and the processing of governmental subsidies or incentives on which substantially all of the vehicles included in the order book are conditioned upon, including in connection with the Company's current discussions with the Canadian Federal government regarding the application of the ZETF program for which the Company and its clients continue to experience delays and challenges in the processing of applications filed thereunder as described in the section entitled “Ongoing Evaluation; Risk Factors” below. See “Regulatory Landscape and Government and Economic Incentives” under section 10.0 of this MD&A entitled “Key Factors Affecting Lion's Performance.” Any variances or delays in the processing of such subsidies or incentives could result in the loss of a subsidy or incentive and/or delay delivery of applicable vehicles, which could result in the cancellation of certain orders, in whole or in part. The cancellation of a substantial amount of orders, as a result of the foregoing or otherwise, could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, results of operations financial condition and the Company's ability to continue as a going concern.

Order Book Methodology


General Principle:			The Company’s vehicle and charging stations order book is determined by management based on purchase orders that have been signed, orders that have been formally confirmed by clients or products in respect of which formal joint applications for governmental programs, subsidies or incentives have been made by the applicable clients and the Company. The order book is expressed as a number of units or a total dollar value, which dollar value is determined based on the pricing of each unit included in the order book as further explained below under the section entitled “Pricing”. The vehicles included in the vehicle order book as of November 6, 2024 provided for a delivery period ranging from a few months to the end of the year ending December 31, 2028, with substantially all of such vehicles currently providing for deliveries before the end of the year ending December 31, 2025, which corresponds to the latest date by which claims are required to be made according to the current eligibility criteria of the ZETF, unless otherwise agreed by Infrastructure Canada. In addition, substantially all of the vehicle orders included in the order book are subject to the granting of governmental subsidies and incentives, including programs in respect of which applications relating to vehicles of Lion have not yet been fully processed to date. The processing times of governmental programs, subsidies and incentives are also subject to important variations. As further described below under the sections entitled “Delivery Periods” and “Ongoing Evaluation; Risk Factors”, there has been in the past and the Company expects there will continue to be variances between the expected delivery periods of orders and the actual delivery times, and certain delays could be significant. Also, there has been in the past and the Company expects there will continue to be variances in the eligibility criteria of the various programs, subsidies and incentives introduced by governmental authorities, including in their interpretation and application. Such variances or delays could result in the loss of a subsidy or incentive and/or in the cancellation of certain orders, in whole or in part. In addition, the Company's current financial position and the uncertainty related thereto may negatively impact governmental authorities' perception of the Company and the processing of governmental subsidies or incentives on which substantially all of the vehicles included in the order book are conditioned upon, including in connection with the Company's current discussions with the Canadian Federal government regarding the application of the ZETF program. The Company’s presentation of the order book should not be construed as a representation by the Company that the vehicles and charging stations included in its order book will translate into actual sales.


Delivery Periods:			The Company’s order book refers to products that have not yet been delivered but which are reasonably expected by management to be delivered within a time period that can be reasonably estimated and includes, in the case of charging stations, services that have not been completed but which are reasonably expected by management to be completed in connection with the delivery of the product. Purchase orders and applications relating to vehicles of Lion generally provide for a time period during which the client expects delivery of the vehicles. Such period can vary from a specific date, a number or range of months after the issuance of the order or application, or a calendar year. The vehicles included in the vehicle order book as of November 6, 2024 provided for a delivery period, subject to the satisfaction of the conditions set forth in each order (which, in substantially all cases as further discussed herein, relate to the approval of governmental subsidies and grants), ranging from a few months to the end of the year ending December 31, 2028, with substantially all of such vehicles currently providing for deliveries before the end of the year ending December 31, 2025, which corresponds to the latest date by which claims are required to be made according to the current eligibility criteria of the ZETF, unless otherwise agreed by Infrastructure Canada. Delivery periods are disclosed from time to time by the Company when available in respect of material orders. Delivery periods should not be construed as a representation or a guarantee by the Company that the actual delivery time will take place as scheduled. Given the nature of the business and the products of the Company, the implied lead time for the production and delivery of a vehicle (which may be impacted, among other things, by supply chain challenges or changes in specifications as well as the Company's production cadence), the nature of certain customers of the Company (in many cases, fleet owners operating capital intensive operations which require financing and ongoing scheduling flexibility), and the fact that, as further described herein, substantially all of the vehicle orders included in the order book are subject to the granting of governmental subsidies and incentives, actual delivery times may be subject to important variations or delays. In addition, the workforce reduction and other cost-cutting measures implemented by the Company aimed at managing liquidity have negatively impacted production cadence and vehicle deliveries, and the Company expects that its current financial position and results of operations will continue to impact production cadence and vehicle deliveries as it continues to focus on managing its liquidity in order to meet its capital requirements and satisfy its obligations as they become due. Please refer to the section entitled “Ongoing Evaluation; Risk Factors” below regarding the potential impact of variations or delays in deliveries.
Pricing:			When the Company’s order book is expressed as an amount of sales, such amount has been determined by management based on the current specifications or requirements of the applicable order, assumes no changes to such specifications or requirements and, in cases where the pricing of a product or service may vary in the future, represents management’s reasonable estimate of the prospective pricing as of the time such estimate is reported. A small number of vehicles included in the order book have a pricing that remains subject to confirmation based on specifications and other options to be agreed upon in the future between the applicable client and the Company. For purposes of the determination of the order book and the value allocated to such orders, management has estimated the pricing based on its current price lists and certain other assumptions relating to specifications and requirements deemed reasonable in the circumstances.


Performance Metric:			The order book is intended as a supplemental measure of performance that is neither required by, nor presented in accordance with, IFRS, and is neither disclosed in nor derived from the financial statements of the Company. The Company believes that the disclosure of its order book provides an additional tool for investors to use in evaluating the Company’s performance, market penetration for its products, and the cadence of capital expenditures and tooling. The Company’s computation of its order book is subject to the specific methodology described herein and may not be comparable to other similarly entitled measures computed by other companies, because all companies may not calculate their order book in the same fashion. Other companies also sometimes refer to or use “order backlog” or “order intake” as performance metrics, which are most likely not calculated on the same basis as the Company’s order book. In addition, as explained above, the Company’s presentation of the order book is calculated based on the orders and the applications made as of the time that the information is presented, and it is not based on the Company’s assessment of future events and should not be construed as a representation by the Company that the vehicles and charging stations included in its order book will translate into actual sales.


Ongoing Evaluation; Risk Factors:			A portion of the vehicles or charging stations included in the Company’s order book may be cancellable in certain circumstances (whether by reason of a delivery delay, unavailability of a program, subsidy or incentive or otherwise) within a certain period. Management reviews the composition of the order book every time it is reported in order to determine whether any orders should be removed from the order book. For purposes of such exercise, management identifies orders that have been or are reasonably likely to be cancelled and examines, among other things, whether conditions attaching to the order are reasonably likely to result in a cancellation of the order in future periods as well as any other available information deemed relevant, including ongoing dialogue with clients and governments. Such exercise may result from time to time in orders that have previously been included in the order book being removed even if they have not been formally canceled by the client. See the first paragraph of this section 9.0 entitled "Order Book" for a presentation of the variance in the total number of units and the total dollar value of the vehicles and charging stations included in the Company's order book since July 30, 2024, being the last date on which such information was presented. The Company cannot guarantee that its order book will be realized in full, in a timely manner, or at all, or that, even if realized, revenues generated will result in profits or cash generation as expected, and any shortfall may be significant. The Company’s conversion of its order book into actual sales is dependent on various factors, including those described below and under section 23.0 entitled “Risk Factors” of the Company’s MD&A for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. For instance, a customer may voluntarily or involuntarily default on an order, may become subject to bankruptcy or insolvency or cease its business operations. In addition, substantially all of the vehicle orders included in the order book are subject to conditions relating to the granting of governmental subsidies or incentives to Lion's customers or a specified timing for the delivery of the vehicle and, in a limited number of cases, the availability of certain specifications and options or the renewal of certain routes by governmental or school authorities. As a result, the Company’s ability to convert its order book into actual sales is highly dependent on the granting and timing of governmental subsidies and incentives, most notably subsidies and incentives under the Quebec Green Economy Plan, Federal Infrastructure Canada's ZETF, the Government of Canada Incentives for Medium- and Heavy-Duty Zero-Emission Vehicles (iMHZEV) Program, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Clean School Bus Program and California’s Hybrid and Zero-Emission Truck and Bus Voucher Incentive Project (HVIP). Approximately half of the vehicles included in the order book are contingent upon grants under the ZETF, in respect of which applications relating to vehicles of Lion have not yet been fully processed to date and December 31, 2025 is the latest date by which claims are required to be made according to the current eligibility criteria of the ZETF program, unless otherwise agreed by Infrastructure Canada. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, only one application for 200 school buses under the program submitted by one of Lion's customers was approved by the ZETF which resulted in the delivery of 70 school buses by Lion. Lion continues to be actively engaged in discussions with the Canadian Federal government regarding the application of the program. If the above-mentioned delays persist, the orders relating to such vehicles may be cancelled, in whole or in part, or be subject to renegotiation. Any termination, modification, delay or suspension of any governmental programs, subsidies and incentives, including, most importantly as of the date hereof, the ZETF, the Quebec Green Economy Plan or the EPA Program could result in delayed deliveries or the cancellation of all or any portion of orders, which, in turn, could have a material and adverse effect on the Company’s business, results of operation or financial condition. The Company’s conversion of its order book into actual sales is also dependent on its ability to economically and timely manufacture its vehicles, at scale. The Company delivered 519 vehicles during the year ended December 31, 2022, 852 vehicles during the year ended December 31, 2023 and 386 vehicles during the nine months ended September 30, 2024. As of November 6, 2024, the Company’s vehicle order book stood at 1,590 vehicles. The execution of the Company’s growth strategy and the conversion of its order book, which currently provides for deliveries ranging from a few months to the end of the year ending December 31, 2028, will require that the Company increases its production cadence. While the Saint-Jerome facility and Joliet Facility currently have the infrastructure in place, including in terms of production lines and equipment, to achieve a production capacity of up to 2,500 vehicles and 2,500 buses, respectively, on an annual basis (see section 5.0 of this MD&A entitled “Company Overview” and “Product Development and Manufacturing” under section 10.0 of this MD&A entitled “Key Factors Affecting Lion's Performance” for further details), the Company's operations are currently being conducted on a lower scale and it has limited experience to date in high volume manufacturing. In addition, as of November 6, 2024, 96 units included in the order book, consisting of trucks and representing a combined total order value of approximately $35 million, related to products which had been developed and were being sold, but that were not currently in commercial production. See “Products and Solutions” in section 6.2 of the Company’s Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2023 entitled “Business of the Company”. Any failure by the Company to successfully develop its vehicles, source its key components, and scale its manufacturing processes within projected costs and timelines could have a material adverse effect on its business, results of operations or financial condition. As a result, the Company’s realization of its order book is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including the risks described in section 3.0 of this MD&A entitled “Caution Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and section 23.0 entitled “Risk Factors” of the Company’s MD&A for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, and there can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in converting all or a significant portion of its order book into actual sales.

10.0 Key Factors Affecting Lion’s Performance

Lion believes that its performance and future success are dependent on multiple factors that present significant opportunities, but also pose risks and challenges, including those discussed below and in section 23.0 entitled “Risk Factors” of the Company’s MD&A for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Regulatory Landscape and Government and Economic Incentives

Lion competes in an industry that is subject to environmental regulations across the various jurisdictions in which it sells its products. While regulations are expected to continue to become increasingly stringent over time, especially with respect to the use of diesel vehicles, various programs, subsidies and incentives have been introduced by governmental authorities in Canada and the United States in order to promote the adoption of emissions-free vehicles. Demand for Lion’s vehicles is currently highly influenced by such federal, state, provincial and local tax credits, rebates, grants and other government programs and incentives that promote the use of battery electric vehicles. Substantially all of the vehicle orders included in Lion’s order book are subject to the granting, to Lion's customers, of governmental subsidies and incentives, including programs in respect of which applications relating to vehicles of Lion have not yet been fully processed to date. The application, treatment, and processing times of governmental programs, subsidies and incentives are also subject to important variations. As further described under "Increased Risk relating to Order Book", “Delivery Periods” and “Ongoing Evaluation; Risk Factors” in section 9.0 of this MD&A entitled “Order Book,” there has been in the past and the Company expects there will continue to be variances between the expected delivery periods of orders and the actual delivery times, and certain delays could be significant. Also, there has been in the past and the Company expects there will continue to be variances in the eligibility criteria and processing times of the various programs, subsidies and incentives introduced by governmental authorities, including in their interpretation and application. Such variances or delays could result in the loss of a subsidy or incentive and/or in the cancellation of certain orders, in whole or in part. Further, the current uncertainty relating to the Company’s financial position and cash flows and the increase in the Company's credit risk profile may negatively impact the Company's ability to secure rebates, grants, subsidies and incentives under applicable government programs and/or adversely affect the processing thereof. See section 23.0 entitled “Risk Factors” of the Company’s MD&A for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Additionally, demand for Lion’s vehicles may be influenced by laws, rules, regulations and programs that require reductions in carbon emissions, such as the various measures implemented by lawmakers and regulators in California and Quebec, among others, designed to increase the use of electric and other zero-emission vehicles, including the establishment of firm goals in certain instances for the number of these vehicles operating on state roads by specified dates and the enactment of various laws and other programs in support of these goals.

Although Lion’s vehicles qualify as zero emissions vehicles (“ZEVs”), they are subject to regulations regarding vehicle emissions. For example, in the United States, every class of heavy-duty engines or vehicles must receive Certificate of Conformity (“COCs”) from the EPA prior to being sold. These COCs must be obtained for each model year of production, and failure to obtain them prior to entering Lion’s vehicles into commerce may result in substantial fines or penalties. In addition, the EPA and California Air Resources Board (“CARB”) have annual certification greenhouse gas ("GHG") emissions requirements related to Lion’s vehicles. The CARB certification is required to participate in California’s Hybrid and Zero-Emission Truck and Bus Voucher Incentive Project ("HVIP"). In Canada, the Heavy-duty Vehicle and Engine Greenhouse Gas Emission Regulations adopted under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999, establish Canadian emission standards and test procedures for Canadian manufacturers, distributors and importers of heavy-duty vehicles. These standards and procedures are aligned with the requirements of the United States Code of Federal regulations for on-road heavy-duty vehicles and engines published by the EPA, parts of which are incorporated by reference in the regulations. However, testing and other requirements to demonstrate compliance may vary, adding to the regulatory complexity of Lion’s operations. In addition, the use, storage, transport, and disposal of Lion’s battery packs is

subject to extensive regulation. Lithium-ion cells may be regulated as “hazardous” or “dangerous” goods under several regulatory regimes in both the United States and Canada. In addition to the proper handling, recycling, and disposal of expended batteries, Lion’s operations are subject to a wide range of laws and regulations related to the protection of the environment, including those regulating air emissions, discharges to water, waste management, worker health and safety, and environmental cleanup.

Customer Demand for Electrification

The demand for Lion's vehicles is highly dependent upon the general customer demand for electric vehicles. The electrification of medium and heavy-duty commercial vehicles continues to gain momentum as users and governmental authorities are looking for novel solutions to reduce GHG emissions and atmospheric pollution generally while the cost competitiveness of electric vehicles continues to improve. On March 20, 2024, the EPA announced a final rule, Multi-Pollutant Emissions Standards for Model Years 2027 and Later Light-Duty and Medium-Duty Vehicles, that sets new, more rigorous standards aimed at further reducing air pollutant emissions from light-duty and medium-duty vehicles starting with model year 2027. The final rule builds upon EPA’s final standards for federal greenhouse gas emissions standards for passenger cars and light trucks for model years 2023 through 2026 and leverages advances in clean car technology to unlock benefits such as improving public health through reducing smog- and soot-forming pollution from vehicles and reducing climate pollution. These standards will phase in over model years 2027 through 2032. While Lion anticipates that an increasing number of fleet owners and operators will seek all-electric alternatives to reduce the carbon footprint of their diesel fleets, its performance and future success will be largely influenced by the rates of adoption of electric vehicles by customers in markets in which it operates. Lion intends to leverage its broad offering of electric vehicles available for purchase today in order to benefit from the growing customer demand for electric vehicles.

Supply Chain

The Company’s supply, notably in respect of battery cells, battery packs and modules and other raw materials, is critical in allowing the Company to operate its business, produce vehicles and generate revenues, scale its operations and execute on its growth strategy, such that any supply delay or vulnerability in the supply chain may cause delays in the availability of the Company’s products. Global supply chain challenges may be caused by labor shortages or other global economic uncertainties and events, including inflationary pressures and military conflicts. Disruptions, including port congestion, rail and weather disruptions, trucker shortages and intermittent supplier shutdowns and delays, may result in component shortages, extended lead times for delivery of parts and raw materials, as well as, in certain cases, additional costs and production slowdowns. In addition, while the Company obtains components from multiple sources whenever possible, some of the components used in its vehicles are purchased from a single source and sometimes require custom design tailored to Lion vehicles such that there could be challenges in securing alternative supply sources for such components. The Company has from time-to-time experienced, and may experience in the future, shortages of raw materials, components and labor resulting in production slowdowns. Supply chain challenges have in certain cases contributed and may contribute in the future to delays in the rollout of certain products, resulting in the loss of a given subsidy or incentive for a client, or forcing a client to reallocate annual spending, therefore contributing to the cancellation of certain orders. In other cases, such challenges have required, and may require in the future, the Company to collaborate with its clients to agree on updated delivery periods or otherwise negotiate revised terms and conditions or enter into new purchase orders. See section 9.0 of this MD&A entitled “Order Book.” In its efforts to mitigate the impact of any supply chain challenges, the Company continues to focus on the management of inventory for critical components such as batteries and motors and to increase its reliance on local sourcing in order to develop a supply chain that is as close as possible to its manufacturing facilities. In addition, the Company has increased its supplier redundancy for specific parts. From a manufacturing standpoint, the Company has also increased in-house fabrication and re-designed certain sub-assemblies to circumvent parts that may be most affected by supply chain challenges, such as connectors used in the fabrication of low and high voltage wiring harnesses. The Company is continuously monitoring its supply chain and expects to continue implementing measures to

mitigate identified or potential issues. In addition, the Company continues to monitor market dynamics to roll out, as deemed necessary, price increases in certain markets.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company has implemented initiatives aimed at optimizing its balance sheet, such as extending payment terms with suppliers and reducing the number of days of on hand inventory by pushing out purchase commitments, with the objective of improving its liquidity and aligning more closely its payments with the consumption of on hand raw material inventories and the expected timing of deliveries and collections. As a result of the foregoing measures as well as the uncertainty relating to the Company’s financial position and cash flows, suppliers may limit, impose conditions (including through more stringent payment terms or restrictions on credit) or stop the supply to Lion, all of which could cause production disruptions and may materially adversely affect the Company’s business, results of operations or financial condition.

Reduction in Total Cost of Ownership

The total cost of ownership (“TCO”), along with vehicle range and payload capacity, quality and reliability, safety, customer experience, technological innovation, charging expertise and compliance with environmental regulation are the primary drivers of truck and bus purchasing decisions for fleet owners and operators.

Lion’s management believes that Lion’s truck TCO is currently favorable to comparable diesel vehicles in most use cases. Over time, the TCO advantage of electric trucks is expected to further increase as electric vehicle prices reduce, which will in turn further improve the economic benefit and rationale for fleet owners and operators to purchase Lion’s all-electric vehicles. In the school bus market, the lower annual mileage of individual units typically makes it more difficult for the lower energy and maintenance costs to significantly offset the currently higher upfront costs of electric vehicles over incumbent diesel units. As such, at the current time, governmental subsidies and incentives are often required for electric buses to be competitive over diesel units from a pure TCO point of view in this category. Over time, as the cost of the vehicles decreases as a result of, among other things, reduction in battery costs from increased vertical integration in manufacturing of battery systems, increased purchasing power with suppliers through larger volume commitments, increased manufacturing capacity utilization and fixed cost absorption, and other productivity gains, the TCO for electric buses is expected to become favorable even in the absence of governmental subsidies and incentives. However, if the cost of electric vehicles does not decrease over time, or if subsidies or incentives are reduced, eliminated or expire, Lion’s future sales could be negatively impacted. See section 23.0 entitled “Risk Factors” of the Company’s MD&A for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Product Development and Manufacturing

Lion’s success will depend on its ability to economically develop, manufacture and sell its vehicles at scale and meet its customers’ business needs. Lion’s current line-up of purpose-built all-electric vehicles consists of trucks, which can be divided into three main platforms, and all-electric buses, which can be divided into two main platforms. Lion has also established partnerships and other relationships with third-party suppliers to enable it to offer to its clients a variety of vehicle configurations, upfit equipment options and applications. Although Lion has developed and manufactured specialized chassis for such applications that can fit all-electric battery packs, the electrification and final configuration of certain of the specialized applications offered by Lion and its partners require input from upfitters and their ultimate customers and, in certain instances, Lion is still in the process of finalizing testing and integration with its partners and customers. Lion has also developed, and may in the future develop, additional products, specialized applications and services. Lion continuously assesses the timing and allocation of resources with respect to the development of other products and/or integration of specialized applications. See “Products and Solutions” in section 5.4 entitled “Business of the Company” of the Company’s Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2023, for a description of Lion’s products and solutions and product development pipeline. See also “Delay of Commercial Production of LionA and LionM” in section 8.0 of the Company’s MD&A for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. In addition, the measures implemented by the Company over the past quarters aimed at reducing costs and

managing liquidity have resulted in less resources being allocated to the development of new products and applications, as the Company focused on aligning its manufacturing product development efforts with

its order book. In addition, vehicle manufacturers often experience, and the Company has in the past experienced, delays in the design, production and launch of new products. Any delay in the design, production and launch of new models or in doing so cost-effectively and with high quality, or any failure by the Company to satisfy the needs and requirements of its customers in terms of products, specifications and services, could harm the Company’s reputation and brand.

Further, the manufacturing of all electric-vehicles is capital-intensive in nature, which may impact the Company's ability to manage its cost structure while generating sufficient cash flows to funds its working capital and meet its obligations as they become due. For example, the workforce reduction and other cost-cutting measures implemented in the past quarters aimed at managing liquidity negatively impacted production cadence and vehicle deliveries, and, as a result, the Company's results of operations. See section 2.0 of this MD&A entitled "Basis of Presentation", section 15.0 of this MD&A entitled "Liquidity and Capital Resources," and note 2 of the Company's unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Costs of Raw Materials and Supplies

Components in Lion’s vehicles are made of various raw materials, including aluminum, steel, composite, non-ferrous metals (such as copper) and other materials and minerals used to manufacture lithium-ion batteries. The prices for these raw materials fluctuate depending on market conditions, global demand and other factors, including inflation. While Lion has, in certain cases, entered into long-term contractual arrangements with suppliers with respect to the supply of certain key components of its vehicles, including lithium-ion batteries and battery cells, it remains exposed to multiple risks relating to price fluctuations and other factors which could impact supply. In particular, the inability of the Company’s current or future suppliers of key parts to sustainably meet the Company’s timelines, or cost, quality and volume needs may negatively impact the Company, force the redesign of certain of its models or translate in the cancellation of orders or the loss of certain clients or sales.

Prior to the commencement of its manufacturing operations at the Battery Plant, Lion relied only on third-party battery suppliers to source battery cells, modules and packs that it integrated in its vehicles. In connection with the establishment of its manufacturing operations at the Battery Plant, Lion now manufactures its own battery modules and packs that integrate 21700 cylindrical battery cells sourced from third-party suppliers. While Lion intends to continue in certain instances to rely on third-party suppliers for battery packs, it expects to increase optimization for product design, cost and production efficiency over time by producing battery packs in-house.

The Company does not currently hedge its long-term exposure to price fluctuations of raw materials and supplies. Therefore, an increase in prices of raw materials and supplies could negatively impact the Company’s operating results if its suppliers are unable or unwilling to fulfill purchase orders submitted by the Company and/or if the Company is not able to find other manufacturing or supply alternatives or transfer these cost increases to customers.

Foreign Exchange

The Company’s revenues are reported in U.S. dollars but its functional currency (for the parent company and its Canadian subsidiaries) is the Canadian dollar and the majority of its transactions are in Canadian dollars. The Company's main manufacturing operations are currently located in Canada. Suppliers of the Company are located in Canada, the United States and other foreign jurisdictions. The Company’s current indebtedness is denominated in both Canadian and U.S. dollars. Therefore, the Company’s revenues, gross profit (loss) and net income (loss) reported in U.S. dollars are and are expected to continue to be exposed to foreign exchange fluctuations.

Seasonality

The Company’s sales have historically experienced substantial fluctuations from quarter to quarter, particularly considering that they have been mainly comprised of sales of school buses which are mainly driven by the school calendar. While the Company expects to continue to experience seasonal variations in its sales in the foreseeable future, as a result of, among other things, the timing of government grant programs, management believes that the mix of product sales may vary in the future, especially in connection with the Company’s execution of its growth strategy and as sales of trucks may become more prevalent and new products and applications may be introduced. As a result, it is difficult to predict if any historical trends will be reproduced in the future.

11.0 Components of Results of Operations

Revenues

To date, Lion has primarily generated revenues from the sale of its all-electric school buses.

Cost of Sales

Lion’s cost of sales includes material costs, transportation costs, labor, manufacturing overhead, and other direct costs related to electric vehicle production.

Administrative Expenses

Administrative expenses consist of non-manufacturing facility leasing, share-based compensation, as well as employee benefits for management, information technology, human resources, accounting, legal, investor relations, and other general administrative functions. Administrative expenses also include professional fees, non-manufacturing depreciation expense, and non-manufacturing related insurance costs (including director and officer insurance).

Selling Expenses

Selling expenses consist of salaries and other similar expenses related to Lion’s bus and truck sales force and employee benefit costs, sales commissions, share-based compensation, business development, aftermarket sales and advertising, marketing and communications.

Restructuring Costs

Restructuring costs are comprised mainly of severance costs recognized in connection with the Company's announced workforce reductions.

Finance Costs

Finance costs consist primarily of interest paid and deferred interest on Lion’s outstanding debts, legal and other costs related to debt and share warrant financing activities, interest on lease liabilities and accretion expense on convertible and non-convertible debentures.

Foreign Exchange (Gain) Loss

Foreign exchange gains and losses represent the gains and losses on instruments such as cash balances, accounts receivable, accounts payable, debt balances and other accounts that are denominated in foreign currencies to the functional currencies of the related Lion entities, as a result of changes in foreign currency rates.

Change in Fair Value of Conversion Options on Convertible Debt Instruments

The Convertible Debentures issued on July 19, 2023 are, subject to their terms and conditions, convertible at the holders’ option into Common Shares. Their conversion price is also subject to customary adjustments and, upon the occurrence of certain events, including a “fundamental change”, holders of Convertible Debentures will either (i) convert all of their Convertible Debentures, with the

number of Common Shares issuable upon such conversion being subject to a grid-based “make-whole” adjustment, or (ii) require the Company to repurchase for cash all of their Convertible Debentures at a given repurchase price. See “Convertible Debentures” in section 15.0 of this MD&A entitled “Liquidity and Capital Resources" for further details regarding the terms and conditions of the convertible Debentures.

Lion determined that since the conversion options are financial instruments that do not meet the “Fixed for Fixed” criteria under IAS 32, the conversion options are derivative instruments and are classified as a liability in accordance with IAS 32 - Financial Instruments: Presentation and IFRS 9 - Financial Instruments, and are each initially recorded at fair value and then revalued at each reporting date.

Change in Fair Value of Share Warrant Obligations

On July 1, 2020, in connection with the entering into of a master purchase agreement and a work order (collectively, the “MPA”) with Amazon Logistics, Inc. (the "Specified Customer"), the Company issued warrants to purchase common shares of the Company (the “Specified Customer Warrant”) to Amazon.com NV Investment Holdings LLC (the “Warrantholder”) which vests, subject to the terms and conditions contained therein, based on the aggregate amount of spending by Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates on Lion’s products or services.

At the election of the Warrantholder, any vested portion of the Specified Customer Warrant can be exercised either on a cash basis by the payment of the applicable exercise price or on a net issuance basis based on the in-the-money value of the Specified Customer Warrant. The exercise price of the Specified Customer Warrant corresponds to $5.66. The Specified Customer Warrant grants the Warrantholder the right to acquire up to 35,350,003 common shares of Lion.

There was an initial vesting of a portion of the Specified Customer Warrant which is exercisable for 5,302,511 common shares of Lion. The remaining portion of the Specified Customer Warrant vests in three tranches based on the aggregate amount of spending by Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates on Lion’s products or services. The Specified Customer Warrant has a term of 8 years ending on July 1, 2028. Full vesting of the Specified Customer Warrant requires spending of at least $1.2 billion on Lion’s products or services over the term of the Specified Customer Warrant, subject to accelerated vesting upon the occurrence of certain events, including a change of control of Lion or a termination of the MPA for cause.

Lion determined that the Specified Customer Warrant is a derivative instrument and is classified as a liability in accordance with IAS 32 - Financial Instruments: Presentation and IFRS 9 - Financial Instruments. The vested portion of the Specified Customer Warrant is initially recorded at fair value as a share warrant obligation and then revalued at each reporting date, with a corresponding contract asset recognized at inception. The corresponding contract asset recognized at inception will be amortized as a reduction of revenues on a percentage per dollar of revenue generated with Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates.

Upon completion of the Company's business combination and plan of reorganization (the ''Business Combination''), which resulted in a wholly-owned subsidiary of Lion merging with Northern Genesis Acquisition Corp. (''NGA''), each outstanding warrant to purchase shares of NGA’s common stock ("NGA Warrant" was converted into a warrant to acquire one common share of Lion (a "Business Combination Warrant"), at a price of $11.50 per share. A total of 27,111,741 NGA Warrants were converted into 27,111,741 Business Combination Warrants, 15,972,672 of which were public Business Combination Warrants and 11,139,069 of which were private Business Combination Warrants.

Each Business Combination Warrant entitles the holder to acquire one common share of Lion at an exercise price of $11.50 per share until May 6, 2026, subject to adjustment in certain customary events. The public Business Combination Warrants may be redeemed by the Company in whole at a price of $0.01 per public Business Combination Warrant, provided that the last reported sales price of the Company’s common shares equals or exceeds $18.00 per share for any 20 trading days within a 30

trading-day period commencing once the public Business Combination Warrants become exercisable and ending on the third trading day prior to the date on which the Company gives proper notice of such redemption.

Each private Business Combination Warrant may be exercised on a cashless basis and may not be redeemed by the Company for so long as it is held by Northern Genesis Sponsor LLC or its permitted transferees. Once transferred to any person that is not Northern Genesis Sponsor LLC or any of its permitted transferees, a private Business Combination Warrant becomes treated as a public Business Combination Warrant.

In connection with the December 2022 Offering (as defined below), the Company issued 22,637,795 ''2022 Warrants''. Each whole 2022 Warrant entitles the holder to purchase one common share for a price of $2.80 per share for a period of five years ending December 15, 2027, subject to adjustment in certain customary events.

In connection with the 2023 Debenture Financing, the Company issued the July 2023 Warrants to holders of Non-Convertible Debentures entitling them to purchase, at any time after six (6) months following the issuance thereof until July 19, 2028, 22,500,000 common shares in the aggregate at an exercise price of C$2.81 per common share. The exercise price of the July 2023 Warrants is subject to customary adjustments.

The Company determined that the Business Combination Warrants, the 2022 Warrants, and the July 2023 Warrants are derivative instruments and are classified as a liability in accordance with IAS 32 - Financial Instruments: Presentation and IFRS 9 - Financial Instruments. The Business Combination Warrants, the 2022 Warrants, and the July 2023 Warrants are each initially recorded at fair value and then revalued at each reporting date.

12.0 Results of Operations

Comparison of Quarterly Results

Lion’s results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 are presented below:


	(Unaudited) -Three months ended				(Unaudited) -Nine months ended
	Sep 30, 2024	Sep 30, 2023	Variation	% Change	Sep 30, 2024	Sep 30, 2023	Variation	% Change
	(dollar amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)				(dollar amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)

Revenue	$30,627	$80,348	$(49,721)	(62)%	$116,384	$193,067	$(76,683)	(40)%
Cost of sales	$46,580	$74,983	$(28,403)	(38)%	$158,694	$189,540	$(30,846)	(16)%
Gross profit (loss)	$(15,953)	$5,365	$(21,318)	n.a.	$(42,311)	$3,527	$(45,838)	n.a.
Gross profit (loss) margin	(52.1)%	6.7%	n.a.	(58.8)%	(36.4)%	1.8%	n.a.	(38.2)%




Operating expenses:
Administrative expenses	$9,695	$12,987	$(3,292)	(25)%	$31,757	$38,468	$(6,711)	(17)%
Selling expenses	$3,777	$5,177	$(1,400)	(27)%	$11,813	$16,503	$(4,690)	(28)%

Restructuring costs	$780	$—	$780	n.m.	$2,163	$—	$2,163	n.m.

Operating loss	$(30,206)	$(12,798)	$(17,408)	136%	$(88,044)	$(51,445)	$(36,599)	71%

Finance costs	$13,024	$7,728	$5,296	69%	$35,934	$11,150	$24,784	222%
Foreign exchange loss (gain)	$(1,617)	$2,861	$(4,478)	(157)%	$1,907	$(104)	$2,011	(1934)%
Change in fair value of conversion options on convertible debt instruments	$(4,538)	$(3,356)	$(1,182)	n.m.	$(27,756)	$(3,356)	$(24,400)	n.m.
Change in fair value of share warrant obligations	$(3,130)	$(179)	$(2,951)	1649%	$(23,221)	$(11,911)	$(11,310)	95%
Net loss	$(33,946)	$(19,853)	$(14,093)	n.m.	$(74,909)	$(47,224)	$(27,685)	n.m.

Foreign currency translation adjustment	$2,845	$(6,201)	$9,046	n.m.	$(5,289)	$1,161	$(6,450)	n.m.

Comprehensive loss	$(31,101)	$(26,054)	$(5,047)	n.m.	$(80,197)	$(46,062)	$(34,135)	n.m.

Basic loss per share	$(0.15)	$(0.09)	$(0.06)	n.m.	$(0.33)	$(0.21)	$(0.12)	n.m.

Diluted loss per share	$(0.15)	$(0.09)	$(0.06)	n.m.	$(0.33)	$(0.21)	$(0.12)	n.m.

Basic weighted average number of common shares outstanding	226,217,541	226,134,423	83,118	n.a.	226,212,329	223,679,796	2,532,533	n.a.

Diluted weighted average number of common shares outstanding	226,217,541	226,134,423	83,118	n.a.	226,212,329	223,679,796	2,532,533	n.a.

n.a. = not applicable
n.m. = not meaningful

Revenue

For the three months ended September 30, 2024, revenue amounted to $30.6 million, a decrease of $49.7 million, compared to the corresponding period in the prior year. The decrease in revenue was due to a decrease in vehicle sales volume of 156 units, from 245 units (220 school buses and 25 trucks; 132 vehicles in Canada and 113 vehicles in the U.S.) for the three months ended September 30, 2023, to 89 units (71 school buses and 18 trucks; 45 vehicles in Canada and 44 vehicles in the U.S.) for the three months ended September 30, 2024. The decrease in vehicle sales volume was primarily attributable to the impact of the timing of EPA rounds and the continued delays and challenges associated with the granting of subsidies to the Company's clients related to the ZETF program, as well as the impact on the Company's production cadence due to the continued integration of its Lion MD batteries onto its vehicles and the continued ramp-up of production of the Lion5 and LionD platforms. The Company's objective to preserve liquidity also had a negative impact on the rate of production and deliveries during the third quarter.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, revenue amounted to $116.4 million, a decrease of $76.7 million, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The decrease in revenue was due to a decrease in vehicle sales volume of 278 units, from 664 units (593 school buses and 71 trucks; 518 vehicles in Canada and 146 vehicles in the U.S.) for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, to 386 units (350 school buses and 36 trucks; 294 vehicles in Canada and 92 vehicles in the U.S.) for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The decrease in vehicle sales volume was primarily attributable to the impact of the timing of EPA rounds and the continued delays and challenges associated with the granting of subsidies to the Company's clients related to the ZETF program, as well as the impact on the Company's production cadence due to the continued integration of its Lion MD batteries onto its vehicles and the continued ramp-up of production of the Lion5 and LionD platforms. The Company's objective to preserve liquidity also had a negative impact on the rate of production and deliveries during the third quarter.

Cost of Sales

For the three months ended September 30, 2024, cost of sales amounted to $46.6 million, representing a decrease of $28.4 million, compared to the corresponding period in the prior year. The decrease was primarily due to lower sales volumes, partially offset by increased manufacturing costs related to the continuing ramp-up of the new products (LionD, Lion5, and the Lion battery packs) and lower production volumes (which resulted in higher fixed manufacturing costs per unit produced).

For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, cost of sales amounted to $158.7 million, representing a decrease of $30.8 million, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The decrease was primarily due to lower sales volumes, partially offset by increased manufacturing costs related to the continuing ramp-up of the new products (LionD, Lion5, and the Lion battery packs) and lower production volumes (which resulted in higher fixed manufacturing costs per unit produced).

Gross Profit (Loss)

For the three months ended September 30, 2024, gross loss increased by $21.3 million to negative $16.0 million, compared to positive $5.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The gross loss was primarily due to the impact of lower sales volumes, increased manufacturing costs related to the continuing ramp-up of the new products (LionD, Lion5, and the Lion battery packs) and lower production volume (which resulted in higher fixed manufacturing costs per unit produced).

For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, gross loss increased by $45.8 million to negative $42.3 million, compared to negative $3.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase in the gross loss was primarily due to the impact of lower sales volumes, increased manufacturing costs related to the continuing ramp-up of the new products (LionD, Lion5, and the Lion

battery packs) and lower production volume (which resulted in higher fixed manufacturing costs per unit produced).

Administrative Expenses

For the three months ended September 30, 2024, administrative expenses decreased by $3.3 million, from $13.0 million for the corresponding period in the prior year, to $9.7 million. Administrative expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2024 included $0.3 million of non-cash share-based compensation, compared to $1.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. Excluding the impact of non-cash share-based compensation, administrative expenses decreased from $12.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, to $9.4 million for three months ended September 30, 2024. The decrease was mainly due to a decrease in expenses and a lower headcount, both resulting from the workforce reduction and cost reduction initiatives implemented since November 2023, including as part of the July 2024 Action Plan.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, administrative expenses decreased by $6.7 million, from $38.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, to $31.8 million. Administrative expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 included $1.1 million of non-cash share-based compensation, compared to $3.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. Excluding the impact of non-cash share-based compensation, administrative expenses decreased from $34.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, to $30.7 million for nine months ended September 30, 2024. The decrease was mainly due to a decrease in expenses and a lower headcount, both resulting from the workforce reduction and cost reduction initiatives implemented since November 2023, including as part of the July 2024 Action Plan.

Selling Expenses

For the three months ended September 30, 2024, selling expenses decreased by $1.4 million, from $5.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, to $3.8 million. Selling expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2024 included $0.1 million of non-cash share-based compensation, compared to $0.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. Excluding the impact of non-cash share-based compensation, selling expenses decreased from $4.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, to $3.7 million for three months ended September 30, 2024. The decrease was primarily due to lower sales commission expenses in line with lower sales volumes and to streamlined selling related expenses, including lower headcount and marketing costs resulting from the workforce reduction and cost reduction initiatives implemented since November 2023, including as part of the July 2024 Action Plan.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, selling expenses decreased by $4.7 million, from $16.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, to $11.8 million. Selling expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 included $0.2 million of non-cash share-based compensation, compared to $1.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. Excluding the impact of non-cash share-based compensation, selling expenses decreased from $15.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, to $11.6 million for nine months ended September 30, 2024. The decrease was primarily due to lower sales commission expenses in line with lower sales volumes and to streamlined selling related expenses, including lower headcount and marketing costs resulting from the workforce reduction and cost reduction initiatives implemented since November 2023, including as part of the July 2024 Action Plan.

Restructuring Costs

Restructuring costs of $0.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and $2.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 are comprised mainly of severance costs related to the

workforce reductions and July 2024 Action Plan as described in section 8.0 of this MD&A entitled “Operational Highlights”.

Finance Costs

For the three months ended September 30, 2024, finance costs increased by $5.3 million, from $7.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, to $13.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. Finance costs for the three months ended September 30, 2024 were net of $0.3 million of capitalized borrowing costs, compared to $1.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. Excluding the impact of capitalized borrowing costs, finance costs increased by $4.0 million compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was driven primarily by higher interest expense on long-term debt, due to higher average debt outstanding during the third quarter of fiscal 2024 relating to borrowings made under the Revolving Credit Agreement, the IQ Loan (as defined below), the SIF Loan (as defined below), the Finalta-CDPQ Loan Agreement, the ESSOR Loan and the Supplier Credit Facility (as defined below), non-cash interest (including interest paid in kind with respect to the Convertible Debentures) and accretion expense, and an increase in interest costs related to lease liabilities, partially offset by lower financing costs related to the Convertible Debentures and Non-Convertible Debentures issued in July 2023. Finance charges for the three months ended September 30, 2024 included non-cash charges of $5.6 million related to interest paid in kind with respect to the Convertible Debentures and accretion expense.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, finance costs increased by $24.8 million, from $11.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, to $35.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. Finance costs for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 were net of $1.1 million of capitalized borrowing costs, compared to $4.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. Excluding the impact of capitalized borrowing costs, finance costs increased by $21.1 million compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was driven primarily by higher interest expense on long-term debt, due to higher average debt outstanding during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 relating to borrowings made under the Revolving Credit Agreement, the IQ Loan, the SIF Loan, the Finalta-CDPQ Loan Agreement, the ESSOR Loan and the Supplier Credit Facility (as such terms are defined below), non-cash interest (including interest paid in kind with respect to the Convertible Debentures) and accretion expense, and an increase in interest costs related to lease liabilities, partially offset by lower financing costs related to the Convertible Debentures and Non-Convertible Debentures issued in July 2023. Finance charges for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 included non-cash charges of $16.6 million related to interest paid in kind with respect to the Convertible Debentures and accretion expense.

Foreign Exchange Loss (Gain)

Foreign exchange loss (gain) relates primarily to the revaluation of net monetary assets denominated in foreign currencies to the functional currencies of the related Lion entities. For the three months ended September 30, 2024, the foreign exchange gain was $1.6 million, compared to a foreign exchange loss of $2.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the foreign exchange loss was $1.9 million, compared to a foreign exchange gain of $0.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.The change in foreign exchange loss (gain) related primarily to the impact of changes in foreign currency rates (impact of changes in the Canadian dollar relative to the U.S. dollar).

Change in Fair Value of Conversion Options on Convertible Debt Instruments

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, change in fair value of conversion options on convertible debt instruments resulted in a gain of $4.5 million and $27.8 million, respectively, compared to a gain of $3.4 million for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, related to the revaluation of the conversion options on the Convertible Debentures issued in July 2023 resulting mainly from the decrease in the market price of Lion equity as compared to the previous valuations.

Change in Fair Value of Share Warrant Obligations

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the change in fair value of share warrant obligations resulted in gains of $3.1 million and $23.2 million, respectively, compared to gains of $0.2 million and $11.9 million, respectively for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, related to the Specific Customer Warrants, the public and private Business Combination Warrants, the 2022 Warrants, and the July 2023 Warrants, and resulting mainly from the decrease in the market price of Lion equity as compared to the previous valuations.

Net Loss

The net loss of $33.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the net loss of $19.9 million for the same period prior year was mainly due to the higher gross loss and higher finance costs, partially offset by the impact of the reduction in administrative and selling expenses as well as higher gains related to non-cash decrease in the fair value of share warrant obligations and the conversion options on convertible debt instruments.

The net loss of $74.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the net loss of $47.2 million for the same period prior year was mainly due to the higher gross loss and higher finance costs, partially offset by the impact of the reduction in administrative and selling expenses as well as higher gains related to non-cash decrease in the fair value of share warrant obligations and the conversion options on convertible debt instruments.

Summary of Quarterly Results

The table below sets forth certain summarized unaudited quarterly financial data for the eight most recently completed quarters. This quarterly information has been prepared in accordance with IFRS. The operating results for any quarter are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for any future period.


For the three months ended (amounts in thousands, except per share amounts or otherwise indicated) - Unaudited	Sep 30, 2024	Jun 30, 2024	Mar 31, 2024	Dec 31, 2023	Sep 30, 2023	Jun 30, 2023	Mar 31, 2023	Dec 31, 2022

Revenue	$30,627	$30,276	$55,481	$60,429	$80,348	$58,016	$54,703	$46,769
Net loss	$(33,946)	$(19,265)	$(21,697)	$(56,543)	$(19,853)	$(11,788)	$(15,583)	$(4,638)
Net loss per share
Basic	(0.15)	(0.09)	(0.10)	(0.25)	(0.09)	(0.05)	(0.07)	(0.02)
Diluted	(0.15)	(0.09)	(0.10)	(0.25)	(0.09)	(0.05)	(0.07)	(0.02)
Weighted average number of shares outstanding (in thousands)
Basic	226,218	226,218	226,202	226,185	226,134	224,068	220,778	200,557
Diluted	226,218	226,218	226,202	226,185	226,134	224,068	220,778	200,557

See “Seasonality” in section 10.0 of this MD&A entitled “Key Factors Affecting Lion’s Performance.”

Reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA

The following table reconciles net loss to Adjusted EBITDA for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:


	Unaudited - Three months ended September 30,		Unaudited - Nine months ended September 30,
	2024	2023	2024	2023
	(in thousands)		(in thousands)

Revenue	$30,627	$80,348	$116,384	$193,067

Net loss	$(33,946)	$(19,853)	$(74,909)	$(47,224)
Restructuring costs(1)	$780	$—	$2,163	$—


Finance costs	$13,024	$7,728	$35,934	$11,150
Depreciation and amortization	$9,044	$7,240	$26,240	$17,715
Share-based compensation(2)	$438	$1,324	$1,305	$4,795
Change in fair value of conversion options on convertible debt instruments(3)	$(4,538)	$(3,356)	$(27,756)	$(3,356)
Change in fair value of share warrant obligations(4)	$(3,130)	$(179)	$(23,221)	$(11,911)
Foreign exchange loss (gain)(5)	$(1,617)	$2,861	$1,907	$(104)
Transaction and other non-recurring expenses(6)	$416	$374	$917	$951

Adjusted EBITDA	$(19,527)	$(3,860)	$(57,419)	$(27,984)

(1)Represents the restructuring costs (mainly severance costs) recognized in connection with workforce reduction and measures implemented by the Company (including the July 2024 Action Plan), as described in Note 12 to the condensed interim consolidated financial statements as at September 30, 2024 and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, and 2023. See also “Workforce Reduction and July 2024 Action Plan Update” in section 8.0 of this MD&A entitled “Operational Highlights.”

(2)Represents non-cash expenses recognized in connection with the issuance of stock options, restricted share units, and deferred share units issued under Lion's omnibus incentive plan as described in Note 11 to the condensed interim consolidated financial statements as at September 30, 2024 and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, and 2023.

(3)Represents non-cash change in the fair value of the conversion options on convertible debt instruments as described in Note 9 to the condensed interim consolidated financial statements as at September 30, 2024 and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, and 2023.

(4)Represents non-cash change in the fair value of the share warrant obligations as described in Note 10 to the condensed interim consolidated financial statements as at September 30, 2024 and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, and 2023.

(5)Represents losses (gains) relating to foreign exchange translation.

(6)For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, and 2023, represents non-recurring professional, legal and consulting fees.

13.0 Financial Position

The following table sets out selected information related to the financial position of Lion as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 as well as explanations for variations:


dollar amounts in thousands - unaudited	Sep 30, 2024	Dec 31, 2023	Variation	Explanation of Variation
	$	$
Cash	26,288	29,893	(3,605)	See section 15.0 of this MD&A entitled "Liquidity and Capital Resources".
Inventories	215,103	249,607	(34,504)	Mainly due to lower volumes of raw materials, work in process and finished goods. The reduction is in line with the Company's plan to reduce its inventory levels by approximately $50 million by the end of fiscal 2024 as compared to the level that existed as at the end of fiscal 2023. See section 15.0 of this MD&A entitled "Liquidity and Capital Resources".
Accounts receivable	48,725	75,642	(26,917)	Mainly due to a decrease in sales as compared to the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023.
Current assets	292,297	356,695	(64,398)	Mainly due the decreases in inventory and accounts receivable as explained above.
Property, plant and equipment	186,611	198,537	(11,926)	Mainly due to depreciation, partially offset by additions. Additions to property, plant and equipment for fiscal 2024 relate mostly to the Company's ongoing operations and are expected to be approximately $5 million. See section 15.0 of this MD&A entitled "Liquidity and Capital Resources".
Right-of-use assets	90,987	89,663	1,324	Increase mainly due to new premise lease renewals, partially offset by depreciation.
Intangible assets	189,171	175,703	13,467	Mainly due to development costs capitalized related to enhancing existing vehicles and features, developing additional purpose-built electric vehicle platforms and continuing to develop battery systems, partially offset by amortization and foreign currency translation adjustments. The Company's objective is to reduce its annual vehicle and battery development costs by up to 30% in fiscal 2024 as compared to fiscal 2023. See section 15.0 of this MD&A entitled "Liquidity and Capital Resources".
Total assets(1)	780,200	841,121	(60,921)	Mainly due to the factors explained above.
Trade and other payables	57,906	92,425	(34,519)	Mainly due to the reduction in purchases of raw materials, property, plant and equipment, and intangible assets, and the timing of payments to suppliers.
Deferred revenue and other deferred liabilities	44,253	18,267	25,986	Mainly due to initial upfront payments from the EPA Clean School Bus Program under the 2022 rebate round and expense reimbursements under the 2023 grant round.
Current portion of long-term debt and other debts	149,541	27,056	122,484	Mainly due to the Revolving Credit Agreement maturing in August 2025 and the Credit Facility for the Supplier Payments.
Current liabilities	259,890	145,733	114,157	Mainly due to lower trade and other payables mainly resulting from lower purchases and timing of payments to suppliers and deliveries related to previously received initial upfront rebate payments from the EPA and the higher current portion of long-term debt outstanding related to the Revolving Credit Agreement and the Credit Facility for the Supplier Payments.
Lease liabilities	87,217	83,972	3,245	Increase mainly due to new premise lease renewals, partially offset by lease payments.
Non-current financial liabilities(2)	152,658	252,502	(99,844)	Mainly due to the classification of the current portion of long-term debt outstanding related to the Revolving Credit Agreement and the Credit Facility for the Supplier Payments and by the impact of the market price of Lion equity as compared to the previous valuations of outstanding share warrant obligations and convertible option on convertible debts, partially offset by higher debt outstanding related to the IQ Loan and the ESSOR Loan.
Non-current liabilities	239,875	336,474	(96,599)	Mainly due to the factors explained above.
Total liabilities	499,765	482,207	17,558	Mainly due to the factors explained above.
Total shareholders’ equity	280,435	358,914	(78,479)	Due to share-based compensation expense and foreign currency translation adjustments, more than fully offset by the net loss for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

1) Total assets were $710.4 million as at December 31, 2022.

(2) Represents financial liabilities related to long-term debt, convertible debt instruments, and share warrant obligations. Non-current financial liabilities were $192.2 million as at December 31, 2022.

14.0 Cash Flows

The following table provides a summary of Lion’s operating, investing, and financing cash flows for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:


	(Unaudited)		(Unaudited)
	Three months ended		Nine months ended
		September 30, 2024	September 30, 2023	September 30, 2024	September 30, 2023
	(in thousands)		(in thousands)

Cash flows used in operating activities		$21,138	$(43,696)	$(31,569)	$(86,246)
Cash flows used in investing activities		$(3,276)	$(36,761)	$(26,701)	$(96,356)
Cash flows from financing activities		$5,611	$72,610	$53,829	$129,945
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash held in foreign currency		$812	$(637)	$836	$59
Net increase (decrease) in cash		$24,285	$(8,484)	$(3,605)	$(52,598)
Cash, end of period		$26,288	$35,669	$26,288	$35,669

Cash Flows Used in Operating Activities

For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, cash flows used in operating activities was $31.6 million, and was composed of Lion’s net loss of $74.9 million driven by the factors discussed in section 12.0 of this MD&A, entitled "Results of Operations", by net changes in non-cash working capital of $48.5 million and by net non-cash items of $5.1 million. The increase in non-cash working capital was primarily driven by an increase in deferred revenue and other deferred liabilities due to the expense reimbursements received under the EPA 2023 grant round and by the decrease in inventory and accounts receivable, partially offset by a decrease in accounts payables. Non-cash items were mainly composed of $26.2 million for depreciation and amortization, $9.1 million for accretion expense on the SIF Loan, Convertible Debentures and the Non-Convertible Debentures, $7.5 million related to interest paid in kind on convertible debt instruments, $0.6 million in non-cash interests on the Finalta-CDPQ Loan and ESSOR Loan and $1.3 million for share-based compensation expense, more than fully offset by the $23.2 million gain related to the change in fair value of share warrant obligations and the $27.8 million gain related to the change in fair value of conversion options on convertible debt instruments.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, cash flows used in operating activities was $86.2 million, and was composed of Lion’s net loss of $47.2 million driven by the factors discussed in section 12.0 of this MD&A, entitled "Results of Operations", and by net changes in non-cash working capital of $47.8 million, partially offset by net non-cash items of $8.8 million. The increase in non-cash working capital was primarily driven by increases in inventories and accounts receivable, partially offset by increases in trade and other payables and by initial upfront rebate payments received from the EPA. Non-cash items were mainly composed of $4.8 million for share-based compensation expense, $17.7 million for depreciation and amortization, partially offset by the $11.9 million gain related to the change in fair value of share warrant obligations and the $3.4 million gain related to the change in value of conversion options on convertible debt instruments.

Cash Flows Used in Investing Activities

For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, cash flows used in investing activities mainly related to capital expenditures incurred in fiscal 2023 and paid during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 of $6.8 million and the net addition of intangible assets of $19.9 million ($27.0 million spend offset by government assistance of $7.2 million relating mainly to vehicle development projects, the government grant portion of the SIF Loan and research and development tax credits). The majority of the additions to intangible assets were related to capitalized development costs for vehicles and battery systems, with such costs being lower in fiscal 2024 than in fiscal 2023 as a result of the Company's objective to reduce

its annual vehicle and battery development costs by up to 30% in fiscal 2024 as compared to fiscal 2023. See section 15.0 of this MD&A entitled "Liquidity and Capital Resources". Acquisitions of property, plant and equipment of $6.7 million and of intangible assets of $0.2 million were included in trade and other payables as at September 30, 2024.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, cash flows used in investing activities related to capital expenditures of $67.8 million and the addition of intangible assets of $56.5 million, partially offset by net proceeds of $20.5 million received as part of sale and leaseback of the Battery Plant building. Capital expenditures for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 related primarily to the Joliet Facility and Lion Campus, as well as the ramp-up of its current manufacturing operations. The majority of the additions to intangible assets were related to capitalized development costs for vehicles and battery systems. In addition, the Company received government assistance of $7.4 million relating to vehicle development projects and the government grant portion of the SIF Loan. Acquisitions of property, plant and equipment of $7.9 million and of intangible assets of $0.5 million were included in trade and other payables as at September 30, 2023.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Cash flows from financing activities were $53.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and were primarily due to borrowings of $47.1 million under the Revolving Credit Agreement, $4.2 million made under the IQ Loan, $3.7 million made under the ESSOR Loan, $0.2 million made under the SIF Loan and net proceeds of $4.7 million from the Supplier Credit Facility (as defined below), partially offset by the repayment of lease liabilities of $6.0 million. See section 15.0 entitled "Liquidity and Capital Resources".

Cash flows from financing activities were $129.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and were primarily due to net proceeds of $139.1 million from the 2023 Debenture Financing, borrowings of $17.8 million in the aggregate made under the SIF Loan and IQ Loan, the exercise of the over-allotment option of the December 2022 Offering of $7.1 million, net proceeds from the issuance of common shares under the Company's ATM Program of $8.6 million, and proceeds of $4.3 million from the credit facility for the supplier payment program, partially offset by net repayments of $42.5 million under the Revolving Credit Agreement and the repayment of lease liabilities of $4.4 million. See section 15.0 entitled "Liquidity and Capital Resources".

15.0 Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity and Capital Management

As of September 30, 2024, Lion had liquidity of $27.3 million, which consisted of a cash balance of $26.3 million and a total remaining availability of approximately $1.0 million on its Revolving Credit Agreement (as described below). Lion incurred operating losses of $88.0 million and $51.4 million in each of the nine months ended September 30, 2024, and 2023, respectively. Further, the Company had negative cash flows from operating activities of $31.6 million and of $86.2 million in each of the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. These operating losses and negative cash flows were mainly the result of the Company's sales volumes and continued significant operational expenses and in the case of the fiscal 2023 results, expenditures incurred by the Company to develop its products and grow its business. Capital expenditures (additions to property, plant and equipment) for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 were $2.1 million, and the Company now expects that its capital expenditures (additions to property, plant and equipment) for fiscal 2024 will be lower than $5 million. Despite its continuous efforts to achieve profitability and implement various initiatives to improve its performance, the Company expects it will continue to incur operating losses and have negative cash flows in the short-term. Lion’s primary sources of liquidity used in the funding of its operations are currently its cash on hand, cash it generates from the sale of its products and services, its working capital

(defined as accounts receivable and inventories, less trade and other payables), and funds available under its existing credit facilities and other borrowings.

Lion manages its liquidity risk through cash flow forecasting. Management monitors forecasts of the Company’s liquidity requirements to ensure it has sufficient cash to meet its operational needs through maintaining sufficient cash and/or availability under its sources of liquidity, including its credit facilities and other borrowings. Such forecasting involves a significant degree of judgment and takes into consideration the Company’s current liquidity level, its order book and estimated delivery schedule for vehicles included therein, its need to secure additional funding through equity or debt financing (including the amount and timing thereof), its current and projected performance, its cash collection efforts and the terms and conditions of the Company’s financing instruments, including required covenant compliance and, in the case of its revolving credit facility, a borrowing capacity which can be subject to substantial fluctuations from time to time.

On July 2, 2024, the Company announced the entering into of an amendment to the Revolving Credit Agreement which provided, among other things, for the suspension of the financial covenants currently applicable under the Revolving Credit Agreement from June 30, 2024 until September 30, 2024 (the "covenant relief period"). On the same date, the Company also announced the entering into of an amendment to the Finalta-CDPQ Loan Agreement to provide for a minimum available liquidity requirement aligned during the covenant relief period with the one added to the Revolving Credit Agreement. On July 30, 2024, the Company and the lenders under the Revolving Credit Agreement also agreed to certain accommodations relating to the temporary inclusion of additional assets in the borrowing base until August 16, 2024.

On September 30, 2024, the Company entered into an additional amendment to the Revolving Credit Agreement which provided, among other things, for the extension of the covenant relief period to November 15, 2024. In furtherance of such amendments, the Company has agreed to use any excess cash for the repayment of the revolving credit agreement and to the addition of certain parameters relating to the payments made to suppliers of raw materials. On the same date, the Company also announced the entering into of an additional amendment to the Finalta-CDPQ Loan Agreement, to extend the November 6, 2024 maturity date until November 30, 2024. The amendment also provides that the minimum available liquidity requirement under the Finalta CDPQ Loan Agreement will remain aligned during the covenant relief period with the one applicable under the Revolving Credit Agreement.

On October 28, 2024, the Company and each of the lenders under the Revolving Credit Agreement and the Finalta-CDPQ Loan Agreement agreed to certain accommodations relating to, among other things, the minimum liquidity covenant under each instrument, with such accommodations being applicable until November 8, 2024.

See “Capital Resources” below in this section 15.0 for further details on the Revolving Credit Agreement, the Finalta-CDPQ Loan Agreement, and the amendments thereof.

Over the past few months, Lion has also implemented a number of cost reduction measures, including the workforce reductions and other cost cutting measures announced in November 2023, February 2024, April 2024, and July 2024. Lion also implemented other operational initiatives aimed at optimizing its production cadence with demand and reducing its cost structure, including cost reduction measures in areas such as third-party inventory logistics, lease expenses, consulting, product development and professional fees, as well as initiatives aimed at optimizing its balance sheet. The Company is also actively working with suppliers to reduce bill of materials costs through simplification and redesign initiatives. Lion is also actively working with governments and its clients to reduce the collection time on grants related to its sale of electric school buses and trucks. In addition, Lion is currently working with its customers to obtain formal purchase orders for the school buses and related charging infrastructure which were directly awarded to Lion, and satisfy the other requirements of the EPA prior to submitting payments requests to the EPA, as part of the 2023 EPA rebate rounds as described in section 8.0 of this MD&A. As a result of the implementation of various initiatives aimed at reducing its vehicle and battery development costs and its inventory levels, the Company now expects inventory levels to

decrease by approximately $50 million as compared to the level that existed as at the end of fiscal 2023 (which is at the lower end of the previously stated range of $50 to $75 million, due to lower sales volumes than initially planned). In the future, Lion expects to continue to evaluate other measures and initiatives that may become available to it.

However, despite its continued efforts to manage its liquidity and the amendments described above, the current assessment of management is that is not certain that cash and forecasted cash flows from operations will be sufficient to meet the Company’s obligations coming due over the next twelve months. As a result, the Company expects it will need to raise additional funds in order to meet its capital requirements and satisfy its obligations as they become due. During the third quarter of 2024, the Company has reviewed and considered different opportunities that may enable the Company to improve its near-term liquidity, strengthen its financial position and continue to pursue its business strategy, and management is currently seeking potential sources of financing and/or other opportunities that may enable it to improve its liquidity and strengthen its financial position. Such opportunities may include certain refinancing initiatives related to its debt instruments, the sale of certain of its assets and/or any other opportunities or alternatives. That being said, there is no certainty that the Company will be able to raise additional funds, and there can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in pursuing and implementing any such other opportunities, nor any assurance as to the outcome or timing of any such other opportunities. As a result, the Company will need to negotiate further amendments or concessions or waivers to agreements with the holders of its debt instruments in connection with the expiry of the covenant relief period and upcoming maturity of the Finalta-CDPQ Loan Agreement.

In the event the Company cannot raise such additional funds or negotiate such amendments, concessions or waivers, current forecasts of management indicate that the Company may breach in the future certain covenants under its debt instruments, including at the expiry of the covenant relief period. Any breach under the Company’s debt instruments could result, either directly or as a result of the application of cross default or cross acceleration provisions, in the Company’s lenders exercising their rights thereunder, including to request immediate repayment of amounts borrowed by the Company. Management is currently in discussion with the holders of certain of its debt instruments to negotiate potential amendments, concessions or waivers thereto. While the Company has been able to secure certain covenant relief and other concessions from its lenders in recent months, there can be no assurances that it will be able to negotiate such amendments, concessions or waivers when needed in the future, including in connection with the end of the covenant relief period and/or the maturity of the Finalta-CDPQ Loan Agreement.

The above events and conditions raise material uncertainty about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. See section 23.0 entitled “Risk Factors” of the Company’s MD&A for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, section 2.0 of this MD&A entitled “Basis of Presentation” and “Liquidity Risk” under section 16.0 of this MD&A entitled “Financial Risk Management”.

Capital Resources

Convertible Debentures

The Convertible Debentures, with a principal amount of approximately $74 million bear interest at the rate of 13% per annum, compounded monthly on the last day of each month. Prior to any accrual date, the Company has the right, at its discretion, to make an election to pay interest accrued on the principal for the applicable month in cash (in which case any interest so paid shall not be compounded).

The Convertible Debentures will mature on July 19, 2028, and are convertible at the holders’ option into Common Shares at a conversion price of $2.58 per Common Share. The conversion price is subject to customary adjustments, including for share splits or consolidation, share dividends, rights offerings, asset or other distributions and above market repurchases of shares (including above market exchanges or tender offers), in each case in compliance with the rules and requirements of the TSX relating to anti-dilution mechanisms.

The Convertible Debentures contain customary covenants and events of default for an instrument of its nature, including covenants relating to compliance with the financial ratios and negative covenants included in the Revolving Credit Agreement (provided (i) that any amendment to the financial ratios to which the lenders under the Revolving Credit Agreement consent will automatically be incorporated in the Convertible Debentures, and (ii) that a default shall only occur under the Convertible Debentures if a financial ratio default occurs and is continuing on the date that is fifteenth business days following the delivery of the Company's financial statements evidencing such event of default, and only if the lenders under the Revolving Credit Agreement have not waived or tolerated such event of default before the expiry of this fifteenth business day period). The Convertible Debentures also include certain covenants relating to maintaining the current headquarters, employees and facilities of the Company in the province of Quebec and certain covenants limiting the incurrence of capital expenditures over the term of the Convertible Debentures, including limits on capital expenditures towards increasing production capacity at the Company’s manufacturing facilities beyond certain capacity as well as limits on the incurrence of maintenance and other capital expenditures.

The Convertible Debentures contain customary events of default for an instrument of its nature, including, among other things, the occurrence of an event of default under any other debt of the Company with a principal amount exceeding $15,000,000 if such default results in the acceleration of the amounts owed thereunder. Upon the occurrence of an event of default under the Convertible Debentures or, if later, at the expiry of any agreed-upon period for curing an event of default, as the case may be, holders of Convertible Debentures will have the right, upon giving written notice to the Company, to (i) require the Company to redeem all of their Convertible Debentures, or (ii) require that the principal amount of the Convertible Debentures, plus any accrued, compounded and unpaid interest, be converted into Common Shares, with the number of Common Shares issuable upon such conversion being subject to a grid-based “make-whole” adjustment.

Upon the occurrence of a “fundamental change”, including a change of control of the Company or the Company failing to comply with the covenants to maintain the current headquarters, employees and facilities of the Company in the province of Quebec, holders of Convertible Debentures will either (i) convert all of their Convertible Debentures, with the number of Common Shares issuable upon such conversion being subject to a grid-based “make-whole” adjustment, or (ii) require the Company to repurchase for cash all of their Convertible Debentures at a repurchase price equal to 150% of the principal amount and the accrued, compounded and unpaid interest.

In the event holders of Convertible Debentures elect to convert their Convertible Debentures upon a fundamental change or an event of default, the number of Common Shares issuable upon such conversion will be subject to a grid-based “make-whole” adjustment pursuant to which the conversion rate determining the number of Common Shares issuable will be increased by a number of additional shares, (i) in the case of a conversion in connection with a fundamental change, based on a reference price on the date on which the fundamental change occurs or becomes effective, or (ii) in the case of a conversion following an event of default, based on a reference price on the date on which the holder exercises its conversion right.

In connection with the Financing, the Company issued 258,155 Closing Fee Shares to the holders of Convertible Debentures, representing 0.75% of the principal amount of Convertible Debentures.

Non-Convertible Debentures

The Non-Convertible Debentures with a principal amount of C$90.9 million (approximately $68 million) bear interest at the rate of 11% per annum and are payable in cash quarterly. The Non-Convertible Debentures will mature on July 19, 2028. The Company will have the right, at any time after January 19, 2024, upon 30-day notice, to redeem all or part of the principal amount thereunder, without penalty, at a price equal to one hundred per cent (100%) of the principal amount so redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest on the principal amount so repaid, accruing to the date of such redemption. On July 1, 2024, the Company amended the Non-Convertible Debentures to provide for the capitalization of 50% of the interest payable on June 30, 2024 under the non-convertible debentures during the period

between June 30, 2024 and September 30, 2024, which was capitalized and was paid on October 1, 2024 at the same time as the interest payable for the interest period ending on September 30, 2024.

The Non-Convertible Debentures contain customary covenants for an instrument of its nature, including covenants relating to compliance with the financial ratios and negative covenants included in the Revolving Credit Agreement (provided (i) that any amendment to the financial ratios to which the lenders under the Revolving Credit Agreement consent will automatically be incorporated in the Non-Convertible Debentures, and (ii) that a default shall only occur under the Non-Convertible Debentures if a financial ratio default occurs and is continuing on the date that is fifteenth business days following the delivery of the Company's financial statements evidencing such event of default, and only if the lenders under the Revolving Credit Agreement have not waived or tolerated such event of default before the expiry of this fifteenth business day period), in addition to certain covenants relating to maintaining the current headquarters, employees and facilities of the Company in the province of Quebec.

The Non-Convertible Debentures contain customary events of default for an instrument of its nature, including, among other things, (i) the occurrence of an event of default under the Revolving Credit Agreement if such default results in the acceleration of the payments owed thereunder and (ii) the occurrence of an event of default under any other debt instrument of the Company with a principal amount exceeding $15,000,000 if such default permits the acceleration of the payment of such debt.

The Non-Convertible Debentures constitute senior secured obligations of the Company and are secured by a hypothec and other liens on substantially all of the Company’s and certain of its subsidiaries’ movable/personal property as well as on the immovable/real rights related to the Company’s Innovation Center facility located in Mirabel, Quebec and guaranteed by such subsidiaries.

July 2023 Warrants

In connection with the 2023 Debenture Financing, the Company issued July 2023 Warrants to holders of Non-Convertible Debentures entitling them to purchase, at any time after six (6) months following the issuance thereof until July 19, 2028, 22,500,000 Common Shares in the aggregate at an exercise price of C$2.81 per Common Share. The exercise price of the July 2023 Warrants is subject to customary adjustments, including for share splits or consolidation, share dividends, rights offerings, asset or other distributions and above market repurchases of shares (including above market exchanges or tender offers), in each case in compliance with the rules and requirements of the TSX relating to anti-dilution mechanisms.

Upon a change of control of the Company, the Company will have the right to redeem and cancel all of the outstanding July 2023 Warrants for a cash purchase price based on the remaining term of the July 2023 Warrants and the value of the consideration offered or payable per Common Share in the transaction constituting the change of control. In addition, upon a change of control of the Company resulting in (or which is reasonably anticipated to result in) the Common Shares ceasing to be listed on a stock exchange, the holders of July 2023 Warrants may require the Company to redeem and cancel all July 2023 Warrants at the Redemption Price subject to and on the date such transaction resulting in a change of control is completed.

December 2022 Unit Offering

On December 16, 2022, the Company closed the “December 2022 Offering”, pursuant to which the Company issued 19,685,040 units (each, a ''Unit'') at a price of $2.54 per Unit. Each Unit consisted of one Common Share and one 2022 Warrant. Each whole 2022 Warrant entitles the holder thereof to acquire one Common Share at an exercise price of $2.80 per share for a period of five years ending on December 15, 2027, subject to adjustment in certain customary events. On January 17, 2023, the Company announced full exercise and closing of the underwriters’ over-allotment option, which resulted in the Company issuing and selling to the underwriters 2,952,755 additional Units at a price of $2.54 per Unit. The December 2022 Offering resulted in aggregate gross proceeds to the Company of approximately $57.5 million, or net proceeds of $52.3 million after deducting underwriting commissions of

approximately $2.9 million and other offering costs (including legal expenses) relating to the December 2022 Offering. The 2022 Warrants are trading on the NYSE under the symbol “LEV WS.A” and on the TSX under the symbol “LEV.WT.A.”

Credit Agreement with Banking Syndicate

Lion is a party to the “Revolving Credit Agreement” which was entered into on August 11, 2021 with a syndicate of lenders represented by National Bank of Canada, as administrative agent and collateral agent, and including Bank of Montreal and Federation des Caisses Desjardins du Quebec, as amended on January 25, 2022, to increase the maximum principal amount that may become available from time to time under the revolving credit facility, subject to the borrowing base and compliance with the covenants contained under the Revolving Credit Agreement, from $100,000,000 to $200,000,000. The Revolving Credit Agreement was further amended on July 19, 2023 (the "July 2023 Amendment") to permit the incurrence of the 2023 Debenture Financing, extend the maturity of the Revolving Credit Agreement by one year to August 11, 2025, and provide for an availability block and the establishment of an interest reserve account. The Revolving Credit Agreement was further amended on July 1, 2024 (the "July 2024 Amendment") to provide for, among other things, the suspension during the covenant relief period, of the financial covenants applicable under the Revolving Credit Agreement namely the tangible net worth test and the springing fixed charge coverage ratio, as further described below, and to remove the requirements relating to an availability block and the funding of an interest reserve account which were introduced in the context of the July 2023 Amendment. On July 30, 2024, the lenders under the Revolving Credit Agreement also agreed to certain accommodations relating to the temporary inclusion of additional assets in the borrowing base until August 16, 2024. On September 30, 2024, the Company entered into additional amendments to the Revolving Credit Agreement (the “September 2024 Amendment”) to provide for, among other things, the extension of the period applicable to the covenant relief period until November 15, 2024. On October 28, 2024, the Company and the lenders under the Revolving Credit Agreement agreed to certain accommodations relating to, among other things, the minimum liquidity covenant under the Revolving Agreement, with such accommodations being applicable until November 8, 2024.

The credit facility under the Revolving Credit Agreement is available for use to finance working capital and for other general corporate purposes, and available to be drawn subject to a borrowing base comprised of eligible accounts (including insured or investment grade accounts) and eligible inventory, in each case, subject to customary eligibility and exclusionary criteria, advance rates and reserves. The credit facility under the Revolving Credit Agreement currently bears interest at a floating rate by reference to the Canadian prime rate or the Canadian Overnight Repo Rate Average ("CORRA") rate, if in Canadian dollars, or the U.S. base rate or Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR"), if in U.S. dollars, as applicable, plus the relevant applicable margin. The July 2024 Amendment also provided for certain increases in the applicable pricing grid, the effective deferral of the interest payable under the revolving credit facility during the covenant relief period, and an applicable 3-month SOFR rate for existing draws maturing at the end of the covenant relief period, as well as certain increased reporting requirements, including obligations relating to the delivery by the Company of an updated inventory appraisal report as well as the delivery during each week of the covenant relief period of updated 13-week cash flow projections. Pursuant to July 2024 Amendment, the Company is also subject to limitations on the use of any advances made under the revolving credit facility until such time that the amount available to be drawn under the revolving facility equals or exceeds 50% of the total borrowing capacity under the revolving facility for 30 consecutive days. In addition, the September 2024 Amendment provides that the Company may not, subject to limited exceptions, accumulate or maintain cash or cash equivalent investments in an amount greater than $5,000,000, with any amount in excess thereof to be promptly used to repay the loan outstanding on the Revolving Credit Agreement.

The Revolving Credit Agreement matures on August 11, 2025. The obligations under the Revolving Credit Agreement are secured by a first priority security interest, hypothec and lien on substantially all of Lion’s and certain of its subsidiaries’ movable property and assets (subject to certain exceptions and limitations). The Revolving Credit Agreement includes certain customary affirmative covenants,

restrictions and negative covenants on Lion’s and its subsidiaries’ activities, subject to certain exceptions, baskets and thresholds. The Revolving Credit Agreement also provides for customary events of default, in each case, subject to customary grace periods, baskets and materiality thresholds. Finally, except during the covenant relief period, the Revolving Credit Agreement also requires Lion to maintain certain financial ratios and namely, an all times tangible net worth test and a springing fixed charge coverage ratio based on a minimum availability test which may, from time to time, impact the maximum amount available under the revolving credit facility. In accordance with the July 2024 Amendment and the September 2024 Amendment, the Company will be required during the covenant relief period to maintain a minimum amount of available liquidity of C$15,000,000 (calculated based on the maximum amount that can be drawn under the revolving credit facility and cash on hand), subject to limited exceptions. The requirement under the July 2023 Amendment related to the availability block and the establishment of an interest reserve account was removed as part of the July 2024 Amendment. At the end of the covenant relief period, the Company will be required to maintain certain financial ratios, namely an all times tangible net worth test of $40,000,000, a springing fixed charge coverage ratio based on a minimum availability test which may, from time to time, impact the maximum amount available under the revolving credit facility and a reduced minimum amount of available liquidity. As at September 30, 2024, $117.1 million was drawn under the Revolving Credit Agreement, at weighted average all-in interest rate of 8.60%.

For further details regarding the terms and conditions of the Revolving Credit Agreement, please refer to the copy of the Revolving Credit Agreement (as amended pursuant to the July 2024 Amendment and September 2024 Amendment) which has been made available on SEDAR+ at www.sedarplus.ca and on EDGAR at www.sec.gov.

Financing Agreement with Investissement Quebec

On July 1, 2021, the Company entered into an interest-bearing secured loan agreement with Investissement Quebec (the “IQ Loan”) relating to the construction of the Lion Campus. The IQ Loan provides for financing of up to C$50,000,000. On July 19, 2023, in connection with the 2023 Debenture Financing, the IQ Loan was amended (the “IQ Loan 2023 Amendment”) to allow holders of the Non-Convertible Debentures to benefit from a second-priority hypothec on substantially all movable/personal property of the Company, subject to certain exceptions in regards to excluded assets, and a first-rank hypothec on each of the immovable/real rights related to the Company’s Innovation Center facility located in Mirabel, Quebec and Battery Plant equipment financed by Investissement Quebec.

As part of the IQ Loan 2023 Amendment, the potential forgiveness of up to 30% of the IQ Loan subject to certain criteria tied to the Company and to the operations of the facilities, including the creation and maintenance of workforce and certain minimum spending related to R&D activities was replaced with certain financial penalties of up to C$3,000,000 and/or C$15,000,000 for the Company, pro-rated based on the proportion of criteria achieved and the borrowing amount relative to the C$50,000,000 maximum. Funds will be provided to the Company by way of reimbursement of a predetermined percentage of qualified expenditures incurred by the Company, such that the ultimate amount to be received by the Company from Investissement Quebec is dependent upon qualified expenditures being made by the Company in connection with the Lion Campus. The Company will conduct work, incur expenses and fund all costs from its own capital resources, and then submit claims to Investissement Quebec for reimbursement of a predetermined percentage of eligible qualified expenditures up to C$50,000,000. Disbursement by Investissement Quebec is conditional upon, among other things, the Company's compliance with certain affirmative and negative covenants as set out in the IQ Loan, including covenants relating to Company's creation and maintenance of workforce, operations and R&D activities.

The IQ Loan bears interest at a fixed rate of 4.41%, and will be repayable over a ten-year term, beginning in June 2027. The IQ Loan contains certain affirmative and negative covenants, including covenants relating to the Company’s workforce, operations and R&D activities and to the location of its head office in the Province of Quebec, as well as certain financial covenants. Following the IQ Loan 2023 Amendment and the purchase of the equipment used in the battery factory of the Company, the obligations under the IQ Loan are secured by a second-priority hypothec on the Company's immovable

(real) property rights related to the Innovation Center facility located on the Lion Campus and the equipment used in connection with the battery factory of the Company, and a hypothec on substantially all of the Company’s other movable property and assets (subject to certain exceptions and limitations in regards to excluded assets) ranking after those securing the Revolving Credit Agreement, the Non-Convertible Debentures and the Finalta-CDPQ Loan Agreement. As at September 30, 2024, $27.3 million was drawn under the IQ Loan.

Financing Agreement with Strategic Innovation Fund (SIF) of the Government of Canada

On August 19, 2021, the Company entered into an unsecured non-interest bearing loan agreement with the Strategic Innovation Fund of the Government of Canada relating to the construction of the Lion Campus (the “SIF Loan”). The SIF Loan provides for financing of up to C$49,950,000, of which up to 30% is expected to be forgiven subject to certain criteria tied to the Company and to the operations of the facilities, including the creation and maintenance of workforce and certain minimum spending related to R&D activities. Funds will be provided to the Company by way of reimbursement of a predetermined percentage of qualified expenditures incurred by the Company, such that the ultimate amount to be received by the Company from the SIF is dependent upon qualified expenditures being made by the Company in connection with the Lion Campus. The Company will conduct work, incur expenses and fund all costs from its own capital resources, and then submit claims to the SIF for reimbursement of a predetermined percentage of eligible qualified expenditures up to C$49,950,000. Disbursement by the SIF is conditional upon, among other things, the Company's compliance with certain affirmative and negative covenants as set out in the SIF Loan, including covenants relating to Company's creation and maintenance of workforce, operations and R&D activities.

The SIF Loan is repayable over a 15-year term beginning in April 2030. The SIF Loan contains certain affirmative and negative covenants, including relating to the Company’s workforce, operations and R&D activities and to the location of its head office. As at September 30, 2024, $21.8 million was drawn under the SIF Loan, of which $15.5 million was recorded as long-term debt.

Finalta-CDPQ Loan Agreement

On November 8, 2022, Lion entered into the Finalta-CDPQ Loan Agreement with Finalta, as lender and administrative agent, and Caisse de dépôt et placement du Quebec (through one of its subsidiaries), as lender, to finance certain refundable tax credits and grants under government programs. The Finalta-CDPQ Loan Agreement provides for a loan facility of up to a principal amount of C$30 million ($22.2 million). The Finalta-CDPQ Loan Agreement was amended on July 1, 2024 to provide for a minimum available liquidity requirement aligned during the covenant relief period with the one added to the Revolving Credit Agreement pursuant to the July 2024 Amendment. Following the end of the covenant relief period, the minimum available liquidity requirement under the Finalta-CDPQ Loan Agreement will correspond to C$25,000,000 until maturity. Further, the July 2024 amendment to the Finalta-CDPQ Loan Agreement provided for an increase in the applicable interest rate from 10.95% per annum to 12.95% and the capitalization of 50% of the interest payable during the covenant relief period. The Finalta-CDPQ Loan Agreement was further amended on September 30, 2024 to extend the November 6, 2024 maturity date until November 30, 2024 and confirm that the minimum available liquidity requirement under the Finalta CDPQ Loan Agreement will remain aligned during the covenant relief period with the one applicable during such period under the Revolving Credit Agreement. On October 28, 2024, the Company and the lenders under the Finalta-CDPQ Loan Agreement agreed to certain accommodations relating to, among other things, the minimum liquidity covenant under the Finalta-CDPQ Loan Agreement, with such accommodations being applicable until November 8, 2024.

The obligations thereunder are secured by a first priority security interest, hypothec and lien in certain tax credits and government grants and a subordinate security interest, hypothec and lien in substantially all other movable property and assets. The Finalta-CDPQ Loan Agreement includes certain customary restrictions and negative covenants on Lion’s and its subsidiaries’ activities, subject to certain exceptions, baskets, and thresholds. The Finalta-CDPQ Loan Agreement also provides for customary events of default, in each case, subject to customary grace periods, baskets and materiality thresholds. Upon the

occurrence and during the continuance of an event of default, the lenders would be entitled to demand the immediate repayment of all amounts owing to them under the Finalta-CDPQ Loan Agreement and/or the lenders may exercise their other rights, remedies and/or recourses. As of September 30, 2024, $22.7 million (C$30 million) was drawn under the Finalta-CDPQ Loan Agreement.

Credit Facility for the Supplier Payment Program

On February 8, 2023, the Company entered into a financing offer with National Bank of Canada with respect to a credit facility (the "Supplier Credit Facility") to finance the Company's accounts payable related to goods or services purchased in the normal course of its operations. On May 8, 2024, financing under the Supplier Credit Facility, which is insured by Export Development Canada ("EDC") was increased from up to $5.0 million, to up to $10.0 million. Each term loan drawn under the Supplier Credit Facility has a period of minimum 30 days and a maximum of 120 days. The Supplier Credit Facility is subject to an annual review and may be cancelled by National Bank of Canada at any time. The Supplier Credit Facility bears interest at a floating rate by reference to SOFR for a comparable period, plus the relevant credit adjustment spread. As at September 30, 2024, $9.3 million was drawn under the Supplier Credit Facility.

Essor Loan

On June 27, 2024, the Company entered into an agreement with Investissement Quebec providing for an unsecured loan under the ESSOR program in the amount of C$5 million ($3.7 million), which loan may, under certain conditions, be drawn up to C$7.5 million ($5.5 million). The ESSOR loan has an initial term of three years, bears interest at a fixed annual rate of 13% per annum and provides, subject to the terms and conditions therein, for a moratorium of 12 months on the payment of any principal and interest thereunder. As at September 30, 2024, the ESSOR loan was drawn in the amount of C$5 million ($3.7 million).

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

During the periods presented, Lion did not have any relationships with unconsolidated organizations or financial partnerships, such as structured finance or special purpose entities, which were established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements.

Maturity analysis of contractual obligations

As disclosed in Note 25 to its annual audited consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, Lion enters into contractual obligations that will require it to disburse cash over future periods. In the normal course of business, the Company enters into purchasing agreements with suppliers related to raw material used in the manufacturing of vehicles and lithium-ion battery packs (including commitments under a four-year supply agreement entered into by Lion in November 2022 for the supply of lithium-ion battery cells). These agreements are usually entered into before production begins and may specify a fixed or variable quantity of material to be purchased, at a fixed or variable price. Due to the uncertainty as to the amount and pricing of material that may be purchased, the Company is generally not able to determine with precision its commitments in connection with these supply agreements.

As at September 30, 2024, the Company's current portion of long-term debt and other debts was $149.5 million, composed of $22.7 million for the Finalta-CDPQ Loan Agreement (maturing November 30, 2024), $9.3 million for the Credit Facility for the Supplier Payment Program, and $117.1 million for the Revolving Credit Agreement (maturing August 11, 2025).

Disclosure of Outstanding Share Data

As of November 6, 2024, the Company had the following issued and outstanding shares, warrants, convertible debentures, stock options, restricted share units (“RSUs”), and deferred share units ("DSUs"):

•226,217,541 common shares, which are listed on the TSX and on the NYSE under the symbol LEV;

•27,111,323 Business Combination Warrants, which are listed on the TSX and on the NYSE under the symbols "LEV.WT" and “LEV WS,” respectively;

•22,637,795 2022 Warrants, which are listed on the TSX and on the NYSE under the symbols "LEV.WT.A" and “LEV WSA,” respectively;

•22,500,000 July 2023 Warrants, entitling the holder to purchase, until July 19, 2028, 22,500,000 common shares in the aggregate at an exercise price of C$2.81 per common share;

•the Specified Customer Warrant which, if and when fully vested, will be exercisable for up to 35,350,003 common shares upon an exercise on a cash basis (see section 12.0 of this MD&A, entitled “Components of Results of Operations—Change in Fair Value of Share Warrant Obligations”). The portion of the Specified Customer Warrant which was vested as of November 6, 2024, was exercisable for 5,302,511 common shares;

•Convertible Debentures with an aggregate principal amount of $74,005,000, bearing interest at 13% per annum compounded on a monthly basis when not paid in cash (otherwise not compounded), convertible at any time until July 19, 2028 into common shares at a conversion price of $2.58 per common share;

•stock options to purchase 13,371,146 common shares;

•2,740,446 RSUs and 748,994 DSUs, each of which can be settled in cash and/or in common shares purchased on the open market or issued from treasury, at the discretion of Lion’s Board of Directors.

16.0 Financial Risk Management

Lion's financial instruments, divided into financial assets and financial liabilities, are measured at the end of each period at fair value or amortized costs using the effective interest method depending on their classification determined by IFRS. By nature, financial liabilities are exposed to liquidity risk whereas financial assets are exposed to credit risk. Additionally, Lion's financial instruments and transactions could be exposed to currency and interest rate risk. While Lion may enter into hedging contracts from time to time to reduce exposure to certain of these risks, any change in the fair value of the contracts could be offset by changes in the underlying value of the transactions being hedged. Lion does not actively engage in the trading of financial assets for speculative purposes, nor does it write options. Furthermore, Lion does not currently have foreign-exchange hedging contracts in place with respect to all currencies in which it does business.

Liquidity Risk

Liquidity risk is the risk that Lion might be unable to meet its obligations related to its financial liabilities. There is currently material uncertainty as to the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern as further discussed in section 2.0 of this MD&A entitled “Basis of Presentation” and section 15.0 of this MD&A entitled “Liquidity and Capital Resources”.

Lion has benefited from covenant relief under the Revolving Credit Facility and the CDPQ-Finalta Loan Agreement since June 30, 2024. Lion will continue to closely monitor market conditions and its liquidity and working capital requirements as well as the cadence of its operational and other expenditures and, and in parallel, evaluate different opportunities that may enable it to strengthen its financial position and continue to pursue its business strategy. In light of its current circumstances, including its current financial position, the expiration of the covenant relief period on November 15, 2024 and the upcoming maturity of the Finalta-CDPQ Loan Agreement on November 30, 2024, the Company expects that it will need to negotiate further amendments or concessions or waivers to agreements with the holders of its debt instruments in order to remain in compliance with the terms and conditions of its debt instruments, to fund its operations, to meet its obligations as they become due. While the Company has been successful in securing financing in the past, the Company’s recurring operating losses and negative cash flows and current financial position as well as certain factors outside of its control such as dynamics impacting the industries in which the Company operates and the fact that the Company has raised substantial amounts

of capital in the past create uncertainty as to whether the Company will be able to raise additional funds and there can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in pursuing and implementing any such other opportunities, nor any assurance as to the outcome or timing of any such other opportunities. Additional funds may not be available to the Company on commercially reasonable terms or at all when needed, and if capital is not available to the Company when and in the amounts needed, the Company could be required to take further cost reduction measures or initiatives and/or delay, scale back, abandon or terminate all or part of its operations or business strategy, and the Company could also default under its debt instruments. See section 2.0 of this MD&A entitled “Basis of Presentation,” section 15.0 of this MD&A entitled “Liquidity and Capital Resources,” and section 23.0 entitled “Risk Factors” of the Company’s MD&A for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Credit Risk

Lion is exposed to credit risk by granting payment terms to its customers. With respect to customers, Lion’s maximum exposure to credit risk is limited to the carrying amount of financial assets recognized on the consolidated statement of financial position. Lion continuously monitors defaults of customers and other counterparties, identified either individually or by group, and incorporates this information into its credit risk controls. Where available at reasonable cost, external credit ratings and/or reports on customers and other counterparties are obtained and used. Lion’s policy is to deal only with creditworthy counterparties. Lion’s management considers that all the financial assets that are not impaired or past due are of good credit quality. Lion has not experienced material credit losses to date.

Currency Risk

While Lion presents its financial statements in U.S. dollars, the functional currency of the parent company and its subsidiaries is the Canadian dollar. The functional currency for The Lion Electric Co USA Inc. and Lion Electric Manufacturing USA Inc. is the U.S. dollar. Lion is exposed to currency risk due to cash, trade and other receivables, borrowings, warrant liabilities, and trade and other payables denominated in a foreign currency, being primarily the U.S. dollar.

Interest Rate Risk

Lion is exposed to interest rate risk with respect to financial assets and liabilities bearing fixed and variable interest rates as described in section 15.0 of this MD&A entitled "Liquidity and Capital Resources."

17.0 Accounting Policies, Accounting Estimates and Judgments, and New Accounting Standards Not Yet Applied

Lion's significant accounting policies are described in Note 3 to its annual audited consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 and new significant accounting policies described in its condensed interim consolidated financial statements as at September 30, 2024 and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. The preparation of financial statements in accordance with IFRS requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the application of accounting policies and the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income, and expenses. Actual results may differ from these estimates. Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the period in which the estimates are revised and in any future periods affected.

Significant Management Judgments in Applying Accounting Policies

The following are significant judgments that management has made in the process of applying accounting policies and that have the most significant effect on the amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements:

•Capitalization of internally developed intangible assets;

•Recognition of deferred tax assets;

•Assessment of impairment indicators; and

•Assumption as a going concern.

Going Concern

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which assumes the Company will continue its operations in the foreseeable future and that it will be able to realize its assets and discharge its liabilities in the normal course of operations. In making the assessment that the Company continues to be a going concern, management have taken into account all available information about the future. The condensed consolidated financial statements do not reflect any adjustments to the amounts and classification of assets and liabilities that would be necessary should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern. Such adjustments could be material. See section 2.0 of this MD&A entitled “Basis of Presentation,” section 15.0 of this MD&A entitled “Liquidity and Capital Resources,” and note 2 of the Company’s unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 which also indicates the existence of material uncertainty that may cast significant doubt on the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

Key Sources of Estimation Uncertainty

Key sources of estimation uncertainty that have a significant risk of resulting in a material adjustment to the carrying amount of assets and liabilities are as follows:

•Tax credits receivable;

•Impairment of non-financial assets;

•Leases;

•Useful lives of depreciable assets;

•Inventories;

•Fair value measurement of share-based compensation, share warrant obligations and conversion options on convertible debt instruments; and

For a more detailed discussion on these areas requiring the use of management estimates and judgments, please refer to Note 3 to Lion's annual audited consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 and Note 3 to Lion's condensed interim consolidated financial statements as at September 30, 2024 and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

Initial application of new accounting standards and interpretations in the reporting standards

Amendments to IAS 1, Presentation of Financial Statements

On January 23, 2020, the IASB issued narrow-scope amendments “Classification of Liability as Current or Non-Current” to IAS 1, Presentation of Financial Statements, to clarify its requirements for the presentation of liabilities in the statement of financial position. The amendments clarify that the classification of liabilities as current or non-current should be based on rights to defer that have substance and exist at the end of the reporting period. The adoption of the amendments as of January 1, 2024 did not have an impact on the Company’s condensed interim consolidated financial statements.

New Accounting Standards Not Yet Applied

New accounting standards not yet applied are described in Note 3 to the Company's annual audited consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

At the date of authorization of the audited annual consolidated financial statements, several other new, but not yet effective, standards and amendments to existing standards, and interpretations have been published by the IASB. None of these standards or amendments to existing standards have been adopted early by the Company.

Management anticipates that all relevant pronouncements will be adopted for the first period beginning on or after the effective date of the pronouncement. New standards, amendments and interpretations not adopted in the current period have not been disclosed as they are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements.

18.0 Emerging Growth Company Status

As defined in Section 101(a)(19) of the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act, or JOBS Act, Lion qualifies as an emerging growth company (“EGC”). As such, Lion is eligible for and relies on certain exemptions and reduced reporting requirements provided by the JOBS Act, including the exemption from the auditor attestation requirements with respect to internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

Lion will remain an EGC under the JOBS Act until the earliest of (i) the last day of the fiscal year in which it has total annual gross revenue of $1.235 billion or more during such fiscal year (as indexed for inflation), (ii) the date on which it has issued more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt in the prior three-year period, (iii) the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the date of the closing of the Business Combination or (iv) when it has qualified as a “large accelerated filer,” which refers to when it (1) has an aggregate worldwide market value of voting and non-voting shares of common equity securities held by non-affiliates of $700 million or more, as of the last business day of its most recently completed second fiscal quarter, (2) has been subject to the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), for a period of at least twelve calendar months, (3) has filed at least one annual report pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, and (4) is not eligible to use the requirements for “smaller reporting companies,” as defined in the Exchange Act.

19.0 Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Under the supervision and with the participation of the Company's management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Founder and its Chief Financial Officer, the Company conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of its disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, as of September 30, 2024, the end of the period covered by this MD&A. Based on this evaluation, the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Founder and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that as of September 30, 2024, the end of the period covered by this report, the Company's disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by the issuer in its annual filings, interim filings, or other reports filed or submitted by it under securities legislation is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the securities legislation and include controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by an issuer is accumulated and communicated to the issuer’s management, including its certifying officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Under the supervision and with the participation of the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Founder and its Chief Financial Officer, management has determined that there have been no changes in the Company's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

20.0 Foreign Private Issuer Status

Lion qualifies as a “foreign private issuer” as defined under SEC rules. As long as Lion continues to qualify as a foreign private issuer under SEC rules (even if Lion no longer qualifies as an EGC), Lion will be exempt from certain SEC rules that are applicable to U.S. domestic public companies, including:

•the rules requiring domestic filers to issue financial statements prepared under U.S. GAAP;

•the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act;

•the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their share ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time;

•the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q containing unaudited financial statements and other specified information, and current reports on Form 8-K upon the occurrence of specified significant events; and

•the selective disclosure rules by issuers of material non-public information under Regulation FD.

Lion may take advantage of these exemptions until such time as Lion no longer qualifies as a foreign private issuer. Lion would cease to be a foreign private issuer at such time as more than 50% of its outstanding voting securities are held by U.S. residents and any of the following three circumstances applies: (i) the majority of its executive officers or directors are U.S. citizens or residents, (ii) more than 50% of its assets are located in the United States or (iii) its business is administered principally in the United States.

Foreign private issuers are also exempt from certain more stringent executive compensation disclosure rules. In addition, because Lion qualifies as a foreign private issuer under SEC rules, Lion is permitted to follow the corporate governance practices of Canada (the jurisdiction in which Lion is organized) in lieu of certain NYSE corporate governance requirements that would otherwise be applicable to Lion, including with respect to certain independence criteria as well as the composition of board committees.

Additional Information

Additional information relating to Lion is available on SEDAR+ at www.sedarplus.ca and on Edgar at www.sec.gov.

The Lion Electric Company

Condensed Interim Consolidated Financial Statements

As at September 30, 2024 and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023


Condensed Interim Consolidated Statements of Financial Position			2
Condensed Interim Consolidated Statements of Loss and Comprehensive Loss			3
Condensed Interim Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity			4
Condensed Interim Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows			5
Notes to Condensed Interim Consolidated Financial Statements			6 - 38

The Lion Electric Company

Condensed Interim Consolidated Statements of Financial Position

As at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023

(In US dollars)


		(Unaudited)
	Notes	September 30, 2024	December 31, 2023
		$	$
ASSETS
Current
Cash		26,287,968	29,892,966
Accounts receivable		48,724,699	75,641,780
Inventories		215,103,160	249,606,756
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		2,181,322	1,553,276
Current assets		292,297,149	356,694,778
Non-current
Other non-current assets		7,879,733	6,994,815
Property, plant and equipment		186,611,153	198,536,683
Right-of-use assets	5	90,986,710	89,663,139
Intangible assets		189,170,558	175,703,257
Contract asset	10	13,255,046	13,528,646
Non-current assets		487,903,200	484,426,540
Total assets		780,200,349	841,121,318

LIABILITIES
Current
Trade and other payables		57,905,846	92,424,961
Deferred revenue and other deferred liabilities	7	44,253,046	18,267,139
Current portion of long-term debt and other debts	8	149,540,872	27,056,476
Current portion of lease liabilities	5	8,190,021	7,984,563
Current liabilities		259,889,785	145,733,139
Non-current
Long-term debt and other debts	8	143,095,183	197,885,889
Lease liabilities	5	87,217,483	83,972,023
Share warrant obligations	10	5,521,709	29,582,203
Conversion options on convertible debt instruments	9	4,041,036	25,034,073
Non-current liabilities		239,875,411	336,474,188
Total liabilities		499,765,196	482,207,327
SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Share capital	15	489,454,628	489,362,920
Contributed surplus		141,195,903	139,569,185
Deficit		(330,654,757)	(255,746,097)
Cumulative translation adjustment		(19,560,621)	(14,272,017)
Total shareholders’ equity		280,435,153	358,913,991
Total shareholders’ equity and liabilities		780,200,349	841,121,318

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed interim consolidated financial statements.

The Lion Electric Company

Condensed Interim Consolidated Statements of Loss and Comprehensive Loss

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023

(Unaudited, In US dollars)


	Notes	Three months ended		Nine months ended
		September 30, 2024	September 30, 2023	September 30, 2024	September 30, 2023
		$	$
Revenue	17	30,626,604	80,347,614	116,383,520	193,066,862
Cost of sales		46,580,060	74,982,572	158,694,253	189,540,202
Gross profit (loss)		(15,953,456)	5,365,042	(42,310,733)	3,526,660

Administrative expenses		9,695,244	12,986,754	31,756,737	38,468,226
Selling expenses		3,777,272	5,176,768	11,812,942	16,503,134

Restructuring costs	12	780,260	—	2,163,269	—

Operating loss		(30,206,232)	(12,798,480)	(88,043,681)	(51,444,700)

Finance costs	13	13,024,254	7,728,320	35,934,083	11,149,758
Foreign exchange loss (gain)		(1,616,813)	2,861,193	1,907,293	(104,113)
Change in fair value of conversion options on convertible debt instruments	9	(4,538,039)	(3,355,932)	(27,755,832)	(3,355,932)
Change in fair value of share warrant obligations	10	(3,129,649)	(179,488)	(23,220,565)	(11,910,809)


Net loss		(33,945,985)	(19,852,573)	(74,908,660)	(47,223,604)
Other comprehensive loss
Item that will be subsequently reclassified to net loss
Foreign currency translation adjustment		2,844,623	(6,201,228)	(5,288,604)	1,161,192
Comprehensive loss for the period		(31,101,362)	(26,053,801)	(80,197,264)	(46,062,412)

Loss per share
Basic loss per share	14	(0.15)	(0.09)	(0.33)	(0.21)
Diluted loss per share	14	(0.15)	(0.09)	(0.33)	(0.21)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed interim consolidated financial statements.

The Lion Electric Company

Condensed Interim Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity

For the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023
(Unaudited, In US dollars, except for number of shares)


	Notes	Number of shares	Share capital	Contributed surplus	Deficit	Cumulative translation adjustment	Total equity
			$	$	$	$	$
Balance at January 1, 2024		226,184,932	489,362,920	139,569,185	(255,746,097)	(14,272,017)	358,913,991
Share-based compensation	11	—	—	1,305,275	—	—	1,305,275
Shares issued pursuant to the settlement of restricted share units and deferred share units	11	32,609	91,708	(91,708)	—	—	—



Restricted shares issued pursuant to the settlement of variable compensation	11	—	—	413,151	—	—	413,151
Net loss		—	—	—	(74,908,660)	—	(74,908,660)
Other comprehensive loss
Foreign currency translation adjustment		—	—	—	—	(5,288,604)	(5,288,604)
Balance at September 30, 2024		226,217,541	489,454,628	141,195,903	(330,654,757)	(19,560,621)	280,435,153

Balance at January 1, 2023		218,079,962	475,950,194	134,365,664	(151,979,960)	(21,219,125)	437,116,773


Share-based compensation		—	—	4,794,878	—	—	4,794,878
Shares issued pursuant to exercise of stock options and warrants		—	33,149	—	—	—	33,149
Issuance of shares through "at-the-market" equity program	15	4,894,060	8,580,405	—	—	—	8,580,405

Issuance of shares through the December 2022 Offering		2,952,755	4,175,836	—	—	—	4,175,836
Issuance of shares related to closing fee of convertible debenture financing	7	258,155	623,336	—	—	—	623,336
Net loss		—	—	—	(47,223,604)	—	(47,223,604)
Other comprehensive loss
Foreign currency translation adjustment		—	—	—	—	1,161,192	1,161,192
Balance at September 30, 2023		226,184,932	489,362,920	139,160,542	(199,203,564)	(20,057,933)	409,261,965

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed interim consolidated financial statements.

The Lion Electric Company

Condensed Interim Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023
(Unaudited, In US Dollars)


		Three months ended		Nine months ended
	Notes	September 30, 2024	September 30, 2023	September 30, 2024	September 30, 2023

OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net loss		(33,945,985)	(19,852,573)	(74,908,660)	(47,223,604)
Non-cash items:
Depreciation and amortization	16	9,044,054	7,240,088	26,239,530	17,715,104


Share-based compensation	11	438,191	1,324,325	1,305,275	4,794,878

Accretion expense	13	3,064,258	2,275,078	9,138,265	2,275,078
Interest paid in kind on convertible debt instruments	13	2,504,005	—	7,454,040	—

Interest capitalized to long-term debt and other debts	13	559,764	—	559,764	—

Non-cash issuance of closing fee shares through 2023 Debentures Financing	13	—	623,336	—	623,336
Change in fair value of share warrant obligations	10	(3,129,649)	(179,488)	(23,220,565)	(11,910,809)
Change in fair value of conversion options on convertible debt instruments	9	(4,538,039)	(3,355,932)	(27,755,832)	(3,355,932)
Unrealized foreign exchange gain (loss)		(2,784,007)	(91,679)	1,133,498	(1,323,027)
Net change in non-cash working capital items	16	49,925,334	(31,679,272)	48,486,016	(47,840,935)

Cash flows used in operating activities		21,137,926	(43,696,117)	(31,568,669)	(86,245,911)
INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Acquisition of property, plant and equipment		(1,436,487)	(22,394,406)	(6,824,835)	(67,790,857)
Addition to intangible assets		(4,604,831)	(16,057,154)	(27,040,490)	(56,513,413)

Net proceeds from Mirabel battery building sale-leaseback	5	—	—	—	20,506,589
Government assistance related to property, plant and equipment and intangible assets		2,765,526	1,690,284	7,164,621	7,441,552

Cash flows used in investing activities		(3,275,792)	(36,761,276)	(26,700,704)	(96,356,129)
FINANCING ACTIVITIES

Increase in long-term debt and other debts		17,067,371	36,875,044	73,669,446	106,099,764
Repayment of long-term debt and other debts		(9,475,665)	(103,985,678)	(13,846,612)	(126,481,649)

Payment of lease liabilities	5	(1,980,505)	(1,711,692)	(5,994,176)	(4,427,228)


Proceeds from issuance of shares through "at-the-market" equity program, net of issuance costs	15	—	2,341,367	—	8,580,405
Proceeds from the issuance of warrants through the December 2022 Offering	10	—	—	—	2,907,226
Proceeds from the issuance of units through the December 2022 Offering - Common Shares, net of issuance costs	15	—	—	—	4,175,836
Proceeds from the 2023 Debentures Financing, net of issuance costs	8	—	139,090,995	—	139,090,995




Cash flows from financing activities		5,611,201	72,610,036	53,828,658	129,945,349
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash held in foreign currency		811,892	(636,555)	835,717	58,773
Net increase (decrease) in cash		24,285,227	(8,483,912)	(3,604,998)	(52,597,918)
Cash, beginning of period		2,002,741	44,152,979	29,892,966	88,266,985
Cash, end of period		26,287,968	35,669,067	26,287,968	35,669,067
Other information on cash flows related to operating activities:
Income taxes paid		—	—	—	—
Interest paid		355,215	3,360,744	9,975,594	7,218,418
Interest paid on obligations under lease liabilities		1,313,555	1,227,560	3,824,020	3,354,611

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed interim consolidated financial statements.

The Lion Electric Company

Notes to Condensed Interim Consolidated Financial Statements

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023
(Unaudited, In US dollars, except number of shares or where otherwise indicated)

1 - REPORTING ENTITY AND NATURE OF OPERATIONS

The principal activities of The Lion Electric Company ("Lion" or the "Company") and its subsidiaries (together referred to as the "Group") include the design, development, manufacturing and distribution of purpose-built all-electric medium and heavy-duty urban vehicles including battery systems, chassis, bus bodies and truck cabins. The Group also distributes truck and bus parts and accessories.

The Company is incorporated under the Business Corporations Act (Quebec) and is the Group’s ultimate parent company. Its registered office and principal place of business is 921, chemin de la Riviere-du-Nord, Saint-Jerome, Quebec, Canada. These unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements ("consolidated financial statements") are as at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 and include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. The Company is a publicly listed entity, and its shares are traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange and New York Stock Exchange under the symbol LEV.

2 - BASIS OF PRESENTATION, STATEMENT OF COMPLIANCE WITH IFRS AND GOING CONCERN

These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Accounting Standard ("IAS") 34 - Interim Financial Reporting, as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ("IASB") and are expressed in United States ("US") dollars for reporting purposes. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in annual audited consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards ("IFRS"), as issued by IASB, have been omitted or condensed and, therefore, these consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the most recent annual consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023. The results from operations for the interim period do not necessarily reflect the result expected for the full fiscal year. The Company’s sales have historically experienced substantial fluctuations from quarter to quarter, particularly considering that they have been mainly comprised of sales of school buses which are mainly driven by the school calendar. While the Company expects to continue to experience seasonal variations in its sales in the foreseeable future, management believes that the mix of product sales may vary considerably in the future, especially in connection with the Company’s execution of its growth strategy. As a result, it is difficult to predict if any historical trends will be reproduced in the future.

These consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments which are, in the opinion of management, necessary to present a fair statement of the results for these interim periods. These adjustments are of a normal recurring nature.

The Lion Electric Company

Notes to Condensed Interim Consolidated Financial Statements

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023
(Unaudited, In US dollars, except number of shares or where otherwise indicated)

2 - BASIS OF PRESENTATION, STATEMENT OF COMPLIANCE WITH IFRS AND GOING CONCERN (CONTINUED)

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which assumes the Company will continue its operations in the foreseeable future and that it will be able to realize its assets and discharge its liabilities in the normal course of operations. In making the assessment that the Company continues to be a going concern, management have taken into account all available information about the future. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company generated a net loss of $33,945,985 and $74,908,660, respectively (September 30, 2023 - $19,852,573 and $47,223,604, respectively). For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company also had negative cash flows from operating activities of $31,568,669 (nine months ended September 30, 2023 – $86,245,911) and a working capital (current assets less current liabilities) of $32,407,364 (December 31, 2023 - $210,961,639). As at September 30, 2024, the Company has an accumulated deficit of $330,654,757 (December 31, 20233 - $255,746,097).

Also, based on current assessment of management, it is not certain that cash and forecasted cash flows from operations will be sufficient to meet the Company’s obligations coming due over the next twelve months, and, as a result, the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern is dependent on, among other things, its ability to raise additional funds in order to meet its capital requirements and satisfy its obligations as they become due (such as upcoming interest payment obligations under, and repayment at maturity of, certain of its debt instruments), including in connection with the expiration of the covenant relief period on November 15, 2024 and/or the maturity of the Finalta-CDPQ Loan Agreement on November 30, 2024 (refer to Note 8).

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company has reviewed and considered different opportunities that may enable the Company to improve its near-term liquidity, strengthen its financial position and continue to pursue its business strategy, and management is currently seeking potential sources of financing and/or other opportunities that may enable it to improve its liquidity and strengthen its financial position. Such opportunities include certain refinancing initiatives related to its debt instruments, the sale of certain of its assets and/or any other opportunities or alternatives. That being said, given the Company’s recurring operating losses and negative cash flows and current financial position as well as certain factors outside of its control such as dynamics impacting the industries in which the Company operates and the fact that the Company has raised substantial amounts of capital in the past, there is no certainty that the Company will be able to raise additional funds and there can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in pursuing and implementing any such other opportunities, nor any assurance as to the outcome or timing of any such other opportunities. As a result, the Company will need to negotiate further amendments, concessions or waivers to agreements with the holders of its debt instruments in connection with the expiry of the covenant relief period and upcoming maturity of the Finalta-CDPQ Loan Agreement.

In the event the Company cannot raise such additional funds or negotiate such amendments, concessions or waivers, current forecasts of management (before taking into account any potential additional funds or further amendments, concessions or waivers to the Company’s debt instruments) indicate that the Company may in the future breach certain covenants under its debt instruments, including at the expiry of the covenant relief period. Any breach under the Company’s debt instruments could result, either directly or as a result of the application of cross default or cross acceleration provisions, in the Company’s lenders exercising their rights thereunder, including to request immediate repayment of amounts borrowed by the Company.

The Lion Electric Company

Notes to Condensed Interim Consolidated Financial Statements

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023
(Unaudited, In US dollars, except number of shares or where otherwise indicated)

2 - BASIS OF PRESENTATION, STATEMENT OF COMPLIANCE WITH IFRS AND GOING CONCERN (CONTINUED)

Management is currently in discussion with the holders of certain of its debt instruments to negotiate potential amendments, concessions or waivers thereto. While the Company has been able to secure certain covenant relief and other concessions from its lenders in the past, there can be no assurances that it will be able to negotiate such amendments, concessions or waivers if and when needed in the future, including in connection with the end of the covenant relief period and/or the maturity of the Finalta-CDPQ Loan Agreement.

These conditions indicate the existence of a material uncertainty that may cast significant doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

The condensed consolidated financial statements do not reflect any adjustments to the amounts and classification of assets and liabilities that would be necessary should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern. Such adjustments could be material.

These consolidated financial statements have been approved for issue by the Board of Directors on November 6, 2024.

3 - SUMMARY OF ACCOUNTING POLICIES

3.1 Overall considerations

The Group applied the same accounting policies in the preparation of these condensed interim consolidated financial statements as those disclosed in Note 3 of its most recent annual consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023, except for the accounting policy described below in Note 3.2 and Note 3.3

When preparing the consolidated financial statements, management undertakes a number of judgements, estimates and assumptions about the recognition and measurement of assets, liabilities, income and expenses. The actual results may differ from the judgements, estimates and assumptions made by management, and will seldom equal the estimated results. The Group applied the same judgements, estimates and assumptions in the consolidated financial statements, including the key sources of estimation uncertainty, as those disclosed in Note 3 of its most recent annual consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023.

3.2 Change in accounting estimates

Property, plant and equipment

Effective January 1, 2024, the Group revised the estimated useful lives of machinery and equipment based on a re-assessment of the expected use to the Group, recent experience of their economic lives, and technological advancement of the recently acquired machinery and equipment. These assets, which were previously depreciated on 7,000 units produced or straight-line over 5 years, are now depreciated on a straight-line basis over 10 years. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the change in estimate made on a prospective basis did not result in a material reduction of depreciation.

The Lion Electric Company

Notes to Condensed Interim Consolidated Financial Statements

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023
(Unaudited, In US dollars, except number of shares or where otherwise indicated)

3 - SUMMARY OF ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

3.3 Initial application of new accounting standards and interpretations in the reporting standards

Amendments to IAS 1, Presentation of Financial Statements

3.4 Standards, amendments and Interpretations to existing Standards that are not yet effective and have not been adopted early by the Group

At the date of authorization of these consolidated financial statements, several other new, but not yet effective, standards and amendments to existing standards, and interpretations have been published by the IASB. None of these standards or amendments to existing standards have been adopted early by the Company.

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