Filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(5)​
 Registration Statement No. 333-276814​
PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT
(To the Prospectus dated February 12, 2024)
5,250,000 Units, Each Consisting of One Share of Common Stock and One Warrant to Purchase Common Stock
5,250,000 Shares Underlying Warrants to Purchase Common Stock
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Annovis Bio, Inc.
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This is a firm commitment public offering of the securities of Annovis Bio, Inc., consisting of an aggregate of 5,250,000 units (each, a “Unit”). Each Unit consists of one share of common stock par value $0.0001 per share (a “Common Stock”), and one warrant to purchase one share of Common Stock (each a “Warrant”). The Units have no stand-alone rights and will not be certified or issued as stand-alone securities. The shares of Common Stock and Warrants are immediately separable and will be issued separately in this offering. Each Warrant will be immediately exercisable for one share of Common Stock at an exercise price of $5.00 per share (125% of the public offering price per Unit) and will expire on the fifth anniversary of the original issuance date.
Our Common Stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange, or NYSE, under the symbol “ANVS.” On January 31, 2025, the last reported sale price of our Common Stock on the NYSE was $4.87 per share.
There is no established trading market for the Warrants and we do not expect an active trading market to develop. We do not intend to list the Warrants on any securities exchange or other trading market. Without an active trading market, the liquidity of these securities will be limited.
We are an “emerging growth company” under the federal securities laws and have elected to comply with certain reduced public company reporting requirements.
Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page S-6 of this prospectus supplement and in the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement.
Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities, or determined if this prospectus supplement or the accompanying prospectus are truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
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Per Unit
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Total
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Public offering price
​ ​ ​ $ 4.00 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 21,000,000 ​ ​
Underwriting discount(1)
​ ​ ​ $ 0.24 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 1,260,000 ​ ​
Proceeds to us, before expenses
​ ​ ​ $ 3.76 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 19,740,000 ​ ​
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1)
We refer you to “Underwriting” beginning on page S-22 for additional information regarding underwriters’ compensation.
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The underwriters expect to deliver the securities to purchasers on or about February 4, 2025.
ThinkEquity
The date of this prospectus supplement is February 3, 2025
 
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT
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DILUTION ​ ​ ​ ​ S-19 ​ ​
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EXPERTS ​ ​ ​ ​ S-30 ​ ​
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PROSPECTUS
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You should rely only on the information contained in or incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement, the accompanying prospectus and in any free writing prospectus that we have authorized for use in connection with this offering. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with different information. If anyone provides you with different or inconsistent information, you should not rely on it. We are not making an offer to sell our securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted. You should assume that the information in this prospectus supplement, the accompanying prospectus, the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus, and in any free writing prospectus that we have authorized for use in connection with this offering, is accurate only as of the date of those respective documents. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since those dates. You should read this prospectus supplement, the accompanying prospectus, the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus, and any free writing prospectus that we have authorized for use in connection with this offering, in their entirety before making an investment decision. You should also read and consider the information in the documents to which we have referred you in the sections of this prospectus supplement entitled “Incorporation by Reference” and “Where You Can Find Additional Information.”
 
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ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT
This prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus are part of a registration statement that we filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, utilizing a shelf registration process. Under the shelf registration process, we may offer shares of our Common Stock, shares of our preferred stock, warrants, units and debt securities having an aggregate offering price of up to $250,000,000 from time to time under this prospectus supplement at prices and on terms to be determined by market conditions at the time of offering.
This document is in two parts. The first part is this prospectus supplement, which describes the terms of this offering of our securities and adds to and updates the information contained in the accompanying prospectus. The second part, the accompanying prospectus, provides more general information, some of which may not apply to this offering. Generally, when we refer to this prospectus, we are referring to both parts of this document combined. To the extent there is a conflict between the information contained in this prospectus supplement and the information contained in the accompanying prospectus, you should rely on the information in this prospectus supplement.
This prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus relate to the offering of our Common Units. Before buying any Units that we are offering, we urge you to carefully read this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus, together with the information incorporated by reference as described under the heading “Incorporation by Reference” in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus and the information in any free writing prospectus that we may authorize for use in connection with this offering. These documents contain important information that you should consider when making your investment decision.
This prospectus supplement describes the specific terms of the securities we are offering and also adds to and updates information contained in the accompanying prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus. To the extent there is a conflict between the information contained in this prospectus supplement, on the one hand, and the information contained in any document incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement that was filed with the SEC before the date of this prospectus supplement, on the other hand, you should rely on the information in this prospectus supplement. If any statement in one of these documents is inconsistent with a statement in another document having a later date — for example, a document incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement — the statement in the document having the later date modifies or supersedes the earlier statement.
You should assume that the information appearing in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus, the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus, and in any free writing prospectus that we may authorize for use in connection with this offering, is accurate only as of the date of those respective documents. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since those dates. You should read this prospectus supplement, the accompanying prospectus, the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus, and any free writing prospectus that we may authorize for use in connection with this offering, in their entirety before making an investment decision.
You should also read and consider the information in the documents to which we have referred you in the sections of this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus entitled “Where You Can Find Additional Information” and “Incorporation by Reference.”
We further note that the representations, warranties and covenants made by us in any agreement that is filed as an exhibit to any document that is incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement or the accompanying prospectus were made solely for the benefit of the parties to such agreement, including, in some cases, for the purpose of allocating risk among the parties to such agreement, and should not be deemed to be a representation, warranty or covenant to you. Moreover, such representations, warranties or covenants were accurate only as of the date when made. Accordingly, such representations, warranties and covenants should not be relied on as accurately representing the current state of our affairs.
 
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Unless the context indicates otherwise, references in this prospectus supplement or the accompanying prospectus to “Annovis,” “the Company,” “we,” “us,” “our” and similar references refer to Annovis Bio, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries. Our name “Annovis Bio, Inc.,” the Annovis logo and other trademarks, trade names or service marks of Annovis Bio, Inc. appearing in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus are the property of Annovis Bio, Inc. All other trademarks, trade names and service marks appearing in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus are the property of their respective owners. Solely for convenience, the trademarks and trade names in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus are referred to without the ® and ™ symbols, but such references should not be construed as any indicator that their respective owners will not assert their rights thereto.
 
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PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT SUMMARY
The following summary of our business highlights some of the information contained elsewhere in or incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement. Because this is only a summary, however, it does not contain all of the information that may be important to you. You should carefully read this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus, including the documents incorporated by reference, which are described under “Incorporation by Reference” and “Where You Can Find Additional Information” in this prospectus supplement. You should also carefully consider the matters discussed in the section entitled “Risk Factors” in this prospectus supplement, in the accompanying prospectus and in other periodic reports incorporated herein by reference.
COMPANY OVERVIEW
We are a late-stage clinical drug platform company addressing neurodegeneration, such as Alzheimer’s disease (“AD”) and Parkinson’s disease (“PD”). We are developing our lead product candidate, Buntanetap, which is designed to address AD, PD, and potentially other chronic neurodegenerative diseases. Buntanetap is a synthetically produced small molecule, orally administered, brain penetrant compound. In several studies, Buntanetap was observed to inhibit the synthesis of neurotoxic proteins — APP/Aβ (“APP”), tau/phospho-tau (“tau”) and α-Synuclein (“αSYN”) — that are some of the main causes of neurodegeneration. High levels of neurotoxic proteins lead to reduced axonal transport, which is responsible for the communication between and within nerve cells. When that communication is compromised, the immune system is activated and attacks the nerve cells, eventually killing them. We have observed in our clinical studies in early AD and early PD patients and pre-clinical studies in mice and rats that Buntanetap lowered neurotoxic protein levels leading to improved axonal transport, reduced inflammation, lower nerve cell death and improved affected function.
In 2021, we completed two Phase 1/2 clinical studies: one in 14 early AD patients, and one in 54 early PD patients (together, the “AD/PD Trials”). In the AD/PD Trials, early AD patients were defined as those with a Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score between 19 and 28 and early PD patients as those patients at Hoehn & Yahr stages 1, 2 or 3. MMSE is a brief screening instrument used to assess cognitive function, with total scores ranging from 0 to 30 and a lower score indicating greater disease severity, while the Hoehn & Yahr scale is a medical assessment used to measure staging of the functional disability associated with PD where a higher stage indicates greater disease severity. In collaboration with the Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study (“ADCS”), we also conducted a trial in 16 early AD patients (the “ADCS Trial”). In the ADCS Trial, early AD patients were defined as those patients with a MMSE score between 19 and 28. At the completion of the ADCS Trial, the data showed that Buntanetap is a translational inhibitor in humans just like in animals, and we further observed that there was statistical improvement in cognition in early AD patients, just like in the AD/PD Trials.
All three clinical trials were double-blind, placebo-controlled studies.
We designed the studies by applying our understanding of the underlying neurodegenerative disease states, and measured both target and pathway validation in the spinal fluid of patients to determine whether patients underlying disease condition improved following treatment. In addition to meeting their primary endpoints of safety and tolerability and secondary endpoint of pharmacokinetics of Buntanetap, our AD/PD Trials also met exploratory endpoints of measures of biomarkers and improvements in cognition in AD patients, as well as function in PD patients. We believe that the AD/PD Trials represent the first double-blind placebo-controlled study that showed improvements in AD patients, as measured by ADAS-Cog, and in PD patients, as measured by UPDRS. Following completion of the AD/PD Trials, we submitted our data to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) and requested direction to further pursue the development of Buntanetap in early PD patients. With the FDA’s guidance, we initiated a Phase 3 study in early PD patients in August 2022 (our “Phase 3 PD Study”). In the Phase 3 PD Study, early PD patients were defined as those at Hoehn & Yahr stages 1, 2 or 3 and OFF times of less than two hours per day. OFF time refers to periods when PD motor and/or non-motor symptoms occur between medication doses. We also submitted a proposed protocol for the treatment of moderate AD to the FDA, and after receiving permission to
 
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proceed, we initiated a Phase 2/3study in mild to moderate AD patients in February 2023 (our “Phase 2/3 AD Study”). In the Phase 2/3 AD Study, mild to moderate AD patients were defined as those with a MMSE score between 14 and 24.
Our Phase 3 PD Study and Phase 2/3 AD Study each had built in interim analyses.
Our Phase 3 PD Study incorporated an interim analysis at two months, the results of which were disclosed on March 31, 2023. The pre-planned interim analysis was conducted by our data analytics provider based on 132 patients from all cohorts collectively for which baseline and two-month data was available. Based on the results of the interim analysis, we proceeded with the Phase 3 PD Study as planned in accordance with the previously established protocol. The study was completed on December 4, 2023, and we released the topline PD Study efficacy data on July 2, 2024. The data showed that in two subgroups, Buntanetap improved UPDRS 2, 3, 2+3 and total. It also showed that in the whole ITT population, Buntanetap stopped the loss of cognition and that in the 12% of patients that already had cognitive issues, Buntanetap improved cognition in a dose-dependent, statistically significant way. We expect to discuss the PD data with the FDA at an end-of-study meeting in early 2025. During that meeting, we plan to propose continued development of Buntanetap with pivotal Phase 3 trials.
For the AD Study, we disclosed the results of the interim analysis on October 23, 2023, and similar to our PD study, based on the outcome of the interim analysis, we proceeded with the study as planned. The Phase 2/3 AD study was completed on February 13, 2024, and on April 29, 2024, we announced topline efficacy data. The data showed that in early AD patients, Buntanetap improved ADAS-Cog11 in a dose-dependent fashion and was statistically significant from placebo and from baseline.
On October 10, 2024, the Company met with the FDA in an end-of-phase 2 meeting to discuss its Phase 2/3 AD data and to agree on a path forward. Annovis and the FDA have now aligned on a development path for Buntanetap towards the filing of New Drug Applications (NDAs), one for short-term and one for long-term efficacy. The Phase 3 program will investigate Buntanetap in patients with early AD and will consist of one study that first incorporates a 6-month study period aimed at confirming Buntanetap’s symptomatic effects and later moving into an 18-month study period designed to demonstrate potential disease-modifying effects. While the overall study will last for the whole 18 months, the completion of the first 6-month period, if well-designed and well-executed, may be sufficient to support an NDA filing, potentially within one year of the study’s initiation.
During the end-of-phase 2 meeting, the FDA raised no concerns with the Company’s data on Buntanetap’s safety, including liver enzymes, drug interactions, dose selection, pharmacokinetics, population pharmacokinetics, and confirmed that development can proceed using the new crystal form of Buntanetap.
We believe that we are the only company developing a drug for AD and PD that is designed to inhibit more than one neurotoxic protein and has a mechanism of action designed to restore nerve cell axonal and synaptic activity. By improving brain function, our goal is to treat memory loss and dementia associated with AD, as well as body and brain function associated with PD. Based on pre-clinical and clinical data collected to date, we believe that Buntanetap has the potential to be the first drug to interfere with the underlying mechanism of neurodegeneration, potentially enabling Buntanetap to be the only drug to improve cognition in AD and motor function in PD. The industry has encountered challenges in specifically targeting one neurotoxic protein, be it APP, tau or αSYN, indicating that doing so does not change the course of neurodegeneration. Our ultimate goal is to develop a disease modifying drug (“DMD”) for patients with neurodegeneration by leveraging our clinical and pre-clinical data to inhibit the most relevant neurotoxic proteins. Studies have found that AD and PD are the most common neurodegenerative diseases in the U.S., and accordingly these diseases present two unmet needs of the aging population and two potentially large U.S. markets if a DMD is developed and approved.
We have never been profitable and have incurred net losses since inception. Our accumulated deficit at September 30, 2024 was $129.0 million. We expect to incur losses for the foreseeable future, and we expect these losses to increase as we continue our development of, and seek regulatory approvals for, our product
 
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candidates. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product development, we are unable to predict the timing or amount of increased expenses or when, or if, we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability.
We do not have sufficient capital on hand to fund our operations for the next 12 months and will need to raise additional capital to meet our obligations as they become due. We believe that our cash and cash equivalents as of September 30, 2024, were not sufficient to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditures required for initiation of the aforementioned 6-month and 18-month Phase 3 study for AD, which we expect to take place during the first quarter of 2025. We will need to raise substantial additional capital to complete the development and commercialization of our product candidates through public or private equity offerings, debt financings, collaboration and licensing arrangements or other financing alternatives. However, there can be no assurance that we will be successful in raising additional capital or that such capital, if available, will be on terms that are acceptable to us. If we are unable to raise sufficient additional capital or defer sufficient operating expenses, we may be compelled to reduce the scope of our operations.
Recent Developments
On December 11, 2024, we entered into an Equity Distribution Agreement (the “Distribution Agreement”) with Oppenheimer & Co. Inc., serving as agent (the “Sales Agent”) with respect to an at-the-market offering program under which we may offer and sell, from time to time at its sole discretion, shares of our Common Stock, having an aggregate offering price of up to $50,000,000 through the Sales Agent (the “ATM Facility”). The Company has agreed to pay the Sale Agent a commission equal to 3.0% of the gross sales proceeds of any shares of Common Stock sold through the Sale Agent under the Distribution Agreement. Neither the Company nor the Sales Agent have an obligation to sell any specific number or amount of shares of Common Stock under the ATM Facility. We may at any time suspend offers under or terminate the Distribution Agreement in accordance with its terms. To date, we have sold approximately 121,498 shares of Common Stock under the ATM Facility for gross proceeds of approximately $0.7 million. We have agreed to suspend sales of our Common Stock under the ATM Facility for a period of six months after the closing of this offering.
Corporate Information
We were incorporated in Delaware in 2008. Our principal executive offices are located at 101 Lindenwood Drive, Suite 225, Malvern, PA 19355 and our telephone number is (484) 875-3192. Our website address is www.annovisbio.com. The inclusion of our website address is, in each case, intended to be an inactive textual reference only and not an active hyperlink to our website. The information contained in, or that can be accessed through, our website is not part of this prospectus and you should not rely on any such information in making your decision whether to purchase our securities.
 
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The Offering
Securities offered by us
5,250,000 Units, each Unit consisting of one share of Common Stock and one Warrant to purchase one share of Common Stock. Each Warrant will have an exercise price of $5.00 per share (125% of the public offering price of one Unit), is exercisable immediately and will expire on the fifth anniversary of the original issuance date.
This offering also relates to the shares of Common Stock underlying the Warrants.
The Units will not be certificated or issued in stand-alone form. The share of Common Stock and the Warrants comprising the Units are immediately separable upon issuance and will be issued separately in this offering.
The terms of the Warrants will be governed by a Warrant Agent Agreement, dated as of the closing date of this offering, between us and Equiniti Trust Company, LLC, as the warrant agent (the “Warrant Agent”).
Public offering price
$4.00 per Unit.
Common stock outstanding immediately prior to this offering
14,236,231 shares.
Common stock outstanding after this offering
19,486,231 shares.
Use of proceeds
We currently intend to use the net proceeds from this offering primarily for the continued clinical development of our lead compound Buntanetap in a Phase 3 study for Alzheimer’s disease, and for working capital and general corporate purposes. See “Use of Proceeds” on page S-16 of this prospectus supplement.
Risk factors
This investment involves a high degree of risk. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page S-6 of this prospectus supplement and in the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement.
NYSE symbol
Our Common Stock is listed on the NYSE under the symbol “ANVS.” There is no established market for the Warrants nor do we expect one to develop. We do not intend to list the Warrants on the NYSE or any other national securities exchange or nationally recognized trading system.
The number of shares of our Common Stock to be outstanding after this offering is based on 14,236,231 shares of Common Stock outstanding as of January 31, 2025 and excludes the following:
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310,733 shares of Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock originally issued in November 2023 and January 2020 with a weighted-average exercise price of $8.99 per share;
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2,336,020 shares issuable upon the exercise of outstanding stock options with a weighted-average exercise price of $11.39 per share;
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354,299 shares reserved for future issuances under our 2019 equity compensation plan;
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additional shares of Common Stock that may be issued and sold pursuant to the ATM Facility; and
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5,250,000 shares of Common Stock exercisable upon the exercise of the Warrants offered hereby.
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Except as otherwise indicated herein, all information in this prospectus supplement assumes:
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no exercise of the outstanding stock options or warrants described above.
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no future issuances under our 2019 equity compensation plan.
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no additional share issuances pursuant to the ATM Facility.
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no exercise of the Warrants offered hereby.
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RISK FACTORS
An investment in our Common Stock involves a high degree of risk. Before deciding whether to invest in our securities, you should consider carefully the risks described below and discussed under the section captioned “Risk Factors” beginning on page 5 of the accompanying prospectus, together with other information in this prospectus supplement, the accompanying prospectus, and the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus, including the information set forth under the caption “Risk Factors” in our annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 as updated by our other reports and documents that are incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus, before deciding whether to purchase any of the shares of Common Stock being offered hereby. If any of these risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be seriously harmed. This could cause the trading price of our shares of Common Stock to decline, resulting in a loss of all or part of your investment. Additional risks not presently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial may also significantly impair our business operations. Please also read carefully the section below titled “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”
Risks Related to this Offering
We will have broad discretion as to the use of the net proceeds from this offering and may not use the net proceeds effectively.
We currently intend to use the net proceeds from this offering for working capital and general corporate purposes including for the continued clinical development of our lead compound Buntanetap. However, we have not determined the specific allocation of the net proceeds among these potential uses and have not designated the amount of net proceeds from this offering to be used for any particular purpose. Our management will have broad discretion over the use and investment of the net proceeds of this offering, and, accordingly, investors in this offering will need to rely upon the judgment of our management with respect to the use of proceeds, with only limited information concerning our specific intentions. Our stockholders may not agree with the manner in which our management chooses to allocate and spend the net proceeds. Moreover, our management may use the net proceeds for corporate purposes that may not increase the market price of our Common Stock. See “Use of Proceeds” on page S-16 of this prospectus supplement for further information.
If you purchase shares of our Common Stock in this offering, you will incur immediate and substantial dilution.
Because the offering price per share of our Common Stock being offered in this offering may be higher than the book value per share of our Common Stock, you may suffer substantial dilution in the net tangible book value of the Common Stock you purchase in this offering. The exercise of outstanding stock options and warrants may result in further dilution of your investment. See “Dilution” on page S-19 for a more detailed illustration of the dilution you would incur if you participate in this offering.
You may experience future dilution as a result of future equity offerings.
We will require more capital to pursue our preclinical and clinical activities, regulatory approval and the commercialization of our current or future product candidates. In addition, we may also choose to raise additional capital due to market conditions or strategic considerations even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. To raise additional capital, we may in the future offer additional shares of our Common Stock or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for our Common Stock at prices that may not be the same as the price per share in this offering. We currently have the ability to issue and sell up to an additional $49.3 million of our Common Stock pursuant to the ATM Facility. The price(s) at which we will sell shares of our Common Stock under the ATM Facility from time to time will fluctuate depending on the current market price of our Common Stock, which may or may not be higher than the offering price paid by investors in connection with this offering. We may also sell shares or other securities in any other offering at a price per share that is less than the price per share paid by investors in
 
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RISK FACTORS
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connection with this offering, and investors purchasing shares or other securities in the future could have rights superior to existing stockholders. The price per share at which we sell additional shares of our Common Stock, or securities convertible or exchangeable into Common Stock, in future transactions may be higher or lower than the price per share paid by investors in this offering.
Because we are a smaller reporting company, the requirements of being a public company, including compliance with the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, and the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the Dodd-Frank Act, may strain our resources, increase our costs and distract management, and we may be unable to comply with these requirements in a timely or cost-effective manner.
As a public company with listed equity securities, we must comply with the federal securities laws, rules and regulations, including certain corporate governance provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”) and the Dodd-Frank Act, related rules and regulations of the SEC and the NYSE, with which a private company is not required to comply. Complying with these laws, rules and regulations occupies a significant amount of the time of our Board of Directors and management and significantly increases our costs and expenses. Among other things, we must:
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maintain a system of internal control over financial reporting in compliance with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the related rules and regulations of the SEC and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board;
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comply with rules and regulations promulgated by the exchange;
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prepare and distribute periodic public reports in compliance with our obligations under the federal securities laws;
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maintain various internal compliance and disclosures policies, such as those relating to disclosure controls and procedures and insider trading in our Common Stock; and
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involve and retain to a greater degree outside counsel and accountants in the above activities;
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Future sales of our Common Stock or exercise of our Warrants, whether by us or our stockholders, could cause our stock price to decline.
If our existing stockholders sell, or indicate an intent to sell, substantial amounts of our Common Stock in the public market, the trading price of our Common Stock could decline significantly. Similarly, the perception in the public market that our stockholders might sell shares of our Common Stock could also depress the market price of our Common Stock. A decline in the price of shares of our Common Stock might impede our ability to raise capital through the issuance of additional shares of our Common Stock or other equity securities. In addition, the issuance and sale by us of additional shares of our Common Stock or securities convertible into or exercisable for shares of our Common Stock, including, without limitation future sales of our Common Stock pursuant to the ATM Facility, or the perception that we will issue such securities, could reduce the trading price for our Common Stock as well as make future sales of equity securities by us less attractive or not feasible. The sale of shares of Common Stock issued upon the exercise of our outstanding options and warrants could further dilute the holdings of our then existing stockholders.
Securities analysts may not cover our Common Stock and this may have a negative impact on the market price of our Common Stock.
The trading market for our Common Stock will depend, in part, on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. We do not have any control over independent analysts (provided that we have engaged various non-independent analysts). We do not currently have and may never obtain research coverage by independent securities and industry analysts. If no independent securities or industry analysts commence coverage of us, the trading price for our Common Stock would be negatively impacted. If we obtain independent securities or industry analyst coverage and if one or more of the analysts who covers us downgrades our Common Stock, changes their opinion of our shares or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these
 
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RISK FACTORS
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analysts ceases coverage of us or fails to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our Common Stock could decrease and we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause our stock price and trading volume to decline.
The price of our Common Stock may be volatile or may decline, which may make it difficult for investors to resell shares of our Common Stock at prices they find attractive.
The trading price of our Common Stock may fluctuate widely as a result of a number of factors, many of which are outside our control. In addition, the stock market is subject to fluctuations in the share prices and trading volumes that affect the market prices of the shares of many companies. These broad market fluctuations could adversely affect the market price of our Common Stock. Among the factors that could affect our stock price are:
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results of our clinical trials, and the results of trials of our competitors or those of other companies in our market sector;
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our ability to enroll subjects in our future clinical trials;
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delays or unanticipated developments in the completion of our planned clinical trials;
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any delay in submitting an NDA and any adverse development or perceived adverse development with respect to the FDA’s review of that NDA;
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our ability to obtain and maintain regulatory approval of Buntanetap or any future product candidates or additional indications thereof, or limitations to specific label indications or patient populations for its use, or changes or delays in the regulatory review process;
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failure to successfully develop and commercialize Buntanetap or any future product candidates;
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the degree and rate of physician and market adoption of any of our current and future product candidates;
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inability to obtain additional funding or obtaining funding on unattractive terms;
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regulatory or legal developments in the United States and other countries applicable to Buntanetap or any other product candidates;
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adverse regulatory decisions;
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changes in the structure of healthcare payment systems;
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➢
manufacturing, supply or distribution delays or shortages, including our inability to obtain adequate product supply for Buntanetap or any other product candidates, or the inability to do so at acceptable prices;
​
➢
the success or failure of our efforts to identify, develop, acquire or license additional product candidates;
​
➢
introduction of new products, services or technologies by our competitors;
​
➢
failure to meet or exceed financial projections we provide to the public;
​
➢
failure to meet or exceed the estimates and projections of the investment community;
​
➢
changes in the market valuations of companies similar to ours;
​
➢
market conditions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors, and the issuance of new or changed securities analysts’ reports or recommendations;
​
➢
announcements of significant acquisitions, strategic collaborations, joint ventures or capital commitments by us or our competitors;
​
➢
any changes to our relationship with any manufacturers, suppliers, collaborators or other strategic partners;
​
➢
significant lawsuits, including patent or stockholder litigation, and disputes or other developments relating to our proprietary rights, including patents, litigation matters and our ability to obtain patent protection for our technologies;
​
 
​
S-8
RISK FACTORS
​
➢
additions or departures of key scientific or management personnel;
​
➢
sales of our Common Stock by us or our stockholders in the future;
​
➢
changes in our capital structure, such as future issuances of securities and the incurrence of debt;
​
➢
changes in accounting standards, policies, guidelines, interpretations or principles;
​
➢
trading volume of our Common Stock;
​
➢
actual or anticipated fluctuations in our financial condition and results of operations;
​
➢
publication of news releases by other companies in our industry, and especially direct competitors, including about adverse developments related to safety, effectiveness, accuracy and usability of their products, reputational concerns, reimbursement coverage, regulatory compliance, and product recalls;
​
➢
progression of geopolitical events (including in relation to the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, and the conflict between Hamas and Israel); and
​
➢
the other factors described in this “Risk Factors” section, in the accompanying prospectus or in any document incorporated by reference herein.
​
The stock market has experienced significant volatility recently. As a result, the market price of our Common Stock may be volatile. In addition, the trading volume in our Common Stock may fluctuate more than usual and cause significant price variations to occur. The trading price of the shares of our Common Stock and the value of our other securities will depend on many factors, which may change from time to time, including, without limitation, our financial condition, performance, creditworthiness and prospects, future sales of our equity or equity related securities, and other factors identified below in “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”
Accordingly, the shares of our Common Stock that an investor purchases, whether in this offering or in the secondary market, may trade at a price lower than that at which they were purchased, and, similarly, the value of our other securities may decline. Current levels of market volatility are unprecedented. The capital and credit markets have been experiencing volatility and disruption for more than a year. In some cases, the markets have produced downward pressure on stock prices and credit availability for certain issuers without regard to those issuers’ underlying financial strength.
A significant decline in our stock price could result in substantial losses for individual stockholders and could lead to costly and disruptive securities litigation.
There is an increased risk associated with an investment in our Common Stock.
We have not attained profitable operations since our inception and may continue to incur net losses in the future. Our recurring losses from operations, together with the other factors described herein, raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. As a result, our independent public accounting firm included an explanatory paragraph regarding the same in its report to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. Substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern may create negative reactions to the price of our Common Stock and we may have a more difficult time obtaining financing in the future as a result.
As of September 30, 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents of $12.6 million. This amount will not meet our capital requirements over the next 12 months. Given this, we will need to raise significant additional capital in order to fund our future operations. Our future is dependent upon our ability to obtain financing or upon future profitable operations. We reserve the right to seek additional funds through public/private placements of our Common Stock and/or through debt financing. Our ability to secure additional financing is unknown and there can be no assurance that we will be able to raise sufficient additional capital on acceptable terms or at all.
 
​
S-9
RISK FACTORS
​
Our failure to meet the NYSE’s continued listing requirements could result in a delisting of our Common Stock.
If we fail to satisfy the continued listing requirements of the NYSE, such as the corporate governance requirements or the minimum closing bid price requirement, the NYSE may take steps to delist our common stock. Such a delisting would likely have a negative effect on the price of our Common Stock and would impair our stockholders’ ability to sell or purchase our Common Stock when they wish to do so. In the event of a delisting, we can provide no assurance that any action taken by us to restore compliance with listing requirements would allow our Common Stock to become listed again, stabilize the market price or improve the liquidity of our Common Stock, or prevent future non-compliance with the listing requirements of the NYSE.
We have been subject to securities class action litigation in the past and could be subject to such litigation in the future.
In the past, securities class action litigation has often been brought against companies following a decline in the market price of their securities. This risk is especially relevant for us because biotechnology companies have experienced significant share price volatility in recent years. During the year ended December 31, 2021, two securities class action complaints were filed against us and our executive officers following disclosure of interim results from the AD/PD Trials. Both complaints were voluntarily dismissed without prejudice by the plaintiffs. If we again face such litigation in the future, it could result in substantial costs, a diversion of management’s attention and resources, and damage to our reputation, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and prospects.
Our directors, executive officers and certain stockholders will continue to own a significant percentage of our Common Stock and, if they choose to act together, will be able to exert significant control over matters subject to stockholder approval.
Our directors, executive officers, and stockholders affiliated with our directors and executive officers own approximately 19.6% of the current voting power of our outstanding Common Stock. Therefore, acting together, they have the ability to substantially influence all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval. For example, these holders may be able to control the appointment of our management, elections and removal of directors, amendments of our organizational documents, or approval of any merger, sale of assets, or other major corporate transaction. The interests of these holders may not always coincide with our corporate interests or the interests of other stockholders, and they may act in a manner with which our stockholders may not agree or that may not be in the best interests of our other stockholders. This concentration of ownership may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control, impeding a merger, consolidation, takeover or other business combination involving us, or discouraging a potential acquiror from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of our business, even if such a transaction would benefit other stockholders. So long as they continue to own a significant amount of our equity, these holders will be able to strongly influence or effectively control our decisions.
Our previously-issued warrants are accounted for as a warrant liability and were recorded at fair value upon issuance with any changes in fair value each period reported in earnings, which may have an adverse effect on the market price of our securities.
We issued 1,250,000 warrants in November 2023 which were accounted for as liabilities, which means that we recorded the warrants at fair value upon issuance with any changes in fair value each period reported in earnings as determined by us based upon a valuation report obtained from an independent third party valuation firm. We initially recorded a warrant liability of $13.7 million and recognized an expense amounting to $11.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. As of September 30, 2024, the remaining warrant liability was $1.5 million and a gain of $2.9 million was recognized year to date in our statements of operations. The impact of future changes in warrant fair value on our earnings may also have an adverse effect on the market price of our securities. We may also experience increased costs associated with obtaining necessary warrant liability valuations.
 
​
S-10
RISK FACTORS
​
We are an “emerging growth company,” and the reduced reporting requirements applicable to emerging growth companies may make our Common Stock less attractive to investors.
We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (“JOBS Act”). For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including exemption from compliance with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (1) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of the closing of our initial public offering (“IPO”) on January 31, 2020, (b) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.235 billion or (c) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our Common Stock held by non-affiliates equals or exceeds $700 million as of the end of our prior second fiscal quarter, and (2) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period.
In addition, under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected not to avail ourselves of this exemption from new or revised accounting standards and, therefore, we will be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies.
We cannot predict if investors will find our Common Stock less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our Common Stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our Common Stock and our share price may be more volatile.
The Warrants are speculative in nature and there is not expected to be an active trading market for the Warrants.
The Warrants offered in this offering do not confer any rights of Common Stock ownership on their holders, such as voting rights or the right to receive dividends, but rather merely represent the right to acquire shares of our Common Stock at a fixed price for a limited period of time. Specifically, commencing on the date of issuance, holders of the warrants may exercise their right to acquire the Common Stock and pay an exercise price of $5.00 per share, for five years after the date of issuance, after which date any unexercised Warrants will expire and have no further value. In addition, there is no established trading market for the Warrants and we do not expect an active trading market to develop. Without an active trading market, the liquidity of the Warrants will be limited.
Holders of the Warrants will have no rights as a Common Stockholder until they acquire our Common Stock.
Until holders of the Warrants acquire shares of our Common Stock upon exercise of the Warrants, the holders will have no rights with respect to shares of our Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Warrants. Upon exercise of the Warrants, the holder will be entitled to exercise the rights of a Common Stockholder as to the security exercised, but only as to matters for which the record date occurs after the date of exercise.
Provisions of the Warrants could discourage an acquisition of us by a third party.
Certain provisions of the Warrants could make it more difficult or expensive for a third party to acquire us. The Warrants prohibit us from engaging in certain transactions constituting “fundamental transactions” unless, among other things, the surviving entity assumes our obligations under the Warrants. These and other provisions of the Warrants offered by this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus could prevent or deter a third party from acquiring us even where the acquisition could be beneficial to you.
 
​
S-11
RISK FACTORS
​
Provisions in our restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of our company, which may be beneficial to our stockholders, more difficult and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.
Provisions in our restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws that became effective upon the closing of our initial public offering may discourage, delay or prevent a merger, acquisition or other change in control of our company that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which our stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares. These provisions could also limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our Common Stock, thereby depressing the market price of our Common Stock. In addition, because our board of directors is responsible for appointing the members of our management team, these provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of directors. Among other things, these provisions include those establishing advance notice bylaw provisions for proposals from stockholders for presentation at annual meetings and forum selection bylaw provisions.
Because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, which prohibits a person who owns in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock from merging or combining with us for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person acquired in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock, unless the merger or combination is approved in a prescribed manner.
Furthermore, our restated certificate of incorporation that became effective upon the closing of our IPO specifies that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the sole and exclusive forum for most legal actions involving actions brought against us by stockholders. We believe this provision benefits us by providing increased consistency in the application of Delaware law by chancellors particularly experienced in resolving corporate disputes, efficient administration of cases on a more expedited schedule relative to other forums and protection against the burdens of multi-forum litigation. However, the provision may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against our directors and officers. The enforceability of similar choice of forum provisions in other companies’ certificates of incorporation has been challenged in legal proceedings, and it is possible that, in connection with any applicable action brought against us, a court could find the choice of forum provisions contained in our restated certificate of incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in such action.
Our bylaws designate the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees.
Our bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our stockholders with respect to our company and our directors. This choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that the stockholder believes is favorable for disputes with us or our directors, which may discourage meritorious claims from being asserted against us and our directors. Alternatively, if a court were to find this provision of our charter inapplicable to, or unenforceable in respect of, one or more of the specified types of actions or proceedings, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. We adopted this provision because we believe it makes it less likely that we will be forced to incur the expense of defending duplicative actions in multiple forums and less likely that plaintiffs’ attorneys will be able to employ such litigation to coerce us into otherwise unjustified settlements, and we believe the risk of a court declining to enforce this provision is remote, as the General Assembly of Delaware has specifically amended the Delaware General Corporation Law to authorize the adoption of such provisions.
 
​
S-12
RISK FACTORS
​
We have not paid and do not intend to pay dividends on our Common Stock. Investors in this offering may never obtain a return on their investment.
We have not paid dividends on our Common Stock inception, and do not intend to pay any dividends on our Common Stock in the foreseeable future. We intend to reinvest earnings, if any, in the development and expansion of our business. Accordingly, you will need to rely on sales of your shares of Common Stock after price appreciation, which may never occur, in order to realize a return on your investment.
 
​
S-13
 
​
SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This prospectus supplement, the accompanying prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference herein and therein contain forward-looking statements. These are based on our management’s current beliefs, expectations and assumptions about future events, conditions and results and on information currently available to us. Discussions containing these forward-looking statements may be found, among other places, in the sections titled “Business,” “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” incorporated by reference from our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, as updated by any other document that we subsequently filed with the SEC and that is incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement, which address various factors that could cause results or events to differ from those described in the forward-looking statements.
In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “could,” “estimate,” “expects,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “will,” “would” or the negative or plural of those terms, and similar expressions intended to identify statements about the future, although not all forward-looking statements contain these words. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from the information expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements.
Any statements in this prospectus supplement, or incorporated herein, about our expectations, beliefs, plans, objectives, assumptions or future events or performance are not historical facts and are forward-looking statements. Within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, these forward-looking statements include statements regarding:
➢
our ability to continue as a going concern and our needs for additional financings;
​
➢
our ability to continue as a going concern;
​
➢
our ability to accurately estimate anticipated operating losses, expenses, future revenues, capital requirements, including our anticipated cash runway;
​
➢
the success of our efforts, and those of our advisors, in exploring, and possibly executing on, our strategic alternatives, while preserving our cash balance to the extent practicable;
​
➢
the initiation, timing, progress and results of our current and future preclinical studies and clinical trials and our research and development programs;
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➢
the success of our efforts to expand our pipeline of product candidates and develop marketable products;
​
➢
our ability to develop, obtain regulatory approval for and commercialize our current and future product candidates;
​
➢
our expectations regarding collaborations and other agreements with third parties and their potential benefits;
​
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the timing of investigational new drug, or IND, submissions, initiation of preclinical studies and clinical trials, and timing of expected clinical results for our product candidates;
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our success in early preclinical studies, which may not be indicative of results obtained in later studies or clinical trials;
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the potential benefits of our product candidates;
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our ability to identify patients with the diseases treated by our product candidates, and to enroll healthy volunteers and patients in clinical trials;
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our ability to obtain, maintain and protect our intellectual property;
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​
S-14
SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
​
➢
our ability to identify, recruit and retain key personnel; developments or projections relating to our competitors or our industry;
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➢
the impact of laws and regulations;
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➢
our expectations regarding government and third-party payor coverage and reimbursement;
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➢
our expectations regarding the time during which we will be an emerging growth company under the JOBS Act;
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the impact of liquidity concerns at and failures of banks and other financial institutions, capital market instability, exchange rate fluctuations, supply chain disruptions and increases in commodity, energy and fuel prices;
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the impacts of pandemics or endemics on our operations, access to capital, research and development and clinical trials and potential disruption in the operations and business of third-party manufacturers, contract research organizations, other service providers, and collaborators with whom we conduct business;
​
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the impact of other global events, including political instability, natural disaster, events of terrorism and wars, including the war between Ukraine and Russia, and the corresponding tensions created from such conflict between Russia, the United States and countries in Europe as well as other countries such as China; and the conflict between Hamas and Israel; and
​
➢
other factors discussed under the section “Risk Factors” in this prospectus supplement and in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 filed with the SEC on March 29, 2024, as well as any amendments thereto reflected in subsequent reports we will file from time to time with the SEC.
​
You should refer to the “Risk Factors” section contained in this prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, and under similar headings in the other documents that are incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement, for a discussion of important factors that may cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by our forward-looking statements. Given these risks, uncertainties and other factors, many of which are beyond our control, we cannot assure you that the forward-looking statements in this prospectus supplement will prove to be accurate, and you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Furthermore, if our forward-looking statements prove to be inaccurate, the inaccuracy may be material. In light of the significant uncertainties in these forward-looking statements, you should not regard these statements as a representation or warranty by us or any other person that we will achieve our objectives and plans in any specified time frame, or at all. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update these forward-looking statements publicly, or to revise any forward-looking statements to reflect events or developments occurring after the date of this prospectus supplement, even if new information becomes available in the future.
 
​
S-15
 
​
USE OF PROCEEDS
We estimate that we will receive net proceeds of approximately $19.4 million from this offering (excluding any proceeds that may be received upon the exercise of the Warrants), after deducting the underwriting discount and estimated offering expenses payable by us.
We currently intend to use the net proceeds from this offering, if any, for the continued clinical development of our lead compound Buntanetap in a Phase 3 study for Alzheimer’s disease, and for working capital and general corporate purposes.
The amounts and timing of our use of the net proceeds from this offering will depend on a number of factors, such as the timing and progress of any partnering efforts, any strategic transactions in which we may engage, and the competitive environment for our product candidates. As of the date of this prospectus supplement, we cannot specify with certainty all of the particular uses for the net proceeds to us from this offering. Accordingly, our management will have broad discretion in the timing and application of these proceeds.
 
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S-16
 
​
DIVIDEND POLICY
We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our capital stock. We intend to retain future earnings, if any, to finance the operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future determination related to our dividend policy will be made at the discretion of our board of directors after considering our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, business prospects and other factors the board of directors deems relevant, and subject to the restrictions contained in any future financing instruments.
 
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S-17
 
​
CAPITALIZATION
The following table sets forth our cash and cash equivalents and capitalization as of September 30, 2024:
➢
on an actual basis;
​
➢
on a pro forma basis to reflect the sale and issuance of 121,498 shares of Common Stock pursuant to the ATM Facility for net proceeds of $0.7 million after deducting commissions paid by us; and
​
➢
on a pro forma as adjusted basis to reflect the sale and issuance of Units in this offering at the public offering price of $4.00 per Unit, after deducting the underwriting discount and estimated offering expenses payable by us.
​
​ ​ ​
As of September 30, 2024 (unaudited)
​
​ ​ ​
Actual
​ ​
Pro Forma
​ ​
Pro Forma
As Adjusted
​
Cash and cash equivalents
​ ​ ​ $ 12,636,630 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 13,298,480 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 32,688,480 ​ ​
Prepaid and other current assets
​ ​ ​ ​ 1,724,946 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 1,724,946 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 1,724,946 ​ ​
Total assets
​ ​ ​ ​ 14,361,576 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 15,023,426 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 34,413,426 ​ ​
Accounts payable
​ ​ ​ ​ 4,099,414 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 4,099,414 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 4,099,414 ​ ​
Accrued expenses
​ ​ ​ ​ 1,291,962 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 1,291,962 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 1,291,962 ​ ​
Total current liabilities
​ ​ ​ ​ 5,391,376 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 5,391,376 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 5,391,376 ​ ​
Warrant liability
​ ​ ​ ​ 1,464,000 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 1,464,000 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 1,464,000 ​ ​
Derivative liability
​ ​ ​ ​ 442,500 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 442,500 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 442,500 ​ ​
Total liabilities
​ ​ ​ ​ 7,297,876 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 7,297,876 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 7,297,876 ​ ​
Stockholders’ equity (deficit): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value, 2,000,000 shares
authorized; no shares outstanding, actual and as adjusted
​ ​ ​ ​ — ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ — ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ — ​ ​
Common stock, $0.0001 par value, 70,000,000 shares
authorized; 13,283,667 shares outstanding, actual
13,380,633 shares outstanding pro forma and 19,486,231
shares outstanding, pro forma as adjusted
​ ​ ​ ​ 1,328 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 1,340 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 1,865 ​ ​
Additional paid-in capital
​ ​ ​ ​ 136,047,175 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 136,709,093 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 156,098,488 ​ ​
Accumulated deficit
​ ​ ​ ​ (128,984,803) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (128,984,803) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (128,984,803) ​ ​
Total stockholders’ equity
​ ​ ​ ​ 7,063,700 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 7,725,550 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 27,115,550 ​ ​
Total capitalization
​ ​ ​ $ 14,361,576 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 15,023,426 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 34,413,426 ​ ​
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
The above discussion and table are based on 13,283,667 shares of Common Stock outstanding as of September 30, 2024 and excludes the following:
➢
310,733 shares of Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock originally issued in November 2023 and January 2020 with a weighted-average exercise price of $8.99 per share;
​
➢
1,877,751 shares issuable upon the exercise of outstanding stock options with a weighted-average exercise price of $12.69 per share;
​
➢
812,568 shares reserved for future issuances under our 2019 equity compensation plan; and
​
➢
5,250,000 shares of Common Stock exercisable upon the exercise of the Warrants offered hereby.
​
 
​
S-18
 
​
DILUTION
If you purchase Units in this offering, you will experience dilution to the extent of the difference between the public offering price per share of our Common Stock included in the Units in this offering and our as adjusted net tangible book value per share immediately after this offering.
Our net tangible book value as of September 30, 2024 was approximately $7.1 million, or $0.53 per share of Common Stock. Net tangible book value per share is determined by dividing our total tangible assets, less total liabilities, by the aggregate number of shares of our Common Stock outstanding as of September 30, 2024. Dilution in net tangible book value per share represents the difference between the amount per share paid by purchasers of shares of Common Stock in this offering and the net tangible book value per share of our Common Stock immediately after this offering.
After giving effect to the pro forma adjustments described in the “Capitalization” section, our pro forma net tangible book value as of September 30, 2024 would have been approximately $7.7 million, or $0.58 per share of Common Stock.
After giving further effect to the sale of 5,250,000 Units at a public offering price of $4.00 per Unit in this offering, and after deducting the underwriting discount and estimated offering expenses payable by us, our pro forma, as adjusted net tangible book value as of September 30, 2024 would have been approximately $27.1 million, or $1.45 per share of Common Stock. This represents an immediate increase in pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value of approximately $0.87 per share to existing stockholders and an immediate dilution in net tangible book value of approximately $2.55 per share to new investors in this offering. The following table illustrates this dilution on a per share basis:
​
Public offering price per Unit
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 4.00 ​ ​
​
Net tangible book value per share as of September 30, 2024
​ ​ ​ $ 0.53 ​ ​ ​
     
​
​
Pro forma net tangible book value per share as of September 30, 2024
​ ​ ​ $ 0.58 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
​
Increase in pro forma net tangible book value per share attributable to this offering
​ ​ ​ $ 0.87 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
​
Pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share as of September 30, 2024, after giving effect to this offering
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 1.45 ​ ​
​
Dilution per share to new investors in this offering
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 2.55 ​ ​
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
The above discussion and table are based on 13,283,667 shares of Common Stock outstanding as of September 30, 2024 and excludes the following:
➢
310,733 shares of Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock originally issued in November 2023 and January 2020 with a weighted-average exercise price of $8.99 per share;
​
➢
1,877,751 shares issuable upon the exercise of outstanding stock options with a weighted-average exercise price of $12.69 per share;
​
➢
812,568 shares reserved for future issuances under our equity compensation plans; and
​
➢
5,250,000 shares of Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of the Warrants offered hereby.
​
If the holders of outstanding options or warrants or other outstanding convertible securities exercise or convert those options or warrants or other outstanding convertible securities at prices below the public offering price, you will incur further dilution. In addition, we may choose to raise additional capital, including pursuant to the ATM Facility, due to market conditions or strategic considerations even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. To the extent that additional capital is raised through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the issuance of these securities could result in further dilution to our stockholders.
 
​
S-19
 
​
DESCRIPTION OF Securities WE ARE OFFERING
Common Stock
The description of our Common Stock is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 filed with the SEC on March 29, 2024.
Warrants to be Issued in this Offering
Overview.   The following is a brief summary of certain terms and conditions of the Warrants to be issued in this offering and are subject in all respects to the provisions contained in the Warrants. The following summary of certain terms and provisions of the Warrants offered hereby is not complete and is subject to, and qualified in its entirety by, the provisions of the warrant agency agreement between us and Equiniti Trust Company LLC as the Warrant Agent, and the Warrant Agreement each of which is filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K which will be filed by the Company immediately following the closing of this offering and is incorporated by reference into the registration statement of which this prospectus supplement forms a part.
Form.   The Warrants will be issued in book-entry form or physical form if requested by the representative.
Exercisability.   The Warrants are exercisable at any time after their original issuance, and at any time up to the date that is five years after their original issuance. The Warrants will be exercisable, at the option of each holder, in whole or in part by delivering to us a duly executed exercise notice and, at any time a registration statement registering the issuance of the share of Common Stocks underlying the Warrants under the Securities Act is effective and available for the issuance of such shares, by payment in full in immediately available funds for the number of shares of Common Stock purchased upon such exercise. If a registration statement registering the issuance of the shares of Common Stock underlying the Warrants under the Securities Act is not effective or available, the holder may, in its sole discretion, elect to exercise the Warrant through a cashless exercise, in which case the holder would receive upon such exercise the net number of shares of Common Stock determined according to the formula set forth in the Warrant. No fractional share of Common Stock will be issued in connection with the exercise of a Warrant. In lieu of fractional shares, we will pay the holder an amount in cash equal to the fractional amount multiplied by the exercise price or round up to the next whole share.
Exercise Limitation.   A holder will not have the right to exercise any portion of the Warrant if the holder (together with its affiliates) would beneficially own in excess of 4.99% (or, at the election of the holder prior to issuance, 9.99%) of the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise, as such percentage ownership is determined in accordance with the terms of the Warrants. However, any holder may increase or decrease such percentage to any other percentage not in excess of 9.99% upon at least 61 days’ prior notice from the holder to us.
Exercise Price.   The exercise price per whole share of Common Stock purchasable upon exercise of the Warrants is expected to be $5.00 per share of Common Stock. The exercise price is also subject to appropriate adjustment in the event of certain stock dividends and distributions, stock splits, stock combinations, reclassifications or similar events affecting our shares of Common Stock and also upon any distributions of assets, including cash, stock or other property to our shareholders.
Cashless Exercise.   If at the time of exercise hereof there is no effective registration statement registering, or the prospectus contained therein is not available for the issuance of the shares of Common Stock to the holder upon exercise of the Warrants, in lieu of making the cash payment otherwise contemplated to be made to us upon such exercise in payment of the aggregate exercise price, the holder may elect instead to receive upon such exercise (either in whole or in part) the net number of shares of Common Stock determined according to a formula set forth in the Warrants.
Transferability.   Subject to applicable laws, the Warrants may be offered for sale, sold, transferred or assigned without our consent.
 
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DESCRIPTION OF Securities WE ARE OFFERING
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No Listing.   The Warrants will not be listed on the NYSE or any other national securities exchange.
Fundamental Transactions.   In the event of a fundamental transaction, as described in the Warrants and generally including any reorganization, recapitalization or reclassification of our shares of Common Stock, the sale, transfer or other disposition of all or substantially all of our properties or assets, our consolidation or merger with or into another person, the acquisition of more than 50% of our outstanding share of Common Stock, or any person or group becoming the beneficial owner of 50% of the voting power represented by our outstanding share of Common Stock, the holders of the Warrants will be entitled to receive upon exercise of the Warrants the kind and amount of securities, cash or other property that the holders would have received had they exercised the Warrants immediately prior to such fundamental transaction.
Rights as a Stockholder.   Except as otherwise provided in the Warrants or by virtue of such holder’s ownership of shares of our Common Stock, the holder of a Warrant does not have the rights or privileges of a holder of our shares of Common Stock, including any voting rights, until the holder exercises the Warrant.
Warrant Agent.   The Warrants will be issued in registered form under a warrant agency agreement between the Warrant Agent and us.
Transfer and Warrant Agent
The transfer agent and registrar for our Common Stock and the Warrant Agent for the Warrants is Equiniti Trust Company, LLC.
 
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UNDERWRITING
ThinkEquity LLC is acting as the representative of the underwriters of the offering. We have entered into an underwriting agreement dated February 3, 2025 with the representative. Subject to the terms and conditions of the underwriting agreement, we have agreed to sell to each underwriter named below, and each underwriter named below has severally agreed to purchase, at the public offering price less the underwriting discounts set forth on the cover page of this prospectus supplement, the number of shares of Common Stock at the public offering price, less the underwriting discount, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus supplement, the number of shares of Common Stock listed next to its name in the following table:
Underwriter
​ ​
Number of Units
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ThinkEquity LLC
​ ​ ​ ​ 5,250,000 ​ ​
Total
​ ​ ​ ​ 5,250,000 ​ ​
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
The underwriters are committed to purchase all the Units offered by us. The obligations of the underwriters may be terminated upon the occurrence of certain events specified in the underwriting agreement. Furthermore, the underwriting agreement provides that the obligations of the underwriters to pay for and accept delivery of the Units offered by us in this prospectus supplement are subject to various representations and warranties and other customary conditions specified in the underwriting agreement, such as receipt by the underwriters of officers’ certificates and legal opinions.
We have agreed to indemnify the underwriters against specified liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, and to contribute to payments the underwriters may be required to make in respect thereof.
The underwriters are offering the Units subject to prior sale, when, as and if issued to and accepted by them, subject to approval of legal matters by their counsel and other conditions specified in the underwriting agreement. The underwriters reserve the right to withdraw, cancel or modify offers to the public and to reject orders in whole or in part.
Discounts, Commissions and Reimbursement
The representative has advised us that the underwriters propose to offer the Units to the public at the public offering price per share set forth on the cover page of this prospectus supplement. The underwriters may offer securities to securities dealers at that price less a concession of not more than $0.12 per Unit. After the offering to the public, the public offering price and other selling terms may be changed by the representative.
The following table summarizes the underwriting discount and proceeds, before expenses, to us:
​ ​ ​
Per Unit
​ ​
Total
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Public offering price
​ ​ ​ $ 4.00 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 21,000,000 ​ ​
Underwriting discount (6%)(1)
​ ​ ​ $ 0.24 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 1,260,000 ​ ​
Proceeds, before expenses, to us
​ ​ ​ $ 3.76 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 19,740,000 ​ ​
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1)
We have agreed to pay the underwriter a commission of 6.0% of the gross proceeds of this offering.
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In addition, we have also agreed to pay the representative accountable expense allowance up to $125,000 for: (i) the fees and expenses of the representative’s legal counsel; (ii) the cost associated with the use of Ipreo’s book building, prospectus tracking and compliance software for this offering; (iii) data services and communications expenses; (s) the representative’s actual accountable “road show” expenses; and (iv) the representative’s market making and trading, and clearing firm settlement expenses for this offering. We have
 
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UNDERWRITING
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paid an advance of $25,000 to the representative, which will be applied against the out-of-pocket accountable expenses in connection with this offering and will be reimbursed to us to the extent not incurred.
Lock-Up Agreements
We have agreed not to do any of the following without the express written consent of the representative:
(i)
our directors and officers and any other 5% or greater holder of outstanding shares of our Common Stock as of the pricing date of this offering, will enter into customary “lock-up” agreements in favor of the representative pursuant to which such persons and entities will agree, for a period of thirty (30) days from the date of this offering, that they will neither offer, issue, sell, contract to sell, encumber, grant any option for the sale of or otherwise dispose of any securities of the Company without the representative’s prior written consent; and
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(ii)
each of the Company and any successors of the Company will agree, for a period of sixty (60) days from the pricing date of this offering, that each will not
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(a)
offer, pledge, sell, contract to sell, sell any option or contract to purchase, purchase any option or contract to sell, grant any option, right or warrant to purchase, lend, or otherwise transfer or dispose of, directly or indirectly, any shares of capital stock of the Company or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for shares of capital stock of the Company;
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(b)
file or caused to be filed any registration statement with the Commission relating to the offering of any shares of capital stock of the Company or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for shares of capital stock of the Company;
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(c)
complete any offering of debt securities of the Company, other than entering into a line of credit with a traditional bank or (d) enter into any swap or other arrangement that transfers to another, in whole or in part, any of the economic consequences of ownership of capital stock of the Company, whether any such transaction described in clause (a), (b), (c) or (d) above is to be settled by delivery of shares of capital stock of the Company or such other securities, in cash or otherwise.
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(iii)
we have agreed that for a period of six months from the date of this offering, we will not directly or indirectly offer to sell, sell, contract to sell, grant any option to sell or otherwise dispose of shares of capital stock of the Company or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for shares of capital stock of the Company in any “at-the-market” ​(including pursuant to the ATM Facility), continuous equity or variable rate transaction, without the prior written consent of the representative.
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New York Stock Exchange
Our shares of Common Stock are listed on the NYSE under the symbol “ANVS.” The Warrants will not be listed on the NYSE, any national securities exchange or any other trading market.
Electronic Offer, Sale and Distribution of Securities
A prospectus in electronic format may be made available on the websites maintained by one or more of the underwriters or selling group members. The representative may agree to allocate a number of securities to underwriters and selling group members for sale to its online brokerage account holders. Internet distributions will be allocated by the underwriters and selling group members that will make internet distributions on the same basis as other allocations. Other than the prospectus in electronic format, the information on these websites is not part of, nor incorporated by reference into, this prospectus supplement
 
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UNDERWRITING
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or the registration statement of which this prospectus supplement forms a part, has not been approved or endorsed by us, and should not be relied upon by investors.
Stabilization
In connection with this offering, the underwriters may engage in stabilizing transactions, over-allotment transactions, syndicate-covering transactions, penalty bids and purchases to cover positions created by short sales.
Stabilizing transactions permit bids to purchase shares so long as the stabilizing bids do not exceed a specified maximum and are engaged in for the purpose of preventing or retarding a decline in the market price of the shares while the offering is in progress.
Syndicate covering transactions involve purchases of shares in the open market after the distribution has been completed in order to cover syndicate short positions.
Penalty bids permit the representative to reclaim a selling concession from a syndicate member when the shares originally sold by that syndicate member are purchased in stabilizing or syndicate covering transactions to cover syndicate short positions.
These stabilizing transactions, syndicate covering transactions and penalty bids may have the effect of raising or maintaining the market price of our shares of Common Stock or preventing or retarding a decline in the market price of our shares of common stock. As a result, the price of our common stock in the open market may be higher than it would otherwise be in the absence of these transactions. Neither we nor the underwriters make any representation or prediction as to the effect that the transactions described above may have on the price of our common stock. These transactions may be effected in the over-the-counter market or otherwise and, if commenced, may be discontinued at any time.
Passive Market Making
In connection with this offering, the underwriters and any selling group members may engage in passive market making transactions in our common stock on NYSE in accordance with Rule 103 of Regulation M under the Exchange Act during a period before the commencement of offers or sales of shares of our Common Stock and extending through the completion of the distribution. A passive market maker must display its bid at a price not in excess of the highest independent bid of that security. However, if all independent bids are lowered below the passive market maker’s bid, that bid must then be lowered when specified purchase limits are exceeded.
Other Relationships
Certain of the underwriters and their affiliates may in the future provide various investment banking, commercial banking and other financial services for us and our affiliates for which they may in the future receive customary fees.
Offer restrictions outside the United States
Other than in the United States, no action has been taken by us or the underwriters that would permit a public offering of the securities offered by this prospectus supplement in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required. The securities offered by this prospectus supplement may not be offered or sold, directly or indirectly, nor may this prospectus supplement or any other offering material or advertisements in connection with the offer and sale of any such securities be distributed or published in any jurisdiction, except under circumstances that will result in compliance with the applicable rules and regulations of that jurisdiction. Persons into whose possession this prospectus supplement comes are advised to inform themselves about and to observe any restrictions relating to the offering and the distribution of this prospectus
 
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UNDERWRITING
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supplement. This prospectus supplement does not constitute an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy any securities offered by this prospectus supplement in any jurisdiction in which such an offer or a solicitation is unlawful.
Australia
This prospectus supplement is not a disclosure document under Chapter 6D of the Australian Corporations Act, has not been lodged with the Australian Securities and Investments Commission and does not purport to include the information required of a disclosure document under Chapter 6D of the Australian Corporations Act. Accordingly, (i) the offer of the securities under this prospectus supplement is only made to persons to whom it is lawful to offer the securities without disclosure under Chapter 6D of the Australian Corporations Act under one or more exemptions set out in section 708 of the Australian Corporations Act, (ii) this prospectus supplement is made available in Australia only to those persons as set forth in clause (i) above, and (iii) the offeree must be sent a notice stating in substance that by accepting this offer, the offeree represents that the offeree is such a person as set forth in clause (i) above, and, unless permitted under the Australian Corporations Act, agrees not to sell or offer for sale within Australia any of the securities sold to the offeree within 12 months after its transfer to the offeree under this prospectus supplement.
China
The information in this document does not constitute a public offer of the securities, whether by way of sale or subscription, in the People’s Republic of China (excluding, for purposes of this paragraph, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Macau Special Administrative Region and Taiwan). The securities may not be offered or sold directly or indirectly in the PRC to legal or natural persons other than directly to “qualified domestic institutional investors.”
European Economic Area — Belgium, Germany, Luxembourg and Netherlands
The information in this document has been prepared on the basis that all offers of securities will be made pursuant to an exemption under the Directive 2003/71/EC (“Prospectus Directive”), as implemented in Member States of the European Economic Area (each, a “Relevant Member State”), from the requirement to produce a prospectus for offers of securities.
An offer to the public of securities has not been made, and may not be made, in a Relevant Member State except pursuant to one of the following exemptions under the Prospectus Directive as implemented in that Relevant Member State:
➢
to legal entities that are authorized or regulated to operate in the financial markets or, if not so authorized or regulated, whose corporate purpose is solely to invest in securities;
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➢
to any legal entity that has two or more of (i) an average of at least 250 employees during its last fiscal year; (ii) a total balance sheet of more than €43,000,000 (as shown on its last annual unconsolidated or consolidated financial statements) and (iii) an annual net turnover of more than €50,000,000 (as shown on its last annual unconsolidated or consolidated financial statements);
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➢
to fewer than 100 natural or legal persons (other than qualified investors within the meaning of Article 2(1)(e) of the Prospectus Directive) subject to obtaining the prior consent of the Company or any underwriter for any such offer; or
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➢
in any other circumstances falling within Article 3(2) of the Prospectus Directive, provided that no such offer of securities shall result in a requirement for the publication by the Company of a prospectus pursuant to Article 3 of the Prospectus Directive.
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France
This document is not being distributed in the context of a public offering of financial securities (offre au public de titres financiers) in France within the meaning of Article L.411-1 of the French Monetary and
 
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UNDERWRITING
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Financial Code (Code Monétaire et Financier) and Articles 211-1 et seq. of the General Regulation of the French Autorité des marchés financiers (“AMF”). The securities have not been offered or sold and will not be offered or sold, directly or indirectly, to the public in France.
This document and any other offering material relating to the securities have not been, and will not be, submitted to the AMF for approval in France and, accordingly, may not be distributed or caused to distributed, directly or indirectly, to the public in France.
Such offers, sales and distributions have been and shall only be made in France to (i) qualified investors (investisseurs qualifiés) acting for their own account, as defined in and in accordance with Articles L.411-2-II-2° and D.411-1 to D.411-3, D.744-1, D.754-1, and D.764-1 of the French Monetary and Financial Code and any implementing regulation and/or (ii) a restricted number of non-qualified investors (cercle restreint d’investisseurs) acting for their own account, as defined in and in accordance with Articles L.411-2-II-2° and D.411-4, D.744-1, D.754-1, and D.764-1 of the French Monetary and Financial Code and any implementing regulation.
Pursuant to Article 211-3 of the General Regulation of the AMF, investors in France are informed that the securities cannot be distributed (directly or indirectly) to the public by the investors otherwise than in accordance with Articles L.411-1, L.411-2, L.412-1 and L.621-8 to L.621-8-3 of the French Monetary and Financial Code.
Ireland
The information in this document does not constitute a prospectus under any Irish laws or regulations and this document has not been filed with or approved by any Irish regulatory authority as the information has not been prepared in the context of a public offering of securities in Ireland within the meaning of the Irish Prospectus (Directive 2003/71/EC) Regulations 2005 (the “Prospectus Regulations”). The securities have not been offered or sold, and will not be offered, sold or delivered directly or indirectly in Ireland by way of a public offering, except to (i) qualified investors as defined in Regulation 2(l) of the Prospectus Regulations and (ii) fewer than 100 natural or legal persons who are not qualified investors.
Israel
The securities offered by this prospectus supplement have not been approved or disapproved by the Israeli Securities Authority (the ISA), or ISA, nor have such securities been registered for sale in Israel. The shares may not be offered or sold, directly or indirectly, to the public in Israel, absent the publication of a prospectus. The ISA has not issued permits, approvals or licenses in connection with the offering or publishing the prospectus; nor has it authenticated the details included herein, confirmed their reliability or completeness, or rendered an opinion as to the quality of the securities being offered. Any resale in Israel, directly or indirectly, to the public of the securities offered by this prospectus supplement is subject to restrictions on transferability and must be effected only in compliance with the Israeli securities laws and regulations.
Italy
The offering of the securities in the Republic of Italy has not been authorized by the Italian Securities and Exchange Commission (Commissione Nazionale per le Societ — $$ — Aga e la Borsa, “CONSOB” pursuant to the Italian securities legislation and, accordingly, no offering material relating to the securities may be distributed in Italy and such securities may not be offered or sold in Italy in a public offer within the meaning of Article 1.1(t) of Legislative Decree No. 58 of 24 February 1998 (“Decree No. 58”), other than:
➢
to Italian qualified investors, as defined in Article 100 of Decree no.58 by reference to Article 34-ter of CONSOB Regulation no. 11971 of 14 May 1999 (“Regulation no. 1197l”) as amended (“Qualified Investors”); and
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➢
in other circumstances that are exempt from the rules on public offer pursuant to Article 100 of Decree No. 58 and Article 34-ter of Regulation No. 11971 as amended.
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UNDERWRITING
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Any offer, sale or delivery of the securities or distribution of any offer document relating to the securities in Italy (excluding placements where a Qualified Investor solicits an offer from the issuer) under the paragraphs above must be:
➢
made by investment firms, banks or financial intermediaries permitted to conduct such activities in Italy in accordance with Legislative Decree No. 385 of 1 September 1993 (as amended), Decree No. 58, CONSOB Regulation No. 16190 of 29 October 2007 and any other applicable laws; and
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➢
in compliance with all relevant Italian securities, tax and exchange controls and any other applicable laws.
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Any subsequent distribution of the securities in Italy must be made in compliance with the public offer and prospectus requirement rules provided under Decree No. 58 and the Regulation No. 11971 as amended, unless an exception from those rules applies. Failure to comply with such rules may result in the sale of such securities being declared null and void and in the liability of the entity transferring the securities for any damages suffered by the investors.
Japan
The securities have not been and will not be registered under Article 4, paragraph 1 of the Financial Instruments and Exchange Law of Japan (Law No. 25 of 1948), as amended (the “FIEL”) pursuant to an exemption from the registration requirements applicable to a private placement of securities to Qualified Institutional Investors (as defined in and in accordance with Article 2, paragraph 3 of the FIEL and the regulations promulgated thereunder). Accordingly, the securities may not be offered or sold, directly or indirectly, in Japan or to, or for the benefit of, any resident of Japan other than Qualified Institutional Investors. Any Qualified Institutional Investor who acquires securities may not resell them to any person in Japan that is not a Qualified Institutional Investor, and acquisition by any such person of securities is conditional upon the execution of an agreement to that effect.
Portugal
This document is not being distributed in the context of a public offer of financial securities (oferta pública de valores mobiliários) in Portugal, within the meaning of Article 109 of the Portuguese Securities Code (Código dos Valores Mobiliários). The securities have not been offered or sold and will not be offered or sold, directly or indirectly, to the public in Portugal. This document and any other offering material relating to the securities have not been, and will not be, submitted to the Portuguese Securities Market Commission (Comissăo do Mercado de Valores Mobiliários) for approval in Portugal and, accordingly, may not be distributed or caused to distributed, directly or indirectly, to the public in Portugal, other than under circumstances that are deemed not to qualify as a public offer under the Portuguese Securities Code. Such offers, sales and distributions of securities in Portugal are limited to persons who are “qualified investors” ​(as defined in the Portuguese Securities Code). Only such investors may receive this document and they may not distribute it or the information contained in it to any other person.
Sweden
This document has not been, and will not be, registered with or approved by Finansinspektionen (the Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority). Accordingly, this document may not be made available, nor may the securities be offered for sale in Sweden, other than under circumstances that are deemed not to require a prospectus under the Swedish Financial Instruments Trading Act (1991:980) (Sw. lag (1991:980) om handel med finansiella instrument). Any offering of securities in Sweden is limited to persons who are “qualified investors” ​(as defined in the Financial Instruments Trading Act). Only such investors may receive this document and they may not distribute it or the information contained in it to any other person.
Switzerland
The securities may not be publicly offered in Switzerland and will not be listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange (“SIX”) or on any other stock exchange or regulated trading facility in Switzerland. This document has been
 
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UNDERWRITING
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prepared without regard to the disclosure standards for issuance prospectuses under art. 652a or art. 1156 of the Swiss Code of Obligations or the disclosure standards for listing prospectuses under art. 27 ff. of the SIX Listing Rules or the listing rules of any other stock exchange or regulated trading facility in Switzerland. Neither this document nor any other offering material relating to the securities may be publicly distributed or otherwise made publicly available in Switzerland.
Neither this document nor any other offering material relating to the securities have been or will be filed with or approved by any Swiss regulatory authority. In particular, this document will not be filed with, and the offer of securities will not be supervised by, the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority (FINMA).
This document is personal to the recipient only and not for general circulation in Switzerland.
United Arab Emirates
Neither this document nor the securities have been approved, disapproved or passed on in any way by the Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates or any other governmental authority in the United Arab Emirates, nor has the Company received authorization or licensing from the Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates or any other governmental authority in the United Arab Emirates to market or sell the securities within the United Arab Emirates. This document does not constitute and may not be used for the purpose of an offer or invitation. No services relating to the securities, including the receipt of applications and/or the allotment or redemption of such shares, may be rendered within the United Arab Emirates by the Company.
No offer or invitation to subscribe for securities is valid or permitted in the Dubai International Financial Centre.
United Kingdom
Neither the information in this document nor any other document relating to the offer has been delivered for approval to the Financial Services Authority in the United Kingdom and no prospectus (within the meaning of section 85 of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000, as amended (“FSMA”) has been published or is intended to be published in respect of the securities. This document is issued on a confidential basis to “qualified investors” ​(within the meaning of section 86(7) of FSMA) in the United Kingdom, and the securities may not be offered or sold in the United Kingdom by means of this document, any accompanying letter or any other document, except in circumstances which do not require the publication of a prospectus pursuant to section 86(1) FSMA. This document should not be distributed, published or reproduced, in whole or in part, nor may its contents be disclosed by recipients to any other person in the United Kingdom.
Any invitation or inducement to engage in investment activity (within the meaning of section 21 of FSMA) received in connection with the issue or sale of the securities has only been communicated or caused to be communicated and will only be communicated or caused to be communicated in the United Kingdom in circumstances in which section 21(1) of FSMA does not apply to the Company.
In the United Kingdom, this document is being distributed only to, and is directed at, persons (i) who have professional experience in matters relating to investments falling within Article 19(5) (investment professionals) of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Financial Promotions) Order 2005 (“FPO”), (ii) who fall within the categories of persons referred to in Article 49(2)(a) to (d) (high net worth companies, unincorporated associations, etc.) of the FPO or (iii) to whom it may otherwise be lawfully communicated (together “relevant persons”). The investments to which this document relates are available only to, and any invitation, offer or agreement to purchase will be engaged in only with, relevant persons. Any person who is not a relevant person should not act or rely on this document or any of its contents.
Canada
The securities may be sold in Canada only to purchasers purchasing, or deemed to be purchasing, as principal that are accredited investors, as defined in National Instrument 45-106 Prospectus Exemptions or
 
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S-28
UNDERWRITING
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subsection 73.3(1) of the Securities Act (Ontario), and are permitted clients, as defined in National Instrument 31-103 Registration Requirements, Exemptions and Ongoing Registrant Obligations. Any resale of the securities must be made in accordance with an exemption from, or in a transaction not subject to, the prospectus requirements of applicable securities laws. Securities legislation in certain provinces or territories of Canada may provide a purchaser with remedies for rescission or damages if this prospectus supplement (including any amendment thereto) contains a misrepresentation, provided that the remedies for rescission or damages are exercised by the purchaser within the time limit prescribed by the securities legislation of the purchaser’s province or territory. The purchaser should refer to any applicable provisions of the securities legislation of the purchaser’s province or territory for particulars of these rights or consult with a legal advisor. Pursuant to section 3A.3 of National Instrument 33-105 Underwriting Conflicts (NI 33-105), the underwriters are not required to comply with the disclosure requirements of NI33-105 regarding underwriter conflicts of interest in connection with this offering.
 
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LEGAL MATTERS
The validity of the shares of Common Stock and the Warrants offered hereby will be passed upon by Loeb & Loeb LLP, New York, New York. ThinkEquity is being represented in connection with this offering by Venable LLP, New York, New York.
EXPERTS
The financial statements of Annovis Bio, Inc. as of December 31, 2023 and for the year then ended appearing in Annovis Bio, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 have been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, independent registered public accounting firm, as set forth in their report thereon, included therein, and incorporated herein by reference. Such financial statements are incorporated herein by reference in reliance upon such report given on the authority of such firm as experts in accounting and auditing.
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION
This prospectus supplement is part of the registration statement on Form S-3 we filed with the SEC under the Securities Act and does not contain all of the information set forth in the registration statement. Whenever a reference is made in this prospectus supplement to any of our contracts, agreements or other documents, the reference may not be complete and you should refer to the exhibits that are a part of the registration statement or the exhibits to the reports or other documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement for a copy of such contract, agreement or other document. Because we are subject to the information and reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, we file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. Our SEC filings are available to the public over the Internet at the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov. We maintain a website at www.annovisbio.com. Information contained in or accessible through our website does not constitute a part of this prospectus supplement.
INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
The SEC allows us to “incorporate by reference” information into this prospectus supplement, which means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to another document filed separately with the SEC. The SEC file number for the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement is 001-39202. The documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement contain important information that you should read about us.
The following documents are incorporated by reference into this document:
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our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the quarters ended March 31, 2024, June 30, 2024 and September 30, 2024, filed with the SEC on May 10, 2024, August 14, 2024 and November 8, 2024;
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INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
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➢
the description of our Common Stock contained in Exhibit 4.4 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the SEC on March 29, 2024, and any amendment or report filed for the purpose of updating such description.
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We also incorporate by reference all documents we file under Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act filed after the date of this prospectus supplement. The most recent information that we file with the SEC automatically updates and supersedes older information. The information contained in any such filing will be deemed to be a part of this prospectus, commencing on the date on which the document is filed.
Notwithstanding the statements in the preceding paragraphs, no document, report or exhibit (or portion of any of the foregoing) or any other information that we have “furnished” to the SEC pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended shall be incorporated by reference into this prospectus.
We will furnish without charge to each person, including any beneficial owner, to whom this prospectus is delivered, upon written or oral request, a copy of any documents incorporated by reference other than exhibits to those documents. Requests should be addressed to:
Annovis Bio, Inc.
Attn: Investor Relations
101 Lindenwood Drive,
Suite 225
Malvern, PA 19355
Any statement contained in this prospectus supplement or in a document incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement will be deemed to be modified or superseded for purposes of this prospectus supplement to the extent that a statement contained in this prospectus supplement or any other subsequently filed document that is deemed to be incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement modifies or supersedes the statement. Any statement so modified or superseded will not be deemed, except as so modified or superseded, to constitute a part of this prospectus supplement.
You should rely only on information contained in, or incorporated by reference into, this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with information different from that contained in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus or incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus. We are not making offers to sell the securities in any jurisdiction in which such an offer or solicitation is not authorized or in which the person making such offer or solicitation is not qualified to do so or to anyone to whom it is unlawful to make such offer or solicitation.
 
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PROSPECTUS
[MISSING IMAGE: lg_annovis-4c.jpg]
$250,000,000
Common Stock
Preferred Stock
Debt Securities
Warrants
Units
We may offer and sell from time to time shares of common stock, shares of preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, or any combination of those securities, either individually or in units, up to an aggregate initial offering price of $250,000,000, in one or more transactions under this prospectus. We may also offer common stock or preferred stock upon conversion of debt securities, common stock upon conversion of preferred stock, or common stock, preferred stock, or debt securities upon the exercise of warrants. The securities may be offered in amounts, at prices and on terms to be determined based on market conditions at the time of sale and set forth in an accompanying prospectus supplement.
This prospectus provides you with a general description of the securities that we may offer. Each time we offer securities, we will provide you with a prospectus supplement that describes specific information about the particular securities being offered and may add, update or change information contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus. You should read both this prospectus and the applicable prospectus supplement, together with the additional information that is incorporated by reference into this prospectus and the applicable prospectus supplement, before you invest in any of our securities.
The securities may be sold by us to or through underwriters or dealers, directly to purchasers or through agents designated from time to time, or through a combination of these methods. For additional information on the methods of sale, you should refer to the section entitled “Plan of Distribution” in this prospectus and the comparable section of any applicable prospectus supplement. If any underwriters are involved in the sale of the securities with respect to which this prospectus is being delivered, the names of such underwriters and any applicable discounts or commissions and options will be set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement.
Our common stock is listed on the NYSE under the ticker symbol “ANVS.” On January 30, 2024, the last reported sale price per share of our common stock on the NYSE was $10.75 per share. We have not yet determined whether the other securities that may be offered by this prospectus will be listed on any exchange, interdealer quotation system or over-the-counter market. If we decide to seek the listing of any such securities upon issuance, the prospectus supplement relating to those securities will disclose the exchange, quotation system or market on which those securities will be listed.
INVESTING IN OUR SECURITIES INVOLVES A HIGH DEGREE OF RISK. RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INVESTMENT IN OUR SECURITIES WILL BE DESCRIBED IN THE APPLICABLE PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT AND CERTAIN OF OUR FILINGS WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE INTO THIS PROSPECTUS, AS DESCRIBED UNDER “RISK FACTORS” ON PAGE 5.
You should read this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement together with additional information described under the heading “Where You Can Find Additional Information” before you make your investment decision.
Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
Prospectus dated February 12, 2024.
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS
As used in this prospectus, unless the context otherwise requires, the terms “Annovis,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Annovis Bio, Inc.
This prospectus is a part of a registration statement that we filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, (the “SEC”), using a “shelf” registration process. Under this shelf registration process, we may offer to sell any of the securities, or any combination of the securities, described in this prospectus, in each case, in one or more offerings, up to an aggregate dollar amount of $250,000,000.
This prospectus provides you with a general description of the securities that we may offer. Each time securities are sold under this registration statement, we will provide an accompanying prospectus supplement that will contain specific information about the terms of those securities and the terms of that offering. The accompanying prospectus supplement may also add, update or change information contained in this prospectus. If there is any inconsistency between the information in this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement, you should rely on the information in the accompanying prospectus supplement. You should read both this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement, including all documents incorporated by reference herein and therein, together with the additional information described under “Where You Can Find Additional Information” below.
The information contained in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. You should rely only on the information provided in or incorporated by reference in this prospectus or in any accompanying prospectus supplement, or documents to which we otherwise refer you. We have not authorized anyone else to provide you with different information.
We have not authorized any dealer, agent or other person to give any information or to make any representation other than those contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement. You must not rely upon any information or representation not contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus or an accompanying prospectus supplement. This prospectus and the accompanying prospectus supplement, if any, do not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any securities other than the registered securities to which they relate, nor do this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement, if any, constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy securities in any jurisdiction to any person to whom it is unlawful to make such offer or solicitation in such jurisdiction. You should not assume that the information contained in this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement is accurate on any date subsequent to the date set forth on the front of such document or that any information we have incorporated by reference is correct on any date subsequent to the date of the document incorporated by reference, even though this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement is delivered, or securities are sold on a later date.
 
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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This prospectus, including documents incorporated by reference, any applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, contain forward-looking statements, as defined in Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by the words “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “might,” “objective,” “ongoing,” “plan,” “predict,” “project,” “potential,” “should,” “will,” or “would,” and or the negative of these terms, or other comparable terminology intended to identify statements about the future. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from the information expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Although we believe that we have a reasonable basis for each forward-looking statement contained in this prospectus, we caution you that these statements are based on a combination of facts and factors currently known by us and our expectations of the future, about which we cannot be certain.
The forward-looking statements in this prospectus include, among other things, statements about:
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our business strategies;
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the timing of regulatory submissions;
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our ability to obtain and maintain regulatory approval of our existing product candidates and any other product candidates we may develop, and the labeling under any approval we may obtain;
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risks relating to the timing and costs of clinical trials and the timing and costs of other expenses;
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risks related to market acceptance of products;
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risks associated with our reliance on third-party organizations;
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our competitive position;
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assumptions regarding the size of the available market, product pricing and timing of commercialization of our product candidates;
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our intellectual property position and our ability to maintain and protect our intellectual property rights;
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our results of operations, financial condition, liquidity, prospects, and growth strategies;
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our cash needs and financing plans;
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the industry in which we operate; and
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the trends that may affect the industry or us.
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We cannot guarantee that the results and other expectations expressed, anticipated or implied in any forward-looking statement will be realized. The risks set forth under Item 1A of our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, as revised or supplemented by our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and other documents we file with the SEC, describe material risks to our business, and you should read and interpret any forward-looking statements together with these risks. A variety of factors, including these risks, could cause our actual results and other expectations to differ materially from the anticipated results or other expectations expressed, anticipated or implied in our forward-looking statements. Should known or unknown risks materialize, or should underlying assumptions prove inaccurate, actual results could differ materially from past results and those anticipated, estimated or projected in the forward-looking statements. You should bear this in mind as you consider any forward-looking statements.
You should read this prospectus, including documents incorporated by reference, any applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. The forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus are made as of the date of this prospectus and we do not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.
 
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THE COMPANY
Overview
We are a clinical stage, drug platform company addressing neurodegeneration, such as Alzheimer’s disease (“AD”) and Parkinson’s disease (“PD”). We are developing our lead product candidate, buntanetap, which is designed to address AD, PD and other chronic neurodegenerative diseases. Buntanetap is a synthetically produced small molecule, orally administered, brain penetrant compound. In several studies, buntanetap was observed to inhibit the synthesis of neurotoxic proteins-APP/Aβ (“APP”), tau/phospho-tau (“tau”) and α-Synuclein (“αSYN”)-that are the main causes of neurodegeneration. High levels of neurotoxic proteins lead to impaired axonal transport, which is responsible for the communication between and within nerve cells. When that communication is impaired, the immune system is activated and attacks the nerve cells, eventually killing them. We have observed in our clinical studies in early AD and early PD patients and pre-clinical studies in mice and rats that buntanetap lowered neurotoxic protein levels leading to improved axonal transport, reduced inflammation, lower nerve cell death and improved affected function.
In 2021, we completed two Phase 1/2 clinical studies: one in 14 early AD patients, and one in 54 early PD patients (together, the “AD/PD Trials”). In the AD/PD Trials, early AD patients were defined as those with a Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score between 19 and 28 and early PD patients as those patients at Hoehn & Yahr stages 1, 2 or 3. MMSE is a brief screening instrument used to assess cognitive function, with total scores ranging from 0 to 30 and a lower score indicating greater disease severity, while the Hoehn & Yahr scale is a medical assessment used to measure staging of the functional disability associated with PD where a higher stage indicates greater disease severity. In collaboration with the Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study (“ADCS”), we also conducted a trial in 16 early AD patients (the “ADCS Trial”). In the ADCS Trial, early AD patients were defined as those patients with a MMSE score between 19 and 28. All three clinical trials were double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. We designed the studies by applying our understanding of the underlying neurodegenerative disease states, and measured efficacy as well as both target and pathway engagement in the spinal fluid of patients to determine whether patients improvement following treatment correlated with the CSF biomarkers. In addition to meeting their primary endpoints of safety and tolerability and secondary endpoint of pharmacokinetics, our AD/PD Trials met exploratory endpoints of measures of biomarkers and improvements in cognition in AD patients, and in function in PD patients. We believe that the AD/PD Trials represent the first double-blind placebo-controlled studies that showed improvements in AD patients, as measured by ADAS-Cog, and in PD patients, as measured by UPDRS. Following completion of the AD/PD Trials, we submitted our data to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) and requested direction to further pursue the development of buntanetap in early PD patients. With the FDA’s guidance, we initiated a Phase 3 study in early PD patients in August 2022 (our “Phase 3 PD Study”). In the Phase 3 PD Study, early PD patients were defined as those at Hoehn & Yahr stages 1, 2 or 3, and OFF times of less than two hours per day. OFF time refers to when PD motor and/or non-motor symptoms occur between medication doses. We also submitted a proposed protocol for the treatment of moderate AD to the FDA, and after receiving permission to proceed, we initiated a Phase 2/3 study in mild to moderate AD patients in February 2023 (our “Phase 2/3 AD Study”). In the Phase 2/3 AD Study, mild to moderate AD patients were defined as those with a MMSE score between 14 and 24. At the completion of the ADCS Trial, the data showed that buntanetap is a translational inhibitor in humans just like in animals, and we further observed that there was statistical improvement in cognition in early AD patients, just like in the AD/PD Trials.
Our Phase 3 PD Study and Phase 2/3 AD Study each have built in interim analyses. Our Phase 3 PD Study incorporated an interim analysis at two months, the results of which were disclosed on March 31, 2023. The pre-planned interim analysis was conducted by our data analytics provider based on 132 patients from all cohorts collectively for which baseline and two-month data was available. As the interim analysis was conducted at two months of the six-month endpoint and only on 132 patients, it may not be indicative of the results at six months for the full patient population because as the trial progresses, clinical outcomes may materially change as patient enrollment continues. Based on the results of the interim analysis, we proceeded with the Phase 3 PD Study as planned in accordance with the previously established protocol. The data safety monitoring board (DSMB) also conducted an interim safety analysis and reported that buntanetap was generally well-tolerated and the study should proceed as planned. We remain blinded to the Phase 3 PD Study and we do not have safety or efficacy data from the trial.
 
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The pre-planned interim analysis for AD was based on 107 patients having completed six weeks of treatment. Based on the results of the interim analysis, which we disclosed on October 12, 2023, we are proceeding with the Phase 2/3 AD study as planned without the need to add additional patients. The data safety monitoring board (DSMB) also conducted an interim safety analysis and reported that buntanetap was generally well-tolerated and the study should proceed as planned.
We plan to consult with the FDA following completion of both studies, to obtain feedback on our additional AD and PD studies, including conducting an open label extension study following the completion of the initial trials. Using the data from the Phase 3 PD Study, we intend to design an 18-month long disease-modifying Phase 3 study in the same early PD patients. In addition, we intend to conduct a short 6-month study in advanced PD patients during the second half of the 18-month disease modifying Phase 3 study, at which time we will define the advanced PD patient population for the purposes of such study. Similarly, using the data from the Phase 2/3 AD Study interim analysis, we intend to design an 18-month disease modifying Phase 3 study in the same early AD patient population. In addition, we intend to conduct a short 6-month study in advanced AD patients during the second half of the 18-month disease modifying Phase 3 study, at which time we will define the advanced AD patient population for the purposes of such study. We intend to announce the final data analyses from our Phase 3 PD Study and Phase 2/3 AD Study during the first half of 2024.
By the end of 2026, our goal is to have conducted the required pivotal studies for buntanetap to be able to file two new drug applications (“NDAs”) with the FDA.
We believe that we are the only company developing a drug for AD and PD that is designed to inhibit more than one neurotoxic protein, and has a mechanism of action designed to restore nerve cell axonal and synaptic activity. By improving brain function, our goal is to treat memory loss and dementia associated with AD as well as body and brain function associated with PD. Based on pre-clinical and clinical data collected to date, we believe that buntanetap has the potential to be the first drug to interfere with the underlying mechanism of neurodegeneration, potentially enabling buntanetap to be the only drug to improve cognition in AD and motor function in PD. The industry has encountered challenges in specifically targeting one neurotoxic protein, be it APP, tau or αSYN, indicating that doing so does not change the course of neurodegeneration. Our goal is to develop a disease modifying drug (“DMD”) for patients with neurodegeneration by leveraging our clinical and pre-clinical data to inhibit the three most relevant neurotoxic proteins. Studies have found that AD and PD are the most common neurodegenerative diseases in the U.S., and accordingly these diseases present two unmet needs of the aging population and two potentially large U.S. markets if a DMD is developed and approved.
We have never been profitable and have incurred net losses since inception. Our accumulated deficit at September 30, 2023 was $88,045,693. We expect to incur losses for the foreseeable future, and we expect these losses to increase as we continue our development of, and seek regulatory approvals for, our product candidates. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product development, we are unable to predict the timing or amount of increased expenses or when, or if, we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability.
Corporate Information
We were incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware in 2008. Our principal executive offices are located at 101 Lindenwood Drive, Suite 225, Malvern, PA 19355 . Our telephone number is 484-875-3192. Our website address is www.annovisbio.com. The information contained in, or accessible through, our website does not constitute a part of this prospectus.
 
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RISK FACTORS
Investing in any securities offered pursuant to this prospectus and the applicable prospectus supplement involves risk. The prospectus supplement applicable to each offering of our securities will contain a discussion of the risks applicable to an investment in any such securities. Prior to making a decision about investing in any securities offered, you should carefully consider the specific factors discussed under the heading “Risk Factors” in the applicable prospectus supplement, together with all of the other information contained or incorporated by reference in the prospectus supplement or appearing or incorporated by reference in this prospectus. You should also consider the risks, uncertainties and assumptions discussed under the heading “Risk Factors” in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and any subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and other documents that we file with the SEC, which are incorporated herein by reference as described in this prospectus under the heading “Where You Can Find Additional Information”. The risks and uncertainties we have described in such documents are not the only risks that we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us may also affect our operations.
 
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USE OF PROCEEDS
Except as otherwise provided in the applicable prospectus supplement relating to a specific offering, we intend to use the net proceeds from the sale of securities by us under this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement for general corporate purposes, which may include working capital, capital expenditures, research and development expenditures, clinical trial expenditures, acquisitions of new technologies, products or businesses, and investments.
 
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GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF OUR SECURITIES
We may offer and sell, at any time and from time to time:
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shares of our common stock;
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shares of our preferred stock;
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various series of debt securities;
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warrants to purchase share of Common Stocks;
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units consisting of a combination of the foregoing securities; or
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any combination of these securities.
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This prospectus contains summary descriptions of the common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, and units that we may offer and sell from time to time. When particular securities are offered by us, a supplement to this prospectus will describe the terms of the securities and the extent to which these general descriptions may apply. These summary descriptions and any summary descriptions in the applicable prospectus supplement are not complete descriptions of the terms and conditions of each security and are qualified in their entirety by reference to our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws which are incorporated by reference in the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. Please refer to “Where You Can Find Additional Information” below for directions on obtaining these documents. If any particular terms of a security described in the applicable prospectus supplement differ from any of the terms described in this prospectus, then the terms described in this prospectus will be deemed superseded by the terms set forth in that prospectus supplement.
 
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DESCRIPTION OF OUR CAPITAL STOCK
Authorized and Outstanding Shares
Our authorized share capital consists of 72,000,000 shares of capital stock, each with a par value of $0.0001 per share. Of these shares, 70,000,000 shall be common stock and 2,000,000 shall be preferred stock. As of January 30, 2024, there were 10,579,933 shares of common stock outstanding and no shares of preferred stock outstanding.
Common Stock
Voting
The holders of our common stock are entitled to one vote for each share of common stock held on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders. There is no cumulative voting. An election of directors by our stockholders shall be determined by a plurality of the votes cast by stockholders entitled to vote in the election. Subject to the supermajority votes for some matters, other matters shall be decided by the affirmative vote of our stockholders having a majority in voting power of the votes cast by the stockholders present or represented and voting on such matter.
Dividends
Subject to the rights of holders of all classes of our stock outstanding having rights that are senior to or equivalent to holders of common stock, the holders of the common stock are entitled to receive proportionately any dividends when and as declared by our board of directors.
Liquidation
In the event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, the holders of common stock are entitled to receive on a pro rata basis our net assets available for distribution to stockholders after the payment of all debts and other liabilities, subject to the rights of holders of all classes of our stock outstanding having rights that are senior to or equivalent to holders of common stock.
Other
Holders of common stock have no preemptive, subscription, redemption or conversion rights.
All of our outstanding shares of common stock are fully paid and nonassessable, and any shares of common stock to be issued upon an offering pursuant to this prospectus and the related prospectus supplement will be fully paid and nonassessable upon issuance.
Preferred Stock
Under the terms of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, our board of directors is authorized to direct us to issue shares of preferred stock in one or more series without stockholder approval. Our board of directors has the discretion to determine the rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions, including voting rights, dividend rights, conversion rights, redemption privileges and liquidation preferences, of each series of preferred stock.
We will fix the designations, powers, preferences and rights of the preferred stock of each series, as well as the qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereon, in the certificate of designation relating to that series. The applicable prospectus supplement will contain the terms of and other information relating to the preferred stock which will include, as applicable:
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the title and stated value;
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the number of shares we are offering;
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the liquidation preference per share;
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the purchase price; the dividend rate, period and payment date and method of calculation for dividends;
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whether dividends will be cumulative or non-cumulative and, if cumulative, the date from which dividends will accumulate;
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the procedures for any auction and remarketing, if any;
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the provisions for a sinking fund, if any;
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the provisions for redemption or repurchase, if applicable, and any restrictions on our ability to exercise those redemption and repurchase rights;
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any listing of the preferred stock on any securities exchange or market;
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whether the preferred stock will be convertible into our common stock, and, if applicable, the conversion price, or how it will be calculated, and the conversion period;
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voting rights, if any, of the preferred stock;
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preemptive rights, if any;
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restrictions on transfer, sale or other assignment, if any;
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whether interests in the preferred stock will be represented by depositary shares;
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a discussion of any material United States federal income tax considerations applicable to the preferred stock;
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the relative ranking and preferences of the preferred stock as to dividend rights and rights if we liquidate, dissolve or wind up our affairs;
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any limitations on the issuance of any class or series of preferred stock ranking senior to or on a parity with the series of preferred stock as to dividend rights and rights if we liquidate, dissolve or wind up our affairs; and
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any other specific terms, preferences, rights or limitations of, or restrictions on, the preferred stock.
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Our board of directors may authorize the issuance of preferred stock with voting, conversion or other rights that could adversely affect the voting power or other rights of the holders of our common stock. Preferred stock could be issued quickly with terms designed to delay or prevent a change in control of our company or make removal of management more difficult. Additionally, the issuance of preferred stock may have the effect of decreasing the market price of our common stock.
Anti-Takeover Effects of Delaware Law and Our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws
Some provisions of Delaware law, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws could make the following transactions more difficult: an acquisition of us by means of a tender offer; an acquisition of us by means of a proxy contest or otherwise; or the removal of our incumbent officers and directors. It is possible that these provisions could make it more difficult to accomplish or could deter transactions that stockholders may otherwise consider to be in their best interest or in our best interests, including transactions which provide for payment of a premium over the market price for our shares.
These provisions, summarized below, are intended to discourage coercive takeover practices and inadequate takeover bids. These provisions are also designed to encourage persons seeking to acquire control of us to first negotiate with our board of directors. We believe that the benefits of the increased protection of our potential ability to negotiate with the proponent of an unfriendly or unsolicited proposal to acquire or restructure us outweigh the disadvantages of discouraging these proposals because negotiation of these proposals could result in an improvement of their terms.
Authorized but Unissued Shares
Our authorized but unissued shares of common stock and preferred stock are available for future issuance without stockholder approval. These additional shares may be utilized for a variety of corporate
 
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purposes, including future public offerings to raise additional capital and corporate acquisitions. The existence of authorized but unissued shares of common stock and preferred stock could render more difficult or discourage an attempt to obtain control of a majority of our common stock by means of a proxy contest, tender offer, merger or otherwise.
Stockholder Meetings
Any action to be taken by our stockholders must be effected at a duly called annual or special meeting of stockholders and not be taken by written consent.
Requirements for Advance Notification of Stockholder Nominations and Proposals
Stockholders seeking to present proposals before a meeting of stockholders or to nominate candidates for election as directors at a meeting of stockholders must provide advance notice in writing, and also specify requirements as to the form and content of a stockholder’s notice.
Delaware Anti-Takeover Statute
We are subject to Section 203 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, which prohibits persons deemed to be “interested stockholders” from engaging in a “business combination” with a publicly held Delaware corporation for three years following the date these persons become interested stockholders unless the business combination is, or the transaction in which the person became an interested stockholder was, approved in a prescribed manner or another prescribed exception applies. Generally, an “interested stockholder” is a person who, together with affiliates and associates, owns, or within three years prior to the determination of interested stockholder status did own, 15% or more of a corporation’s voting stock. Generally, a “business combination” includes a merger, asset or stock sale, or other transaction resulting in a financial benefit to the interested stockholder. The existence of this provision may have an anti-takeover effect with respect to transactions not approved in advance by the board of directors.
Choice of Forum
The Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum in which we and our directors may be sued by our stockholders, to the fullest extent permitted by law, for:
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any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf;
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any action asserting a breach of fiduciary duty;
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any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to the Delaware General Corporation Law, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, or our amended and restated bylaws; or
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or any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine.
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Our amended and restated bylaws will not apply to suits brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, or any other claim for which federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction.
These choice of forum provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or any of our directors, officers, or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims. Alternatively, if a court were to find either choice of forum provision contained in our amended and restated bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
Advance Notice Requirements
Our bylaws establish an advance notice procedure for stockholder proposals to be brought before an annual meeting of our stockholders, including proposed nominations of persons for election to the board of directors. Stockholders at an annual meeting will only be able to consider proposals or nominations specified in the notice of meeting or brought before the meeting by or at the direction of the board of
 
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directors or by a stockholder who was a stockholder of record on the record date for the meeting, who is entitled to vote at the meeting and who has given our Secretary timely written notice, in proper form, of the stockholder’s intention to bring that business before the meeting. Although our bylaws do not give the board of directors the power to approve or disapprove stockholder nominations of candidates or proposals regarding other business to be conducted at a special or annual meeting, our bylaws may have the effect of precluding the conduct of certain business at a meeting if the proper procedures are not followed or may discourage or deter a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect its own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us.
Stock Listing
Our common stock is listed on the NYSE under the symbol “ANVS.”
Transfer Agent and Registrar
The transfer agent and registrar for our common stock is Equiniti Trust Company LLC.
 
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DESCRIPTION OF DEBT SECURITIES
We may issue debt securities from time to time, in one or more series, as either senior or subordinated debt or as senior or subordinated convertible debt. While the terms we have summarized below will apply generally to any debt securities that we may offer under this prospectus, we will describe the particular terms of any debt securities that we may offer in more detail in the applicable prospectus supplement. The terms of any debt securities offered under a prospectus supplement may differ from the terms described below. Unless the context requires otherwise, whenever we refer to the indenture, we also are referring to any supplemental indentures that specify the terms of a particular series of debt securities.
We will issue the debt securities under the indenture that we will enter into with the trustee who will be named in the indenture. The indenture will be qualified under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended (the “Trust Indenture Act”). We have filed the form of indenture as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, and supplemental indentures and forms of debt securities containing the terms of the debt securities being offered will be filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part or will be incorporated by reference from reports that we file with the SEC.
The following summary of material provisions of the debt securities and the indenture is subject to, and qualified in its entirety by reference to, all of the provisions of the indenture applicable to a particular series of debt securities. We urge you to read the applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus related to the debt securities that we may offer under this prospectus, as well as the complete indenture that contains the terms of the debt securities.
General
The indenture will not limit the amount of debt securities that we may issue. It provides that we may issue debt securities up to the principal amount that we may authorize and may be in any currency or currency unit that we may designate. Except for the limitations on consolidation, merger and sale of all or substantially all of our assets contained in the indenture, the terms of the indenture do not contain any covenants or other provisions designed to give holders of any debt securities protection against changes in our operations, financial condition or transactions involving us.
We may issue the debt securities issued under the indenture as “discount securities,” which means they may be sold at a discount below their stated principal amount. These debt securities, as well as other debt securities that are not issued at a discount, may be issued with “original issue discount,” or OID, for U.S. federal income tax purposes because of interest payment and other characteristics or terms of the debt securities. Material U.S. federal income tax considerations applicable to debt securities issued with OID will be described in more detail in any applicable prospectus supplement.
We will describe in the applicable prospectus supplement the terms of the series of debt securities being offered, including:
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the title of the series of debt securities;
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any limit upon the aggregate principal amount that may be issued;
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the maturity date or dates;
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the form of the debt securities of the series;
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the applicability of any guarantees;
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whether or not the debt securities will be secured or unsecured, and the terms of any secured debt;
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whether the debt securities rank as senior debt, senior subordinated debt, subordinated debt or any combination thereof, and the terms of any subordination;
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if the price (expressed as a percentage of the aggregate principal amount thereof) at which such debt securities will be issued is a price other than the principal amount thereof, the portion of the principal amount thereof payable upon declaration of acceleration of the maturity thereof, or if applicable, the portion of the principal amount of such debt securities that is convertible into another security or the method by which any such portion shall be determined;
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•
the interest rate or rates, which may be fixed or variable, or the method for determining the rate and the date interest will begin to accrue, the dates interest will be payable and the regular record dates for interest payment dates or the method for determining such dates;
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our right, if any, to defer payment of interest and the maximum length of any such deferral period;
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if applicable, the date or dates after which, or the period or periods during which, and the price or prices at which, we may, at our option, redeem the series of debt securities pursuant to any optional or provisional redemption provisions and the terms of those redemption provisions;
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the date or dates, if any, on which, and the price or prices at which we are obligated, pursuant to any mandatory sinking fund or analogous fund provisions or otherwise, to redeem, or at the holder’s option to purchase, the series of debt securities and the currency or currency unit in which the debt securities are payable;
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the denominations in which we will issue the series of debt securities, if other than denominations of $1,000 and any integral multiple thereof;
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any and all terms, if applicable, relating to any auction or remarketing of the debt securities of that series and any security for our obligations with respect to such debt securities and any other terms which may be advisable in connection with the marketing of debt securities of that series;
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any and all terms, if applicable, relating to any auction or remarketing of the debt securities of that series and any security for our obligations with respect to such debt securities and any other terms which may be advisable in connection with the marketing of debt securities of that series;
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any and all terms, if applicable, relating to any auction or remarketing of the debt securities of that series and any security for our obligations with respect to such debt securities and any other terms which may be advisable in connection with the marketing of debt securities of that series;
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whether the debt securities of the series shall be issued in whole or in part in the form of a global security or securities; the terms and conditions, if any, upon which such global security or securities may be exchanged in whole or in part for other individual securities; and the depositary for such global security or securities;
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if applicable, the provisions relating to conversion or exchange of any debt securities of the series and the terms and conditions upon which such debt securities will be so convertible or exchangeable, including the conversion or exchange price, as applicable, or how it will be calculated and may be adjusted, any mandatory or optional (at our option or the holders’ option) conversion or exchange features, the applicable conversion or exchange period and the manner of settlement for any conversion or exchange;
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if other than the full principal amount thereof, the portion of the principal amount of debt securities of the series which shall be payable upon declaration of acceleration of the maturity thereof;
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additions to or changes in the covenants applicable to the particular debt securities being issued, including, among others, the consolidation, merger or sale covenant;
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additions to or changes in the events of default with respect to the securities and any change in the right of the trustee or the holders to declare the principal, premium, if any, and interest, if any, with respect to such securities to be due and payable;
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additions to or changes in or deletions of the provisions relating to covenant defeasance and legal defeasance;
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additions to or changes in the provisions relating to satisfaction and discharge of the indenture;
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additions to or changes in the provisions relating to the modification of the indenture both with and without the consent of holders of debt securities issued under the indenture;
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the currency of payment of debt securities if other than U.S. dollars and the manner of determining the equivalent amount in U.S. dollars;
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whether interest will be payable in cash or additional debt securities at our or the holders’ option and the terms and conditions upon which the election may be made;
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•
the terms and conditions, if any, upon which we will pay amounts in addition to the stated interest, premium, if any and principal amounts of the debt securities of the series to any holder that is not a “United States person” for federal tax purposes;
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any restrictions on transfer, sale or assignment of the debt securities of the series; and
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any other specific terms, preferences, rights or limitations of, or restrictions on, the debt securities, any other additions or changes in the provisions of the indenture, and any terms that may be required by us or advisable under applicable laws or regulations.
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Conversion or Exchange Rights
We will set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement the terms on which a series of debt securities may be convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock or our other securities. We will include provisions as to settlement upon conversion or exchange and whether conversion or exchange is mandatory, at the option of the holder or at our option. We may include provisions pursuant to which the number of shares of our common stock or our other securities that the holders of the series of debt securities receive would be subject to adjustment.
Consolidation, Merger or Sale
Unless we provide otherwise in the prospectus supplement applicable to a particular series of debt securities, the indenture will not contain any covenant that restricts our ability to merge or consolidate, or sell, convey, transfer or otherwise dispose of our assets as an entirety or substantially as an entirety. However, any successor to or acquirer of such assets (other than a subsidiary of ours) must assume all of our obligations under the indenture or the debt securities, as appropriate.
Events of Default under the Indenture
Unless we provide otherwise in the prospectus supplement applicable to a particular series of debt securities, the following are events of default under the indenture with respect to any series of debt securities that we may issue:
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if we fail to pay any installment of interest on any series of debt securities, as and when the same shall become due and payable, and such default continues for a period of 90 days; provided, however, that a valid extension of an interest payment period by us in accordance with the terms of any indenture supplemental thereto shall not constitute a default in the payment of interest for this purpose;
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if we fail to pay the principal of, or premium, if any, on any series of debt securities as and when the same shall become due and payable whether at maturity, upon redemption, by declaration or otherwise, or in any payment required by any sinking or analogous fund established with respect to such series; provided, however, that a valid extension of the maturity of such debt securities in accordance with the terms of any indenture supplemental thereto shall not constitute a default in the payment of principal or premium, if any;
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if we fail to observe or perform any other covenant or agreement contained in the debt securities or the indenture, other than a covenant specifically relating to another series of debt securities, and our failure continues for 90 days after we receive written notice of such failure, requiring the same to be remedied and stating that such is a notice of default thereunder, from the trustee or holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of the applicable series; and
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if specified events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization occur.
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If an event of default with respect to debt securities of any series occurs and is continuing, other than an event of default specified in the last bullet point above, the trustee or the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series, by notice to us in writing, and to the trustee if notice is given by such holders, may declare the unpaid principal of, premium, if any, and accrued interest, if any, due and payable immediately. If an event of default specified in the last bullet
 
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point above occurs with respect to us, the principal amount of and accrued interest, if any, of each issue of debt securities then outstanding shall be due and payable without any notice or other action on the part of the trustee or any holder.
The holders of a majority in principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of an affected series may waive any default or event of default with respect to the series and its consequences, except defaults or events of default regarding payment of principal, premium, if any, or interest, unless we have cured the default or event of default in accordance with the indenture. Any waiver shall cure the default or event of default.
Subject to the terms of the indenture, if an event of default under an indenture shall occur and be continuing, the trustee will be under no obligation to exercise any of its rights or powers under such indenture at the request or direction of any of the holders of the applicable series of debt securities, unless such holders have offered the trustee reasonable indemnity. The holders of a majority in principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of any series will have the right to direct the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the trustee, or exercising any trust or power conferred on the trustee, with respect to the debt securities of that series, provided that:
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the direction so given by the holder is not in conflict with any law or the applicable indenture; and
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subject to its duties under the Trust Indenture Act, the trustee need not take any action that might involve it in personal liability or might be unduly prejudicial to the holders not involved in the proceeding.
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A holder of the debt securities of any series will have the right to institute a proceeding under the indenture or to appoint a receiver or trustee, or to seek other remedies only if:
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the holder has given written notice to the trustee of a continuing event of default with respect to that series;
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the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series have made written request,
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such holders have offered to the trustee indemnity satisfactory to it against the costs, expenses and liabilities to be incurred by the trustee in compliance with the request; and
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the trustee does not institute the proceeding, and does not receive from the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series other conflicting directions within 90 days after the notice, request and offer.
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These limitations do not apply to a suit instituted by a holder of debt securities if we default in the payment of the principal, premium, if any, or interest on, the debt securities.
We will periodically file statements with the trustee regarding our compliance with specified covenants in the indenture.
Modification of Indenture; Waiver
We and the trustee may change an indenture without the consent of any holders with respect to specific matters:
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to cure any ambiguity, defect or inconsistency in the indenture or in the debt securities of any series;
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to comply with the provisions described above under “Description of Debt Securities — Consolidation, Merger or Sale;”
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to provide for uncertificated debt securities in addition to or in place of certificated debt securities;
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to add to our covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions such new covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions for the benefit of the holders of all or any series of debt securities, to make the occurrence, or the occurrence and the continuance, of a default in any such additional covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions an event of default or to surrender any right or power conferred upon us in the indenture;
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to add to, delete from or revise the conditions, limitations, and restrictions on the authorized amount, terms, or purposes of issue, authentication and delivery of debt securities, as set forth in the indenture;
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to make any change that does not adversely affect the interests of any holder of debt securities of any series in any material respect;
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to provide for the issuance of and establish the form and terms and conditions of the debt securities of any series as provided above under “Description of Debt Securities — General” to establish the form of any certifications required to be furnished pursuant to the terms of the indenture or any series of debt securities, or to add to the rights of the holders of any series of debt securities;
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to evidence and provide for the acceptance of appointment under any indenture by a successor trustee; or
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to comply with any requirements of the SEC in connection with the qualification of any indenture under the Trust Indenture Act.
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In addition, under the indenture, the rights of holders of a series of debt securities may be changed by us and the trustee with the written consent of the holders of at least a majority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of each series that is affected. However, unless we provide otherwise in the prospectus supplement applicable to a particular series of debt securities, we and the trustee may make the following changes only with the consent of each holder of any outstanding debt securities affected:
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extending the fixed maturity of any debt securities of any series;
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reducing the principal amount, reducing the rate of or extending the time of payment of interest, or reducing any premium payable upon the redemption of any series of any debt securities; or
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reducing the percentage of debt securities, the holders of which are required to consent to any amendment, supplement, modification or waiver.
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Discharge
The indenture provides that we can elect to be discharged from our obligations with respect to one or more series of debt securities, except for specified obligations, including obligations to:
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provide for payment;
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register the transfer or exchange of debt securities of the series;
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replace stolen, lost or mutilated debt securities of the series;
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pay principal of and premium and interest on any debt securities of the series;
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maintain paying agencies
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hold monies for payment in trust;
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recover excess money held by the trustee;
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compensate and indemnify the trustee; and
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appoint any successor trustee.
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In order to exercise our rights to be discharged, we must deposit with the trustee money or government obligations sufficient to pay all the principal of, any premium, if any, and interest on, the debt securities of the series on the dates payments are due.
Form, Exchange and Transfer
We will issue the debt securities of each series only in fully registered form without coupons and, unless we provide otherwise in the applicable prospectus supplement, in denominations of $1,000 and any integral multiple thereof. The indenture provides that we may issue debt securities of a series in temporary or permanent global form and as book-entry securities that will be deposited with, or on behalf of, The
 
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Depository Trust Company, or DTC, or another depositary named by us and identified in the applicable prospectus supplement with respect to that series. To the extent the debt securities of a series are issued in global form and as book-entry, a description of terms relating such securities will be set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement.
At the option of the holder, subject to the terms of the indenture and the limitations applicable to global securities described in the applicable prospectus supplement, the holder of the debt securities of any series can exchange the debt securities for other debt securities of the same series, in any authorized denomination and of like tenor and aggregate principal amount.
Subject to the terms of the indenture and the limitations applicable to global securities set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement, holders of the debt securities may present the debt securities for exchange or for registration of transfer, duly endorsed or with the form of transfer endorsed thereon duly executed if so required by us or the security registrar, at the office of the security registrar or at the office of any transfer agent designated by us for this purpose. Unless otherwise provided in the debt securities that the holder presents for transfer or exchange, we will impose no service charge for any registration of transfer or exchange, but we may require payment of any taxes or other governmental charges.
We will name in the applicable prospectus supplement the security registrar, and any transfer agent in addition to the security registrar, that we initially designate for any debt securities. We may at any time designate additional transfer agents or rescind the designation of any transfer agent or approve a change in the office through which any transfer agent acts, except that we will be required to maintain a transfer agent in each place of payment for the debt securities of each series.
If we elect to redeem the debt securities of any series, we will not be required to:
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issue, register the transfer of, or exchange any debt securities of that series during a period beginning at the opening of business 15 days before the day of mailing of a notice of redemption of any debt securities that may be selected for redemption and ending at the close of business on the day of the mailing; or
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register the transfer of or exchange any debt securities so selected for redemption, in whole or in part, except the unredeemed portion of any debt securities we are redeeming in part.
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Information Concerning the Trustee
The trustee, other than during the occurrence and continuance of an event of default under an indenture, undertakes to perform only those duties as are specifically set forth in the applicable indenture. Upon an event of default under an indenture, the trustee must use the same degree of care as a prudent person would exercise or use in the conduct of his or her own affairs. Subject to this provision, the trustee is under no obligation to exercise any of the powers given it by the indenture at the request of any holder of debt securities unless it is offered reasonable security and indemnity against the costs, expenses and liabilities that it might incur.
Payment and Paying Agents
Unless we otherwise indicate in the applicable prospectus supplement, we will make payment of the interest on any debt securities on any interest payment date to the person in whose name the debt securities, or one or more predecessor securities, are registered at the close of business on the regular record date for the interest.
We will pay principal of and any premium and interest on the debt securities of a particular series at the office of the paying agents designated by us, except that unless we otherwise indicate in the applicable prospectus supplement, we will make interest payments by check that we will mail to the holder or by wire transfer to certain holders. Unless we otherwise indicate in the applicable prospectus supplement, we will designate the corporate trust office of the trustee as our sole paying agent for payments with respect to debt securities of each series. We will name in the applicable prospectus supplement any other paying agents that we initially designate for the debt securities of a particular series. We will maintain a paying agent in each place of payment for the debt securities of a particular series.
 
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All money we pay to a paying agent or the trustee for the payment of the principal of or any premium or interest on any debt securities that remains unclaimed at the end of two years after such principal, premium or interest has become due and payable will be repaid to us, and the holder of the debt security thereafter may look only to us for payment thereof.
Governing Law
The indenture and the debt securities will be governed by and construed in accordance with the internal laws of the State of New York, except to the extent that the Trust Indenture Act is applicable.
 
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DESCRIPTION OF OUR WARRANTS
We may issue warrants to purchase our common stock, preferred stock and/or debt securities in one or more series. We may issue warrants independently or together with common stock, preferred stock or debt securities, and the warrants may be attached to or separate from these securities.
The terms of each series of warrants will be contained in the applicable warrant agreements. The applicable prospectus supplement for the warrants will contain the terms of and other information relating to the warrants which will include, as applicable:
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the offering price and aggregate number of warrants offered;
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the currency in which the offering price, if any, and the exercise price are payable;
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the designation and terms of the securities with which the warrants are issued and the number of warrants issued with each such security or each principal amount of such security;
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the date on and after which the warrants and the related securities will be separately transferable;
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in the case of warrants to purchase common stock or preferred stock, the exercise price and the number of shares of common stock or preferred stock, as applicable, to be received upon exercise of the warrants;
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in the case of warrants to purchase debt securities, the principal amount of debt securities purchasable upon exercise of one warrant and the price at, and currency in which, this principal amount of debt securities may be purchased upon such exercise;
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the date on which the right to exercise the warrants will begin and the date on which that right will expire or, if the warrants may not be continuously exercised throughout that period, the specific date or dates on which the warrants may be exercised;
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a discussion of any material United States federal income tax considerations related to the holding or exercise of the warrants;
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the identity of the warrant agent for the warrants, if any, and of any other depositaries, execution or paying agents, transfer agents, registrars or other agents;
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any provisions for changes to or adjustments in the exercise price or number of securities issuable upon exercise of the warrants;
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the designation and terms of the securities issuable upon exercise of the warrants;
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the minimum or maximum amount of the warrants that may be exercised at any one time;
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the anti-dilution provisions of the warrants, if any;
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the rights to redeem or call the warrants, if any;
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the effect of any merger, consolidation, sale or other disposition of our business on the warrant agreement and the warrants; and
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any other specific terms, preferences, rights and limitations of or restrictions on the warrants.
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Before the exercise of their warrants, holders of warrants will not have any of the rights of holders of the securities issuable upon exercise. Holders of warrants to purchase common stock or preferred stock will not be entitled to vote, consent, receive dividends, receive notice as stockholders with respect to any meeting of stockholders for the election of our directors, receive payments upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, or to exercise any rights whatsoever as our stockholders. In the case of warrants to purchase debt securities, holders of warrants will not have the right to receive payments of principal of, or premium, if any, or interest on, the debt securities purchasable upon exercise or to enforce covenants in the applicable indenture.
Transfer Agent and Registrar
The transfer agent and registrar for any warrants will be set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement.
 
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DESCRIPTION OF OUR UNITS
The following description, together with the additional information we include in any applicable prospectus supplement, summarizes the material terms and provisions of the units that we may offer under this prospectus. Units may be offered independently or together with common stock, preferred stock or warrants offered by any prospectus supplement, and may be attached to or separate from those securities. While the terms we have summarized below will generally apply to any future units that we may offer under this prospectus, we will describe the particular terms of any series of units that we may offer in more detail in the applicable prospectus supplement. The terms of any units offered under an applicable prospectus supplement may differ from the terms described below.
We will incorporate by reference into the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part the form of unit agreement, including a form of unit certificate, if any, that describes the terms of the series of units we are offering before the issuance of the related series of units. The following summaries of material provisions of the units, and the unit agreements, are subject to, and qualified in their entirety by reference to, all the provisions of the unit agreement applicable to a particular series of units. We urge you to read the applicable prospectus supplements related to the units that we sell under this prospectus, as well as the complete unit agreements that contain the terms of the units.
We may issue units comprised of one or more of the securities described in this prospectus in any combination. Each unit will be issued so that the holder of the unit is also the holder of each security included in the unit. Thus, the holder of a unit will have the rights and obligations of a holder of each included security. The unit agreement, if any, under which a unit is issued may provide that the securities comprising the unit may not be held or transferred separately, at any time or at any time before a specified date.
The particular terms and provisions of units offered by an applicable prospectus supplement, and the extent to which the general terms and provisions described below may apply thereto, will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement filed in respect of such units. This description will include, where applicable:
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the designation and aggregate number of units offered;
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the price at which the units will be offered;
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the rights and obligations of the unit agent, if any;
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the currency or currencies in which the units are denominated;
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any provisions of the governing unit agreement that differ from those described below;
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the terms of the units and of the securities comprising the units, including whether and under what circumstances those securities may be held or transferred separately;
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the number of securities that may be purchased upon exercise of each unit and the price at which the currency or currencies in which that amount of securities may be purchased upon exercise of each unit;
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any provisions for the issuance, payment, settlement, transfer, adjustment or exchange of the units or of the securities comprising the units; and
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any other material terms of the units.
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We reserve the right to set forth in an applicable prospectus supplement specific terms of the units that are not within the options and parameters set forth in this prospectus. In addition, to the extent that any particular terms of the units described in an applicable prospectus supplement differ from any of the terms described in this prospectus, the description of such terms set forth in this prospectus shall be deemed to have been superseded by the description of the differing terms set forth in such prospectus supplement with respect to such units.
 
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PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION
We may sell the securities, from time to time, to or through underwriters or dealers, through agents or remarketing firms, or directly to one or more purchasers pursuant to:
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underwritten public offerings;
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negotiated transactions;
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block trades;
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“At the Market Offerings,” within the meaning of Rule 415(a)(4) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, into an existing trading market, at prevailing market prices; or
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through a combination of these methods.
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We may sell the securities to or through one or more underwriters or dealers (acting as principal or agent), through agents, or directly to one or more purchasers.
We may distribute securities from time to time in one or more transactions:
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at a fixed price or prices, which may be changed;
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at market prices prevailing at the time of sale;
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at prices related to such prevailing market prices; or
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at negotiated prices.
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A prospectus supplement or supplements (and any related free writing prospectus that we may authorize to be provided to you) will describe the terms of the offering of the securities, including, to the extent applicable:
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the name or names of the underwriters, dealers or agents, if any;
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if the securities are to be offered through the selling efforts of brokers or dealers, the plan of distribution and the terms of any agreement, arrangement, or understanding entered into with broker(s) or dealer(s) prior to the effective date of the registration statement, and, if known, the identity of any broker(s) or dealer(s) who will participate in the offering and the amount to be offered through each;
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the purchase price of the securities or other consideration therefor, and the proceeds, if any, we will receive from the sale;
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if any of the securities being registered are to be offered otherwise than for cash, the general purposes of the distribution, the basis upon which the securities are to be offered, the amount of compensation and other expenses of distribution, and by whom they are to be borne;
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any delayed delivery arrangements;
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any over-allotment or other options under which underwriters may purchase additional securities from us;
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any agency fees or underwriting discounts and other items constituting agents’ or underwriters’ compensation;
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any public offering price;
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any discounts, commissions or concessions allowed or reallowed or paid to dealers;
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the identity and relationships of any finders, if applicable; and
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any securities exchange or market on which the securities may be listed.
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In compliance with the guidelines of FINRA, the maximum compensation to the underwriters or dealers in connection with the sale by the Company of its securities pursuant to this prospectus and the accompanying supplement to this prospectus may not exceed 8% of the aggregate offering price of the securities as set forth on the cover page of any prospectus supplement.
 
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Only underwriters named in the prospectus supplement will be underwriters of the securities offered by the prospectus supplement.
If underwriters are used in the sale, they will acquire the securities for their own account and may resell the securities from time to time in one or more transactions at a fixed public offering price or at varying prices determined at the time of sale. The obligations of the underwriters to purchase the securities will be subject to the conditions set forth in the applicable underwriting agreement. We may offer the securities to the public through underwriting syndicates represented by managing underwriters or by underwriters without a syndicate. Unless otherwise indicated in the prospectus supplement, subject to certain conditions, the underwriters will be obligated to purchase all of the securities offered by the prospectus supplement, other than securities covered by any underwriter’s option. Any public offering price and any discounts or concessions allowed or reallowed or paid to dealers may change from time to time. We may use underwriters, dealers or agents with whom we have a material relationship. We will describe in the prospectus supplement, naming the underwriter, dealer or agent, the nature of any such relationship.
We may use a remarketing firm to offer the securities in connection with a remarketing arrangement upon their purchase. Remarketing firms will act as principals for their own account or as agents for us. These remarketing firms will offer or sell the securities pursuant to the terms of the securities. A prospectus supplement will identify any remarketing firm and the terms of its agreement, if any, with us and will describe the remarketing firm’s compensation. Remarketing firms may be deemed to be underwriters in connection the securities they remarket.
If we offer and sell securities through a dealer, we or an underwriter will sell the securities to the dealer, as principal. The dealer may then resell the securities to the public at varying prices to be determined by the dealer at the time of resale. The name of the dealer and the terms of the transaction will be set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement.
We may sell securities directly or through agents we designate from time to time. We will name any agent involved in the offering and sale of securities and we will describe any commissions payable to the agent in the prospectus supplement. Unless the prospectus supplement states otherwise, the agent will act on a best-efforts basis for the period of its appointment.
Dealers and agents participating in the distribution of the securities may be deemed to be underwriters, and compensation received by them on resale of the securities may be deemed to be underwriting discounts. If such dealers or agents were deemed to be underwriters, they may be subject to statutory liabilities under the Securities Act.
We may sell securities directly to one or more purchasers without using underwriters or agents. Underwriters, dealers and agents that participate in the distribution of the securities may be underwriters as defined in the Securities Act, and any discounts or commissions they receive from us and any profit on their resale of the securities may be treated as underwriting discounts and commissions under the Securities Act.
We may authorize agents or underwriters to solicit offers by certain types of institutional investors to purchase securities from us at the public offering price set forth in the prospectus supplement pursuant to delayed delivery contracts providing for payment and delivery on a specified date in the future. We will describe the conditions to these contracts and the commissions we must pay for solicitation of these contracts in the prospectus supplement.
We may provide agents, underwriters and dealers with indemnification against civil liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, or contribution with respect to payments that the agents, underwriters or dealers may make with respect to these liabilities. Agents, underwriters and dealers, or their respective affiliates, may engage in transactions with, or perform services for, us in the ordinary course of business.
The securities we offer may be new issues of securities and may have no established trading market. The securities may or may not be listed on a securities exchange. Underwriters may make a market in these securities but will not be obligated to do so and may discontinue any market making at any time without notice. We can make no assurance as to the liquidity of, or the existence of trading markets for, any of the securities.
 
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Any underwriter may engage in over-allotment, stabilizing transactions, short-covering transactions and penalty bids in accordance with Regulation M under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. Over-allotment involves sales in excess of the offering size, which create a short position. Stabilizing transactions permit bids to purchase the underlying security so long as the stabilizing bids do not exceed a specified maximum price. Syndicate-covering or other short-covering transactions involve purchases of the securities, either through exercise of the over-allotment option or in the open market after the distribution is completed, to cover short positions. Penalty bids permit the underwriters to reclaim a selling concession from a dealer when the securities originally sold by the dealer are purchased in a stabilizing or covering transaction to cover short positions. Those activities may cause the price of the securities to be higher than it would otherwise be. If commenced, the underwriters may discontinue any of the activities at any time.
Any underwriters that are qualified market makers on the NYSE may engage in passive market making transactions in the common stock on the NYSE in accordance with Regulation M under the Exchange Act, during the business day prior to the pricing of the offering, before the commencement of offers or sales of the common stock. Passive market makers must comply with applicable volume and price limitations and must be identified as passive market makers. In general, a passive market maker must display its bid at a price not in excess of the highest independent bid for such security; if all independent bids are lowered below the passive market maker’s bid, however, the passive market maker’s bid must then be lowered when certain purchase limits are exceeded. Passive market making may stabilize the market price of the securities at a level above that which might otherwise prevail in the open market and, if commenced, may be discontinued at any time.
 
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LEGAL MATTERS
Unless otherwise specified in a prospectus supplement, certain legal matters relating to the securities will be passed upon for us by Loeb & Loeb LLP. As appropriate, legal counsel representing the underwriters, dealers or agents will be named in the accompanying prospectus supplement and may opine to certain legal matters.
EXPERTS
The financial statements of Annovis Bio, Inc. as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 and for the years then ended have been incorporated by reference herein in reliance upon the report (which report includes an explanatory paragraph about the existence of substantial doubt concerning our ability to continue as a going concern) of WithumSmith+Brown, PC, independent registered public accounting firm, incorporated by reference herein, upon the authority of said firm as experts in accounting and auditing.
WHERE YOU CAN FIND ADDITIONAL INFORMATION;
INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
Available Information
We file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. The SEC maintains an Internet website at http://www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. Our reports on Forms 10-K, 10-Q and 8-K, and amendments to those reports, are also available for download, free of charge, as soon as reasonably practicable after these reports are filed with, or furnished to, the SEC, at our website at www.annovisbio.com. Information contained on or accessible through our website is not a part of this prospectus or any prospectus supplement, and the inclusion of our website address in this prospectus is an inactive textual reference only.
Incorporation by Reference
The SEC allows us to “incorporate by reference” into this prospectus the information in other documents that we file with it. This means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to those documents. The information incorporated by reference is considered to be a part of this prospectus, and information in documents that we file later with the SEC will automatically update and supersede information contained in documents filed earlier with the SEC or contained in this prospectus.
We incorporate by reference in this prospectus the documents listed below and any future filings that we may make with the SEC under Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14, or 15(d) of the Exchange Act in this prospectus, between the date of this prospectus and the termination of the offering of the securities described in this prospectus. We are not, however, incorporating by reference any documents, information or portions thereof deemed to have been furnished and not filed, including any information that we disclose under Items 2.02 or 7.01 of any Current Report on Form 8-K or related exhibits furnished pursuant to Item 9.01 of Form 8-K.
This prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement incorporate by reference the documents set forth below that have previously been filed with the SEC:
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our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the quarters ended March 31, 2023, June 30, 2023 and September 30, 2023, filed with the SEC on May 10, 2023, August 14, 2023 and November 8, 2023, respectively;
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our Current Reports on Form 8-K as filed with the SEC on January 6, 2023, February 13, 2023, March 6, 2023, March 31, 2023, April 3, 2023, April 4, 2023, May 30, 2023, June 16, 2023, October 13, 2023, October 30, 2023 and November 1, 2023 (except information included pursuant to Items 2.02 or 7.01 and exhibits related to such items);
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the information specifically incorporated by reference into our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 from our Definitive Proxy Statement filed with the SEC on April 28, 2023 (other than the portions thereof that are furnished and not filed); and
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You may request, orally or in writing, a copy of any or all of the documents incorporated herein by reference. These documents will be provided to you at no cost, by contacting: Annovis Bio, Inc., 101 Lindenwood Drive, Suite 225, Malvern, PA 19355. In addition, copies of any or all of the documents incorporated herein by reference may be accessed at our website at www.annovisbio.com. The information on such website is not incorporated by reference and is not a part of this prospectus.
 
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5,250,000 Units, Each Consisting of One
Share of Common Stock and One
Warrant to purchase Common Stock
5,250,000 Shares Underlying Warrants to Purchase Common Stock
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PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT
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ThinkEquity
February 3, 2025
 
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